中国沿海长蛸(Octopus variabilis)自然群体线粒体COI基因遗传多样性研究

对我国沿海5个自然群体长蛸的线粒体细胞色素氧化酶亚基I(COI)部分序列进行了测定和分析,经比对获得658bp核苷酸片段,其中碱基T、C、A和G的平均含量分别为37.02%、18.46%、30.15%和14.35%,AT的含量明显高于GC的含量。5个自然群体的长蛸中共发现18个变异位点,得到15个单倍型,包括4个共享单倍型,其中青岛群体的核苷酸差异数K以及平均核苷酸多样性指数Pi最高,烟台群体最低;群体间,青岛群体在群体间核苷酸差异数K、群体间平均每位点核苷酸替代数Dxy和群体间每位点净核苷酸替代数Da三个指标上都表现出比其它群体之间较高的水平,说明青岛群体具有最为丰富的遗传多样性。MEGA3.1软件计算5个群体间的Kimura2-paramter遗传距离,大连群体和青岛群体之间的遗传距离最远为0.0077,而大连群体与烟台群体之间的遗传距离最低,为0.0029。AMOVA分析表明,五群体间总遗传分化系数Fst=0.17410(P<0.05),群体间遗传分化远小于群体内。NJ法和UPGMA法构建的分子进化树,5个地理群体的长蛸聚为两个族群,大连、烟台群体聚为一族群,青岛、连云港和舟山群体聚为另一族群。

中国沿海7个长蛸(Octopus variabilis)群体COI基因的遗传变异研究

采用线粒体DNA细胞色素氧化酶亚基I(COI)基因序列测定技术分析了中国沿海重要经济头足类长蛸7个野生群体的种群遗传结构及其变异。结果表明,我国长蛸资源存在相对丰富的遗传多样性,635bp长度的核苷酸片段共检测到74个多态位点,多态位点比例达11.7%,检测的108个个体中共获25个单倍型,单倍型多样性指数(H)达0.342—0.934,平均核苷酸多样性指数(Pi)达0.0008—0.0055,高于多数海洋头足类的遗传变异。对7个群体的遗传结构进行检测表明,我国的长蛸群体间存在显著的遗传分化(P<0.05),遗传结构基本符合脚踏石模型。7个群体可明显聚类为3个类群,类群间分化系数Fst达0.8858(P<0.01),基因流大大小于1;AMOVA检测和单倍型网络关系图也证实了上述类群的分化。遗传距离分析表明,由厦门群体组成的类群与其它2类群间的遗传距离达到0.086—0.098,可能达到了亚种的分化。

长蛸Octopus variabilis自然群体生化遗传学研究

采用同工酶电泳技术,筛选了天冬氨酸转氨酶(AAT)、腺苷酸激酶(AK)、肌酸激酶(CK)、果糖二磷酸激酶(FBP)、3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(G3PDH)、6-磷酸葡萄糖异构酶(GPI)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GRS)、异柠檬酸脱氢酶(IDH)、甘露糖-6-磷酸异构酶(MPI)和核苷磷酸化酶(NP)等10种同工酶,并以短蛸Octopus ocellatus和目乌贼Sepia aculeata为外群,研究了长蛸Octopus variabilis大连(DLC)、烟台(YTC)和莱州(LZC)3个自然群体的遗传结构和多样性水平。结果表明DLC、YTC、LZC 3个长蛸群体的多态位点比例较高,分别为20%,30%和30%(P0.99);群体平均杂合度观测值分别为0.014,0.153,0.092;平均有效等位基因数分别为1.2,1.4,1.3。烟台长蛸群体的遗传多样性较高。对3个种5个群体构建UPGMA系统树,并进行聚类分析。

