Early Screening of Rice Varieties with High Essential Amino Acids by Aseptic Seedling Method

With 5 rice varieties( Yifeng 3321,Yifeng 3315,Yifeng 3317,Yifeng 45,Yifeng 14-24) as the experimental objects,the aseptic seedling method was used to culture the rice seeds,and the HPLC was used to determine the content of amino acids in aseptic rice seedlings as well as the total content of 8 kinds of essential amino acids and the content of protein. And the content of protein and amino acids in the polished rice of 5 varieties was detected,and the analysis of variance was performed for screening of the varieties containing high essential amino acids. The rice with high essential amino acids could be produced to meet people's rice quality requirements. The analysis of variance indicated that there were significant differences( F = 39. 262,p = 0. 01) in the content of essential amino acids among 5 kinds of rice varieties. By the Duncan's multiple comparison,the differences among rice varieties were calculated to obtain screening results. The aseptic seedlings:Yifeng 3321(7. 268),Yifeng 3315(6. 395),Yifeng 3317(5. 698),Yifeng 45(5. 567),Yifeng 14-24(5. 190). Rice: Yifeng 3321(2.998),Yifeng 14-24(2. 627),Yifeng 3317(2. 611),Yifeng 3315(2. 503),Yifeng 45(2. 281). Based on the estimated human daily requirement of essential amino acids and amino acids requirement pattern,it was found that the polished rice of 5 varieties was up to standard.The variety with the highest content of essential amino acids was Yifeng 3317(3830 mg/100g),followed by Yifeng 3321(3770 mg/100 g).The results showed that the high quality rice variety in this experiment was Yifeng 3321.

Effect of High Digestible Essential Amino Acids on Weight Gains and Carcass Compositions of Laying Hens

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of high digestible essential amino acids （DEAA） on weight gains and carcass compositions of laying hens. Three hundred and sixty lsa Brown hens in five replications per treatment （12 birds/replicate） were used. Six experimental diets which contained of treatment 1 （negative control） as the conventional layer diet are recommended by NRC （1994） while another dietary treatments; treatments 2 （positive control）, 3, 4, 5 and 6 were formulated to meet 100%, 110%, 120%, 130% and 140% of Standard Ileal Digestible Lysine Levels （SIDLL） without crude protein minimum, while methionine （Met）, threonine （Thre） and tryptophan （Tryp） as related by Ideal Protein Concept （IPC） which suggested by NRC （1994） and INRA （2004）. However, metabolizable energy （ME）, calcium and available phosphorus （Avai P） levels of all experimental diets were meet requirement as recommended by NRC （1994）. The experiment was assigned in CRD and laying hens fed dietary treatments from 28 to 44 weeks of age and cage was the experimental unit （3 hens/cage）. The result shown that percentages of thigh （TP）, feet （FP）, drumstick （DP）, heart （HP）, liver （LP） and gizzard （GP） were not affected by dietary treatment. However, weight gains （WG） and percentage of dressed weight （DWP）, eviscerate weight （EWP） and breast （BP） were increased （P 〈 0.05） and abdominal fat was reduced （P 〈 0.05） when birds fad diets containing 130% of SIDLL as compared with control group and another dietary treatments, when increasing the DEAA levels upper to 130% of SIDLL. The result indicated that diets formulated without crude protein minimum and increased DEAA resulted in increasing the efficiency of converting metabolizable energy （ME） to net energy （NE） for increasing weight gain and improved meat products while fat deposition in carcass composition was reduced.

The amino acid transporter SLC6A14 in cancer and its potential use in chemotherapy

Tumor cells have an increased demand for glucose and amino acids to support their rapid growth,and also exhibit alterations in biochemical pathways that metabolize these nutrients.Transport across the plasma membrane is essential to feed glucose and amino acids into these tumor cell-selective metabolic pathways.Transfer of amino acids across biological membranes occurs via a multitude of transporters;tumor cells must upregulate one or more of these transporters to satisfy their increased demand for amino acids.Among the amino acid transporters,SLC6A14 stands out with specific functional features uniquely suited for the biological needs of the tumor cells.This transporter is indeed upregulated in tumors of epithelial origin,including colon cancer,cervical cancer,breast cancer,and pancreatic cancer.Since normal cells express this transporter only at low levels,blockade of this transporter should lead to amino acid starvation selectively in tumor cells,thus having little effect on normal cells.This offers a novel,yet logical,strategy for the treatment of cancers that are associated with upregulation of SLC6A14.In addition,a variety of amino acid-based prodrugs are recognized as substrates by SLC6A14,thus raising the possibility that anticancer drugs can be delivered into tumor cells selectively via this transporter in the form of amino acid prodrugs.This strategy allows exposure of SLC6A14-positive tumor cells to chemotherapy with minimal off-target effects.In conclusion,the amino acid transporter SLC6A14 holds great potential not only as a direct drug target for cancer therapy but also for tumor cell-selective delivery of anticancer drugs.

