Comparative study of type 2 diabetes mellitus-associated gut microbiota between the Dai and Han populations

BACKGROUND The global prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)is increasing.T2DM is associated with alterations of the gut microbiota,which can be affected by age,illness,and genetics.Previous studies revealed that there are discriminating microbiota compositions between the Dai and the Han populations.However,the specific gut microbiota differences between the two populations have not been elucidated.AIM To compare the gut microbiota differences in subjects with and without T2DM in the Dai and Han populations.METHODS A total of 35 subjects of the Han population(including 15 healthy children,8 adult healthy controls,and 12 adult T2DM patients)and 32 subjects of the Dai population(including 10 healthy children,10 adult healthy controls,and 12 adult T2DM patients)were enrolled in this study.Fasting venous blood samples were collected from all the subjects for biochemical analysis.Fecal samples were collected from all the subjects for DNA extraction and 16S rRNA sequencing,which was followed by analyses of the gut microbiota composition.RESULTS No significant difference in alpha diversity was observed between healthy children and adults.The diversity of gut microbiota was decreased in T2DM patients compared to the healthy adults in both the Dai and Han populations. There was a significant difference in gut microbiota between healthy children and healthy adults in the Hanpopulation with an increased abundance of Bacteroidetes and decreased Firmicutes in children. However, thisdifference was less in the Dai population. Significant increases in Bacteroidetes in the Han population and Proteobacteriain the Dai population and decreases in Firmicutes in both the Han and Dai population were observed inT2DM patients compared to healthy adults. Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size analysis also showed that thegut microbiota was different between the Han and Dai populations in heathy children, adults, and T2DM patients.Four bacteria were consistently increased and two consistently decreased in the Han population compared to theDai population.CONCLUSION Differences in gut microbiota were found between the Han and Dai populations. A significant increase inBacteroidetes was related to the occurrence of T2DM in the Han population, while a significant increase in Proteobacteriawas related to the occurrence of T2DM in the Dai population.

Genetic polymorphism of mitochondrial DNA HVS-I and HVS-II of Chinese Tu ethnic minority group

We analyzed the two hypervariable segments HVS-I and HVS-II of 108 Chinese Tu ethnic minority group samples for forensic and population genetics purposes, Comparing with Anderson sequence, 79 polymorphic loci in HVS-I and 40 in HVS-II were found in Chinese Tu ethnic minority group mtDNA sequences, and 90 and 64 haplotypes were then defined. Haplotype diversity and the mean pairwise differences were 0.9903±0.0013 and 5.7785 in HVS-I, and 0.9777±0.0013 and 3.5819 in HVS-II, respectively. By analyzing the hypervariable domain from nucleotide 1,6180 to 1,6193 in HVS-I, we defined some new types of sequence variations. We also compared the relationship between Tu population and other populations using mtDNA HVS-I sequences. According to Rst genetic distances, the phylogenetic tree showed that the Tu population, the Xi＇an Han population, the Chinese Korean, and the Mongol ethnic group were in a clade. This indicated a close genetic relationship between them. There were far relations between the Tu population and other Chinese southern Han populations, Siberian, European, African, and other foreign populations. The results suggest that Tu population has a multi-origin and has also merged with other local populations.

Population genetics and forensic efficiency of 30 InDel markers in four Chinese ethnic groups residing in Sichuan

Sichuan Province is located at the transitional junction regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the low-altitude plains.It also serves as the corridor of Sino Tibetan-speaking population migration and expansion since neolithic expansion of Proto-Tibeto-Burman populations from Middle/Upper Yellow River during Majiayao period(3300-2000 BC).However,the population structure and the corresponding genetic diversity of forensic-related markers in this region remain unclear.Thus,we genotyped 30 insertion-deletion(InDel)markers in 444 samples from four ethnic groups(Han,Tibetan,Hui and Yi)from Sichuan Province using the Investigator■ DIPplex kit to explore the characteristics of population genetics and forensic genetic focuses.All the loci were found to be in Hardy-Weinberg Equlibrium(HWE)after applying a Bonferroni correction and no pairwise loci showed prominent linkage disequilibrium.The combined matching probability(CMP)and the combined power of discrimination(CPD)are larger than 1.8089×10^(11)and 0.9999999995,respectively.Principal component analysis,multi-dimen-sional scaling plots and Neighbour-Joining tree among 65 worldwide populations indicated that Sichuan Hui and Han are genetically close to Hmong-Mien and Tai-Kadai-speaking popula-tions,and Sichuan Tibetan and Yi bear a strong genetic affinity with Tibeto-Burman-speaking populations.The model-based genetic structure further supports the genetic affinity between the studied populations and linguistically close populations.