长蛸(Octopus variabilis)不同地理群体遗传多样性的ISSR分析

利用ISSR分子标记技术获得长蛸的ISSR-PCR最优反应体系,并对大连、烟台、青岛、连云港、舟山、温州、厦门7个群体168个个体进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,7个引物在7个群体中共扩增出118条重复性好且带型清晰的ISSR扩增带,其中多态条带为55条,多态性比例达46.61%。在物种水平上的Nei’s基因多样性指数和Shannon’s信息指数分别为0.3145和0.4766,在群体水平上分别为0.1573和0.2355。7个群体可明显聚类为2个类群,AMOVA分子变异分析发现,长蛸54.64541%的变异发生在群体间,45.35459%的变异发生在群体内。群体间的遗传分化系数Gst为0.5067和由Gst估算的基因流Nm为0.4867<1。分析显示长蛸具有较高遗传多样性水平,但群体间已经出现了较大程度的遗传分化。

基于线粒体DNA 12S rRNA和COⅢ基因序列研究中国沿海7个长蛸(Octopus variabilis)野生群体的遗传多样性

基于线粒体DNA的12S rRNA和COⅢ基因序列对我国沿海重要经济头足类长蛸不同群体(大连、烟台、青岛、连云港、舟山、温州、厦门)进行了遗传多样性和遗传结构的分析。由PCR扩增获得80个个体的12SrRNA基因416bp、COⅢ基因512bp的部分序列,两者多态性遗传参数统计显示,80个个体分别检出64(12S)和27(COⅢ)个单倍型,总群体单倍型多样性指数(Hd)分别为0.984(12S)和0.909(COⅢ),核苷酸多样性指数(Pi)分别为0.028(12S)和0.034(COⅢ),平均核苷酸差异数(K)分别为9.403(12S)和17.265(COⅢ),显示出较丰富的遗传多样性。两种基因遗传分析结果均显示厦门群体与其它群体的显著分化。初步分析长蛸各群体遗传分化的原因之一可能是洋流格局的形成阻隔了群体间的基因交流。

用新隐性ph基因向小麦转移Aegilops variabilis Eig遗传物质

小麦地方品种“开县罗汉麦”（ 简称ＫＬ） 具有新隐性ｐｈ 基因，且远缘杂交亲和性和胚培出苗率高。本研究用它与Ａｅ．ｖａｒｉａｂｉｌｉｓ 杂交获杂种Ｆ１ ，并自交获得Ｆ２ 、Ｆ３ ，并用推广品种回交获得Ｆ１ＢＣ１ 、Ｆ２ＢＣ１ 。在Ｆ２ 群体中，有２ 株植株的分蘖分别高达８８ 个、６７ 个，极显著高于一般小麦品种。多分蘖可节省用种量，可能在小麦育种、特别是杂交小麦育种中有用途。同时，Ａｅ．ｖａｒｉａｂｉｌｉｓ 的白粉、条锈病抗性能在Ｆ１ 、Ｆ２ 的遗传背景中完全表达，这表明利用Ａｅ．ｖａｒｉａｂｉｌｉｓ 的抗病性是可行的；此外，发现一些彼此不相连锁的来自Ａｅ．ｖａｒｉａｂｉｌｉｓ 的易于识别的形态标记性状，这有助于将Ａｅ．ｖａｒｉａｂｉｌｉｓ