Amino acids essential for the interaction between cellular heat shock protein 90 and a Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded protein kinase ORF36

Dear Editor,Protein-protein interactions（PPIs）often play important roles in biological processes（Zhang et al.,2016）.The split Renilla luciferase complementation assay（SRLCA）is one of the methods in studying PPIs.SRLCA is based on the complementation of the N-terminal domains of Renilla luciferase（LN）and C-terminal domains of Renilla luciferase （LC） non-functional halves of Renilla luciferase fused to possibly interacting proteins and emit luminescence （Deng et al., 2011; Jiang et al., 2010） （Supplementary Figure S1A）.

Characterization of Amino Acid Composition in Fruits of Three Rosa roxburghii Genotypes

Rosa roxburghii Tratt., is an important commercial horticultural crop in China due to its nutritional and medicinal value. To date, the economic production of a single predominant cultivar of R. roxburghii(‘Guinong 5') consumes 30 000 hm^2 in China. Here, we characterize the amino acid composition of ‘Guinong 5' and two novel genotypes(AL11, GP6) that prove valuable and deserve wide application. Here, 17 amino acids(acid hydrolysis of proteins) were detected in ‘Guinong 5', AL11 and GP6 fruits, with Glutamine and Asparagine being abundant, and L-cystine being absent. The essential amino acids and total amino acids were the highest in AL11, while Asparagine was most abundant in GP6. For the free amino acid, 18 amino acids and 9 metabolites were detected in ‘Guinong 5', AL11 and GP6 fruits. γ-aminobutyric acid, L-arginine and ornithine were the most abundant in ‘Guinong 5', while phosphoserine and taurine were the highest in AL11. In comparison, GP6 had the highest levels of L-asparagine, an essential amino acid, and the highest total N containing compounds.

Dietary protein levels and amino acid supplementation patterns alter the composition and functions of colonic microbiota in pigs

Different dietary nitrogen(N) patterns may have different effects on gut microbiota.To investigate the effects of different crude protein(CP) levels or essential amino acids(EAA) supplementation patterns on the structure and functions of colonic microbiota,42 barrows(25±0.39 kg) were randomly assigned to 7 dietary treatments including:diet 1,a high CP diet with balanced 10 EAA;diet 2,a medium CP diet with approximately 2% decreased CP level from diet 1 and balanced 10 EAA;diets 3,4,5,6 and 7,low CP diets with 4% decreased CP level from diet 1.Specifically,diet 3 was only balanced for Lys,Met,Thr and Trp;diets 4,5 and 6 were further supplemented with IIe,Val and IIe+Val on the basis of diet 3,respectively;and diet 7 was balanced for 10 EAA.Results over a 110-d trial showed that reducing the CP level by 2% or4% dramatically decreased N intake and excretion(P <0.05) in the presence of balanced 10 EAA,which was not observed when altering the EAA supplementation patterns in low CP diet(-4%).With balanced10 EAA,2% reduction in dietary CP significantly reduced Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes(F:B) ratio and significantly elevated the abundance of Prevotellaceae NK3 B31(P <0.05);whereas 4% reduction evidently increased the abundances of Proteobacteria,Succinivibrio and Lachnospiraceae XPB1014(P <0.05).Among the 5 low CP diets(-4%),supplementation with Ile,or Val+Ile,or balanced 10 EAA increased F:B ratio and the abundance of Proteobacteria.In addition,the predicted functions revealed that different CP levels and EAA balanced patterns dramatically altered the mRNA expression profiles of N-metabolizing genes,the "N and energy metabolism" pathways or the metabolism of some small substances,such as amino acids(AA) and vitamins.Our findings suggested that reducing the dietary CP levels by 2% to 4% with balancing 10 EAA,or only further supplementation with Ile or Val+Ile to a low protein diet(-4%) reduced the N contents entering the hindgut to various degrees,altered the abundances of N-metabolizing bacteria,and improved the abilities of N utilization.

