Changes in Nurses'Ethical Practices in Organ Transplant Nursing Using Action Research

The purpose of this study is to investigate how participation in action research will change nursing activities in dealing with ethical issues experienced in daily nursing settings of organ transplantation. The action research here is comprised of four types of sessions: clarification of wishes (1st session), meetings to talk about matters experienced, study meetings, and reflections (final session). In the first and final sessions, group interviews about ethical practices were conducted. Recorded data from the interviews and 4th meeting to talk about experiences were analyzed using WordMiner1.5. Participants had the individual need, “wish to improve understanding of ethics in their own skills to promote ethical practices and ethical interests”. Then, they became aware of “ethical practice in placing importance on the relationship with patients/their families and ethics attitudes as nurses”. This awareness was connected to “sharing ideas and information with medical staff, awareness of and action suitable for ethics issues, and increased interest in ethics issues”. Like this, the awareness of ethical practices has expanded from individuals to the relationship with patients/their families and sharing ideas with medical staff, and this has developed into self-development. The findings suggest the importance of an organizational culture that addresses ethics to improve practical ethics skills. The findings also suggest that it would be necessary for an organization to take long-term actions to addresses ethical issues in wards or hospitals.

Studying the Reinforcement Effect of a Seminar on Ethical Practices among Pediatric Nurses

Aim: This study aimed to examine the effect of a seminar to continuously reinforce ethical nursing practices among pediatric nurses. Methods: This seminar was based on a 24-point pediatric nursing care model (PNCM) that provided specific examples of basic ethical nursing practices for children undergoing medical procedures and their families. Participants’ knowledge level and application frequencies, regarding these practices, were assessed face-to-face in the first session and via email 2 and 5 months later, using the PNCM checklist and qualitative data about ethical practices. Results: Results revealed that 8 PNCM items about frequency remained the same as the first session after 5 months;however, 16 items reported increased application. The qualitative data collected 2 months later suggested that the nurses could have adapted better to implement ethical pediatric nursing;however, the one collected 5 months later confirmed the effect of the seminar on ethical nursing practices with children and their families. The continuous effect of the seminar became more evident from the responses received 5 months later than those received 2 months later. Conclusions: The findings confirmed a reinforced effect on ethical pediatric nursing practice with child patients and their parents after 5 months.

Confucian Ethical Practice as a Method of Creating and Sustaining Whiteheadian Beauty

I argue that Confucian ethical practice can be considered as a feasible method of creating and sustaining Whiteheadian beauty. I first investigate Whitehead＇s understanding of value, beauty and morality. Next, I show the affinity between Confucius and Whitehead in their understanding of value, beauty, and morality through an analysis of the Analects （Lunyu 论语）, focusing on the aesthetic aspects of Confucian ethics understood as role ethics. Finally, I argue that Confucian ways of moral self-cultivation can be viewed as methods that foster our disposition to create and sustain the beauty of experience.

The ethics of exercise in eating disorders:Can an ethical principles approach guide the next generation of research and clinical practice?

1.Introduction Eating disorders(ED)are the most common psychiatric disorders afflicting young women^1 and contribute to great detriments in psychological,social,and physical health.^(2,3)Unfortunately,ED treatments tend to be long lasting,intensive,and expensive.~4Additionally,individuals with ED seeking treatment use healthcare services more frequently than non-ED individu-

The‘experimental public’in longitudinal health research:views of local leaders and service providers in rural South Africa

Background:The concept of‘experimental public’has been recently applied to publics involved in clinical trials.This term could also be applied to publics involved in longitudinal research such as health and demographic surveillance systems.The ethics of practice and public engagement with these experimental publics are of key importance and include issues of informed consent,confidentiality,collection of body tissue samples and fair local benefit.Methods:Individual(n=11)and focus group(n=5)qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with 56 local leaders and service providers regarding their views about research activities in a longitudinal health research study site run by the MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit(Agincourt)in rural South Africa.Deductive and inductive thematic analysis was undertaken using NVivo software to identify the emergent themes.Results:There was an understanding of the usefulness of collecting demographic data,but reasons for gathering other contextual data such as on food security,as well as the reasons for collection of blood was less clear.While appreciation was expressed for feedback of individual results such as blood pressure levels during home-based data collection,there were requests for more results from biomarkers,and for these to be given at home,rather than at the clinic.There were reports of indirect refusals,and offers by leaders to assist in reducing refusal rates.There were concerns about confidentiality,especially in the publication of results.Some leaders would have liked to receive more individual level data for planning of services,although they understood this would breach confidentiality.Service providers were concerned about the withdrawal of some services post intervention trials.Conclusions:This experimental public has,over time,developed a nuanced understanding of the reasons for research and the procedures undertaken.Discussions concerning fair benefit ranged from requests for more individual clinically-relevant results for participants,to understanding how research results could assist in planning of public health services at local and national levels.The concerns illustrate the complexity of the ethics of practice which has implications for policy,practice and governance for those working in longitudinal health research sites globally.