伏牛山自然保护区不同生长阶段栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis)的光合生理生态特性

光合作用是自然生态系统能量流动的基础,植物光合特性决定了生态系统初级生产力的高低。植物不同生长阶段光合特性既对生态系统能量的输入有重要影响,也是种群更新发育的主要驱动因子。在森林生态系统中,优势种的光合生理生态特性影响着整个生态系统的结构和功能。伏牛山自然保护区地处北亚热带到南暖温带交错地带,保存着完整的森林生态系统类型。栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis)作为低海拔区域的主要优势种,更新良好,分层明显。采用Li-6400光合仪和荧光仪等对不同生长阶段栓皮栎植株(乔木、灌木与幼苗)进行野外光合测定,并分别测定其叶绿素含量。结果表明:(1)与栓皮栎乔木和灌木相比,栓皮栎幼苗的表观量子效率最高,叶片叶绿素含量最高,暗呼吸速率最低,光补偿点最低;(2)与栓皮栎灌木和幼苗相比,栓皮栎乔木对高光的适应能力最强,叶绿素含量最低,栓皮栎的"光合午休"现象并不存在,各层净光合速率日变化主要受光强控制;(3)栓皮栎乔木的PSⅡ最大光化学量子效率最高,幼苗最低;(4)栓皮栎乔木、灌木和幼苗的气孔导度和蒸腾速率均表现为上午高于下午,栓皮栎灌木和幼苗的水分利用效率表现为上午高于下午,而栓皮栎乔木水分利用效率则表现为下午高于上午。不同生长阶段栓皮栎植株光合生理生态特性的这种差异化使它们能适应不同的环境。栓皮栎各层长势良好,更新力强,具有正向演替的内在驱动力。

Infl uence of the slope aspect on the ectomycorrhizal fungal community of Quercus variabilis Blume in the middle part of the Taihang Mountains,North China

The slope aspect is one of the most critical topographic factors in mountainous areas.Little is known,however,about the eff ect of the aspect on the ectomycorrhizal(ECM)fungal community.Additionally,we know very little about the composition of ECM fungal communities associated with Quercus variabilis,which is widely distributed in East Asia.In this study,we compared the richness,community composition,and exploration types of ECM fungi associated with Q.variabilis between predominantly south-and north-facing slopes in the Taihang Mountain,North China for the fi rst time.DNA was extracted from the root tips of Q.variabilis,and Illumina MiSeq sequencing was used to identify ECM fungi.In total,168 operational taxonomic units belonging to 28 genera were detected,and the ECM community was found to be dominated by Russula,Inocybe,Tomentella,Scleroderma,and Cortinarius.Compared with the north-facing slopes,the ECM communities on the south-facing slopes had higher diversity.The community composition and exploration types were directly aff ected by the slope aspect.Also,the aspect-induced edaphic variables,such as total phosphorus,total nitrogen,total potassium,pH,and soil water content,were important sources of variation in ECM fungal richness and distributions of exploration types.Diff erent genera tended to be distributed in various slope aspects.Cenococcum,Genea,and Clavulina were signifi cantly enriched in north-facing slopes,while Geopora,Helvelosebacina,Scleroderma,Gyroporus,Astraeus,Boletus,Tricholoma,Hebeloma,Cortinarius and unclassifi ed Thelephoraceae were more abundant in south-facing slopes.Hydrophobic ECM fungi were obviously enriched in the south-facing slope,but there was no statistical diff erence between hydrophilic among the south-and north-facing slopes.Our study deepened our knowledge of the aspect-driven variation in ECM fungal communities associated with Q.variabilis.

Hyperspectral imaging technology to detect the vigor of thermal-damaged Quercus variabilis seeds

This study investigated the feasibility of hyperspectral imaging techniques to estimate the vigor of heatdamaged Quercus variabilis seeds.Four thermal damage grades were classified according to heat treatment duration(0,2,5,and 10 h).After obtaining hyperspectral images with a 370–1042 nm hyperspectral imager that included visible and near infrared light,germination was tested to confirm estimates.The Savitzky–Golay(SG)second derivative was used to preprocess the spectrum to reduce any noise impact.The successive projections algorithm(SPA),principal component analysis,and local linear embedding algorithm were used to extract the characteristic spectral bands related to seed vigor.Finally,a model for seed vigor classifi-cation of Q.variabili s based on partial least squares support vector machine(LS-SVM)with different spectral data sets was developed.The results show that the spectrum after SG second derivative preprocessing was better for developing the model,and SPA performed the best among the three feature band selection methods.The combination SG second derivative-LS-SVM provided the best classification model for Q.variabilis seed vigor,with the prediction set reaching 98.81%.This study provides an important basis for rapid and nondestructive assessment of the vigor of heat-damaged seeds using hyperspectral imaging techniques.