Low Light During Grain Filling Stage Deteriorates Rice Cooking Quality, but not Nutritional Value

To investigate the effect of low light （LL, 50% natural light） during grain filling （GF） stage on rice transamination, amino acid （AA） accumulation, nutritional value, and cooking quality in three different rice genotypes, transaminase activities and AA levels in grains during GF stage and the traits that significantly affected rice quality （physical appearance, cooking quality, and nutritional value） were analyzed. LL did not disturb transamination in rice grains during GF stage, as minimal impact was found on alanine and aspartate transaminase activities. Nevertheless, most AAs in caryopses, including lysine and threonine, increased in response to LL, except for sulfur-containing AAs. These results suggest that AA metabolism and accumulation in rice grains were rarely suppressed by LL during GF stage. Rice nutritional ingredients at harvest, such as major protein components including glutelin and most important essential amino acids （EAAs） including lysine and threonine, increased significantly in response to LL, whereas most protein and EAA ratios were rarely affected. However, LL markedly affected physical appearance of rice grains by reducing brown rice rate, milled rice rate, and 1000-grain weight and increasing the chalkiness rate. In addition, cooking qualities decreased in response to LL, while breakdown values and amylose levels decreased and setback values increased. We concluded that LL during GF stage decreased the cooking quality of rice, but could potentially improve the nutritional value of rice.

Comparative Nutritional Analysis on Fish Meal and Meat and Bone Meal of Harmless Treatment of Dead Pig Carcass

In order to explore the resource utilization of the harmless treatment product(pork meat and bone meal,abbreviated PM)of pigs died of non-communicable diseases,the general nutritional components and amino acid composition of PM and fish meal were determined and compared.The results showed that the contents of moisture,crude protein,crude fat and ash in PM and fish meal were 3.25%and 8.92%,66.65%and 66.67%,13.52%and 8.23%,18.25%and 21.50%,respectively.The contents of essential amino acids(EAA)in PM and fish meal were 19.94%and 22.35%,respectively.For PM and fish meal,the first limiting amino acid was Met(methionine)+Cys(cysteine),and the second limiting amino acid was Lys(lysine);their essential amino acid indexes(EAAI)were 66.60 and 77.04,respectively;and their delicious amino acid(DAA)contents were 26.89%and 23.15%,respectively.In summary,the meat and bone meal of pigs died of non-communicable diseases has the characteristics of high protein and low ash contents,and has certain development and utilization potential as a recycled waste resource,especially in aquatic feed to replace fish meal.

Study on Degradation of Cellulose-rich Substrates by Bacillus licheniformis

Bacillus lincheniformis is a representative probiotic, widely used in food, medicine and livestock industries and other industries. In this experiment, a strain of Bacillus lincheniformis was isolated and identified, which was used to ferment celluloserich substrate. The effects were analyzed. The experimental results showed that Bacillus lincheniformis had the capacity to degrade cellulose(32.8% was degraded) and less capacity to degrade hemicellulose(7.9% was degraded), which could not degrade ligin. The total protein contents in the products fermented by Bacillus lincheniformis with cellulose-rich substrate riched by 11.6%, compared with the fermented products with no cellulose-rich substrate, furthermore, the contents of Met, Lys and Leu riched by 14%, 17.5% and 4.1%, respectively. These results showed that Bacillus lincheniformis had the ability to degrade cellulose and it provided experimental data for further utilization.

Development of Novel Confectionary Bars by Utilizing Date “Tagyat Variety”

In present study, we aimed at producing novel date-based bars (DBs) by using “Tagyat variety”. The materials used were date “Tagyat”, Dried mill, peeled white sesame seeds, peeled peanut, grated coconut, cacao powder and corn starch. The raw materials and produced DBs were chemically analyzed. The energy values for DBs were calculated. Minerals and amino acids were determined for all produced DBs. The DBs were organoleptically evaluated. Tagyat date had the higher moisture, total, reducing and non-reducing sugars contents (22.23%, 66.81%, 53.55% and 12.60%, respectively). Dried milk, peanut and peeled white sesame had the higher crude protein content being 31.94%, 28.59% and 23.99%, respectively. Peeled white sesame seeds, peeled peanuts and grated coconuts had the highest amount of crude fat being 54.35%, 52.21% and 49.93%, respectively. Dried milk and cacao powder had higher total ash content which contained 5.25% and 5.23%, respectively. The moisture content of BDs was in range of 16.16% to 17.49%. The crude protein content of the six BDs varied from 9.16% to 12.35%. Crude fat of BDs ranged from 10.13% to 11.75%. Ash content of BDs ranged from 2.39% to 2.78%. The reducing and non-reducing sugar content of BDs varied from 46.32% to 48.07% and 41.14% to 43.08%. The energy values of BDs ranged from 372.28 to 382.87 K cal·100 g-1. Novel DBs contain appreciable amounts of K (ranged from 621.94 to 719.85 mg·100 g-1), P (ranged from 92.53 to 113.83 mg·100 g-1), Ca (ranged from 59.77 to 69.48 mg·100 g-1), Mg (ranged from 37.69 to 43.81 mg·100 g-1), Na (ranged from 28.41 to 35.48 mg·100 g-1), Fe (ranged from 3.29 to 5.14 mg·100 g-1) , Zn (ranged from 3.10 to 3.60 mg·100 g-1), Cu (ranged from 1.21 to 1.40 mg·100 g-1) and Mn (ranged from 0.95 to 1.10 mg·100 g-1). The SDB and SDKB DBs had the highest amounts of EAA, Ratios of E:N, E:T, E:P and EAAI (%), which contained 46.654 and 44.853 g/16 g N, 0.983% and 0.890%, 0.496% and 0.471%, 0.467% and 0.449% and 86.86% and 83.51%, respectively. The amino acid methionine was the most deficient amino acid in all formulated DBs. The SDKB was the highest sensory characteristics, and it was followed by SDB to be 90.77% and 88.98%, respectively for instance.