Beak Measurements of Octopus (Octopus variabilis) in Jiaozhou Bay and Their Use in Size and Biomass Estimation

Cephalopods play key roles in global marine ecosystems as both predators and preys.Regressive estimation of original size and weight of cephalopod from beak measurements is a powerful tool of interrogating the feeding ecology of predators at higher trophic levels.In this study,regressive relationships among beak measurements and body length and weight were determined for an octopus species(Octopus variabilis),an important endemic cephalopod species in the northwest Pacific Ocean.A total of 193 individuals(63 males and 130 females) were collected at a monthly interval from Jiaozhou Bay,China.Regressive relationships among 6 beak measurements(upper hood length,UHL;upper crest length,UCL;lower hood length,LHL;lower crest length,LCL;and upper and lower beak weights) and mantle length(ML),total length(TL) and body weight(W) were determined.Results showed that the relationships between beak size and TL and beak size and ML were linearly regressive,while those between beak size and W fitted a power function model.LHL and UCL were the most useful measurements for estimating the size and biomass of O.variabilis.The relationships among beak measurements and body length(either ML or TL) were not significantly different between two sexes;while those among several beak measurements(UHL,LHL and LBW) and body weight(W) were sexually different.Since male individuals of this species have a slightly greater body weight distribution than female individuals,the body weight was not an appropriate measurement for estimating size and biomass,especially when the sex of individuals in the stomachs of predators was unknown.These relationships provided essential information for future use in size and biomass estimation of O.variabilis,as well as the estimation of predator/prey size ratios in the diet of top predators.

小球藻Chlorella variabilis NC64A二酰甘油酰基转移酶基因的克隆表达与功能研究

为了揭示二酰甘油酰基转移酶(DGAT)在小球藻油脂合成过程中的作用,对单细胞小球藻Chlorella variabilis NC64A的二酰甘油酰基转移酶进行原核克隆表达及功能初步研究。结果表明,其编码序列为894bp,编码297个氨基酸,表达蛋白的表观分子量为33 k Da,p I 9.48。保守结构域分析表明,该蛋白属于Lysophospholipid acyltransferases(LPLATs)超家族,具有二酰甘油酰基转移酶活性,序列位点H68,L71,F76,R94,I97和GAA(144?146)组成特定的酰基受体结合口袋,能够结合酰基?酰基载体蛋白(ACP)或者酰基辅酶A上的酰基,催化三酰甘油合成的最后一步。表达蛋白与Ss PDAT和At PDAT的序列相似性分别为32%和24%,表明该蛋白可能具有磷脂酰甘油酰基转移酶(PDAT)活性,能利用磷脂上的酰基合成三酰甘油。因此,采用薄层层析方法以L-α-磷脂酰胆碱和1,2-二油酰-sn-甘油为底物,检测到其确实具有PDAT活性,表明限氮条件下NC64A中DGAT的PDAT活性可能促进了膜脂降解耦合三酰甘油的合成。

Effects of Root Cutting on Morphological Characteristics and Endogenous Hormone Levels of Quercus variabilis Seedlings

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of root cutting stress on the dynamic changes of endogenous hormone content and growth characteristics of Quercus variabilis roots,and to explore the physiological role of endogenous hormones in regulating root-crown interactions in the short term.The morphological characteristics and endogenous hormone contents of normal roots(no root cutting,CK)and cut roots(cut by 1/3 of the length of the main root,RP)were determined by liquid chromatography,which was combined with mass spectrometry at different levels of different developmental stages.The results showed that the root growth indexes and root endogenous hormones in the RP group were superior to those in the CK group.Through comprehensive analysis of endogenous hormones,it was found that the crosstalk of IAA,JA,ABA and SA could activate the root growth defense.After the root cutting treatment,the root growth of Quercus variabilis seedlings could compensate for the inhibition of taproot growth by promoting lateral root growth.The growth and development of compensatory lateral roots contribute to the increase the total root length of plants,thus promoting the absorption of water and nutrients.It is speculated that plant hormones may be the key factors affecting their development,but this is not only related to the content of a single hormone,but more importantly,it is the interaction between various hormones.