Review:Do Horses Receive Optimum Amounts of Glutamine in Their Diets?

In some species of growing mammals glutamine is an essential amino acid that,if inadequate in the diet,is needed for normal growth and development.It is thus sometimes considered to be a conditionally essential amino acid in some species.A review of studies that have measured L-glutamine concentrations([glutamine])in horses demonstrates that plasma[glutamine]has routinely been reported to be much lower(~330μmol/L)than in other mammals(>600μmol/L).Plasma[glutamine]represents the balance between intestinal transport into the blood after hepatic first pass,tissue synthesis and cellular extraction.The hypothesis is proposed that sustained low plasma[glutamine]represents a chronic state of sub-optimal glutamine intake and glutamine synthesis that does not meet the requirements for optimum health.While this may be without serious consequence in feral and sedentary horses,there is evidence that provision of supplemental dietary glutamine ameliorates a number of health consequences,particularly in horses with elevated metabolic demands.The present review provides evidence that glutamine is very important(and perhaps essential)for intestinal epithelial cells in mammals including horses,that horses with low plasma[glutamine]represents a sub-optimal state of well-being,and that horses supplemented with glutamine exhibit physiological and health benefits.

Biochemical Characteristics of Saint Mary’s Thistle Varieties (<i>Silybum marianum</i>L. <i>Gaertn.</i>) under Soil-Climate Conditions of the Khorezm Region

This article deals with the biochemical characteristics of varieties of Saint Mary’s Thistle such as Panacea, Debut and Samaryanka. Based on the studies, it was found that the highest oil content was found in the species Debut (26%). The lowest oil content was observed in the variety Samaryanka (19%). The highest protein content and the sum of total amino acids in the seeds of St. Mary’s Thistle varieties were found in the variety Debut (131.1), and the lowest indication was observed in the species Samaryanka (79.2). By the number of replaceable amino acids existing in the seeds of the species of St. Mary’s Thistle, it was found in the Varieties Debut (126.3), and the lowest indication was observed in the variety Samaryanka (112). Based on the results of studies and the noted biochemical characteristics and varietal differences of the St. Mary’s Thistle, the possibility and expediency of expanding the crops of this species in the soil and climatic conditions of the Khorezm region are suggested. The research was conducted 2017-2019 y.

Programmable double-unlock nanocomplex self-supplies phenylalanine ammonia-lyase for precise phenylalanine deprivation of tumors

Essential amino acids(EAAs)deprivation is a potential antitumor approach because EAAs are critical for tumor growth.To efficiently inhibit tumor growth,continuous deprivation of EAAs is required,how-ever,continuous deprivation without precise control will introduce toxicity to normal cells.Herein,a programmable double-unlock nanocomplex(ROCK)was prepared,which could self-supply phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL)to tumor cells for phenylalanine(Phe)deprivation.ROCK was double-locked in physiological conditions when administered systemically.While ROCK actively targeted to tumor cells by integrinαvβ3/5 and CD44,ROCK was firstly unlocked by cleavage of protease on tumor cell membrane,exposing CendR and R8 to enhance endocytosis.Then,hyaluronic acid was digested by hyaluronidase overexpressed in endo/lysosome of tumor cells,in which ROCK was secondly unlocked,resulting in pro-moting endo/lysosome escape and PAL plasmid(pPAL)release.Released pPAL could sustainably express PAL in host tumor cells until the self-supplied PAL precisely and successfully deprived Phe,thereby block-ing the protein synthesis and killing tumor cells specifically.Overall,our precise Phe deprivation strategy effectively inhibited tumor growth with no observable toxicity to normal cells,providing new insights to efficiently remove intratumoral nutrition for cancer therapy.