A heterozygous mutation in GJA1 gene in Chinese family with serious erythrokeratodermia variabilis et progressive

To the Editor:Erythrokeratodermia variabilis (EKV;MIM 133200) is characterized by the coexistence of transient,figurate,erythematous patches,and localized keratotic hyperkeratosis.EKV shows marked phenotypic heterogeneity,even within kindreds bearing the same diseasecausing mutation.[1] The term EKV et progressiva (EKVP) is a severe variant of EKV and has been proposed to encompass the diversity of phenotypes,ranging from limited hyperkeratotic plaques and erythematous patches to severe progressive symmetric erythrokeratodermia which can feature more generalized cutaneous involvement.

Effects of Increased Salinity on Growth, Development and Survival in Early Life Stages of the Green Toad Bufotes variabilis (Anura: Bufonidae)

This study examined the effects of increased salinity on growth, development and survival of the Green toad, Bufotes variabilis during embryonic, hatching and early larval periods. Eggs from a single cohort of B. variabilis were subjected to acute and chronic toxicity tests for water salinity ranging from 0.20 to 10 g of salt per liter. Results obtained from this study showed that salinity over 3.70 g/l increased embryonic mortality and reduced percentage of hatching and survival rate of larvae. As larvae tolerated salinity 0.20 to 3.70 g/l with highest survival, but salinity of 10 g/l caused mortality of all individuals within 12 h, 7.70-8.70 （g/l） within 4.5 days, 5.70-6.70 g/l within 10 days and 4.70 （g/l） were tolerated within 14 days. Salinity less than 0.70 g/l did not affect survival and hatching success of the embryos. After a 3-week experiment, size of larvae exposed to salinities over 0.70 g/l was lower compared to larvae reared at lower salinity levels. Meanwhile increases in salinity more than 3.70 g/l caused extension in the hatching period. Larvae reared at salinity of 3.70 to 4.70 g/l had morphological abnormalities, such as distortion of tail.

A new cycloartane nortriterpenoid from Quercus variabilis Blume

The leaves and stems of Quercus variabilis Blume afforded a new cycloartane nortriterpenoid, 3α-acetyloxy-4α, 14α-dimethyl- 9β, 19-eycloergost-24-oic acid （1）, along with five known compounds （2-6）. The structure of 1 was elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR and mass spectroscopy. 2009 Qi Shi Sun. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society. All rights reserved.

Classification of Natural Types of Quercus variabilis

[Objectives]The paper was to classify natural types of Quercus variabilis and to study its regularity of variation.[Methods]Through the analysis of correlation coefficient matrix of tree age,DBH,tree height,breast height and bark thickness,petiole length,leaf width and leaf length,the breast height and bark thickness and petiole length were chosen as the main indices for classifying natural types of Q.variabilis.[Results]There were 4 natural types of Q.variabilis in Shaanxi Province,including long-petiole-thick-bark type,short-petiole-thick-bark type,long-petiole-thin-bark type and short-petiole-thin-bark type.The short-petiole-thick-bark type accounted for the largest proportion in Q.variabilis population(34.44%).On the northern slope of Bashan Mountains and the Huanglong Mountains,the short-petiole-thick-bark type was the dominant type,while on the northern slope of Qinling Mountains the long-petiole-thick-bark type accounted for a larger proportion.[Conclusions]This study will provide a basic foundation for making full use of excellent types of Q.variabilis natural resources.

基于Cyt b基因序列的中国沿海4个长蛸(Octopus variabilis)群体的种群遗传结构分析

采用线粒体Cytb基因测序技术研究了我国不同海域4个长蛸(Octopus variabilis)群体的种群遗传结构。结果表明,232bp的Cytb基因片段在4个群体90个个体中共检测到38个多态位点、12个单倍型,单倍型多样性指数H达0.854±0.015,核苷酸多样性指数Pi达0.059±0.005,平均核苷酸多样性指数K达13.526,显示出较高的遗传变异。种群遗传结构分析表明,4个群体间均存在极显著的遗传分化(P<0.01),除大连与青岛两群体间外,其它两两群体间的基因流均小于1。聚类分析表明,4个群体明显分化为三大类群,一个类群由大连和青岛群体组成,一个由温州群体组成,另一个由东山群体组成;遗传距离分析表明,东山类群与其它类群之间可能为亚种水平的分化,而其它类群之间仍为种内群体间分化。长蛸这种种群遗传结构形成原因可能与其较弱的种群扩散能力有关,另外冰川期地理历史因素及我国海域的洋流作用可能也参与了长蛸种群遗传结构的形成。

土耳其海绵Ircinia variabilis中溴代生物碱的分离与鉴定

目的研究土耳其海绵Ircinia variabilis的化学成分。方法采用多种色谱方法分离纯化,依据理化性质、波谱数据和文献对照的方法鉴定结构。结果从土耳其海绵Ircinia Variabilis提取物中分离鉴定了5个溴代生物碱类化合物:fistularin-3(1),2-oxazolidinone(2),(E)-1-acetamide-3,5-dibromo-4-ethoxy-4-methoxy-1-hydroxy-2,5-cyclohexaddienone(3),(Z)-1-acetamide-3,5-dibromo-4-ethoxy-4-methoxy-1-hydroxy-2,5-cyclohexaddienone(4),3,5-dibromotyrosine(5)。结论化合物1从该种内首次分离得到,化合物2～4从该种属中首次分离得到。

H_2 PRODUCTION BY ANABAENA VARIABILIS MUTANT IN COMPUTER CONTROLLED TWO-STAGE AIR-LIFT TUBULAR PHOTOBIOREACTOR

A 4.34 liter two stage air lift photobioreactor incorporating Anabaena variabilis ATCC29413 mutant PK84 was used to study H 2 production. Results showed that H 2 production increased with increasing light intensity from 47 μE/(m 2·s) up to 190 μE/(m 2·s), but that further increase of light intensity decreased the H 2 production because of the inhibition due to the high pO 2. The data also indicated that longer argon gas charge resulted in more H 2 produced due to the increase of nitrogenase activities and heterocyst frequency, and that more than 1.3 L net H 2 was produced from this computer controlled photobioreactor.

海洋放线菌Streptomyces variabilis strain 6-1次级代谢产物的研究

目的:对来自海洋软珊瑚的链霉菌6-1(Streptomyces variabilis strain 6-1)进行次级代谢产物的分离和鉴定,寻找具有生物活性的化合物,为人类健康服务。方法:采用液体培养基对分自海洋软珊瑚Scleronephthya sp中的链霉菌6-1(Streptomyces variabi-lis strain 6-1)进行发酵培养,用乙酸乙酯对发酵液进行萃取;采用半制备高效液相色谱(semi-preparative HPLC)分离方法对乙酸乙酯萃取物进行分离纯化,得到单体化合物;运用电喷雾质谱(ESI-MS)、核磁共氢振(1H NMR)、核磁共振碳谱(13C NMR)和物理性质对所得单体化合物进行结构鉴定。结果:从海洋链霉菌6-1(strain 6-1)发酵液的乙酸乙酯萃取物中分离得到3个单体化合物,分别鉴定为:7,4'-二羟基异黄酮(1)、5,7,4'-三羟基异黄酮(2)和丁烯酸内酯-Ⅰ(3)。结论:丁烯酸内酯-Ⅰ是从链霉菌属首次分离得到,化合物1和2均是从Streptomyces variabilis中首次分离得到;变异链霉菌6-1(Streptomyces variabilis strain 6-1)可以作为活性化合物3(丁烯酸内酯-Ⅰ)的重要来源。