Population distributions of alele frequency of apolipoprotein E by age and gender in Han Chinese

目的：研究在上海地区健康汉族人中不同年龄和性别的载脂蛋白Ｅ基因频率的群体分布．方法：本次调查包括６４９名健康汉族人（女：２３７人，男：４１２人）．载脂蛋白Ｅ基因用ＰＣＲ扩增，前引物：５′ＧＧＣＡＣＧＧＣＴＧＴＣＣＡＡＧＧＡＧＣＴ３′；后引物：５′ＧＡＴＧＧＣＧＣＴＧＡＧＧＣＣＧＣＧＣＴ３′．ＰＣＲ产物用５单位限制性内切酶ＣｆｏⅠ酶切，用２０％聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离．结果：ＡｐｏＥ３频率最高为８６４％，其次ＡｐｏＥ４频率为７５％，ＡｐｏＥ２频率最低为６２％．经χ２检验，等位基因及基因型频率分布符合ＨａｒｄｙＷｅｉｎｂｅｒｇ平衡．结论：本项研究提供了正常中国汉族人群中载脂蛋白Ｅ三个等位基因２。

The Polymorphism of the HLA-DRB1 Locus of the Guangxi Zhuang People and Its Comparison with the Main Surrounding Ethnic Groups

To explore genetically the origin, migration and relationship of the Zhuang people in Guangxi province with the main surrounding Chinese and the ethnic groups in Southeast Asia, the distributions of the HLA-DRB1 locus among the populations in these regions were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction—sequence specific primer (PCR-SSP) technique among 265, healthy, randomly selected and unrelated Zhuang adults, aged 17-32, whose families had lived in Guangxi province for more than 3 generations. Every allelic frequency was comparatively analyzed with that of some main Chinese and Southeast Asia populations. It was found that 13 HLA-DRB1 alleles were detected among these 265 selected individuals, but other 13 alleles failed to be discovered by using the 23 pairs of primers designed in the present study. The most common alleles were HLA-DRB1*1501, HLA-DRB1*1601/2 and HLA-DRB1*1401/4 with the allele frequencies of 0.291, 0.198 and 0.106 respectively. Although alleles of HLA-DR1*0701/2, HLA-DRB1*08 and HLA-DRB1*1306/1406 could be detected also, but their frequencies were rather very low. The overall allele distribution profile on HLA-DRB1 of Zhuangs was much closed dramatically to those of Buyis, Northeast Thais, Dai Lues, Southern Hans and Singapore Chinese, but was more far away from that of northern Hans and Hanai Kinhs, as compared to the representative ethnic groups in Southeast Asia. In addition, the blank of HLA-DRB1*1502 was a characteristic allele for Zhuangs was commonly detected in Southeast Asia, especially in Thais. It is concluded that a very close genetic relationship exists between Zhuangs and Buyis on the basis of their extremely similar background on HLA-DRB1 locus.

城市群建设视域下各民族人口流动融居的多维探析——基于重庆主城都市区的调查

现代化城市群建设引领区域高水平协同共建,对周边各族群众产生典型的“磁吸效应”。城市中各民族流动人口数量上升既为城市经济社会发展作出贡献,也为各民族交往交流交融创造现实空间。文章在成渝地区双城经济圈建设背景下,以重庆主城都市区为例,依据三种社区生活模式,对嵌入式社区环境、渐进式文化交流以及互助式社团生活展开深入探讨。引导城市中各族群众向社会主义现代化迈进,不断提升城市民族工作现代化水平,实现各民族共建共治共享,在人口流动融居中推动各民族交往交流交融,促进各民族团结统一、守望相助、手足情深,不断夯实铸牢中华民族共同体意识的实践基础。

我国各民族就业人口产业结构共同现代化历程研究

就业是最基本的民生,也是推动各民族共同走向现代化、推动中华民族共同体建设的重要手段。通过利用第三次至第七次全国人口普查资料,对改革开放40年来我国各民族就业人口产业结构现代化发展的历史进程进行了分析,结果显示,第一,40年来,各民族就业产业结构类型从以原始型为主转变为发展型占绝对优势,现代化转变趋势凸显。第二,我国各民族就业人口产业结构现代化历程经历四个阶段:1982至1990年为蓄能阶段,各民族人口在第一产业的占比下降幅度较小,现代化进程缓慢;1990至2000年为现代化起步阶段,东部地区外向型经济的发展带动各民族就业人口产业结构现代化起步;2000至2010年,西部大开发和特色产业发展加速民族地区经济模式转型,进入现代化加速阶段;2010至2020年,在精准扶贫等政策推动下,各民族就业人口产业结构现代化实现飞跃,少数民族整体第一产业比例降幅高达34.24个百分点,大多数民族进入现代化中后期。第三,各民族就业人口产业结构现代化差异性缩减,同步性凸显,各民族就业人口产业结构共同现代化的趋势得到确认。第四,目前存在个别民族第一产业人口占比依旧较高等问题,应该将这部分民族的发展作为未来民族工作的重点,争取在本世纪中叶实现56个民族全部完成就业人口产业结构现代化,实现全面建设社会主义现代化国家,一个民族也不能少。

人口较少民族聚居区保持型双语教育兴起的归因分析——以裕固族聚居区为例

中国少数民族地区双语教育类型大致可分为过渡型双语教育和保持型双语教育两种,近年来在人口较少民族聚居区兴起的双语教育属于保持型双语教育。通过运用教育人类学持续观察法对裕固族聚居区的保持型双语教育的兴起进行归因分析,发现教育系统外部主要原因有本族语言及传统文化趋于濒危和族群性的焦虑加剧,以及可供社会行动者选择的实践策略空间在相关政策叠加实施的背景中生成和拓展;教育系统内部的主要原因有校本课程开发的蓬勃兴起和民族文化精英的强力推动。从当下中国的经验事实和情境分析来看,“完善差别化的区域政策”可以作为新时代少数民族地区双语教育政策的基本定位和主导逻辑。

Comprehensive analyses for genetic diversities of 19 autosomal STRs in Chinese Kazak group and its phylogenetic relationships with other continental populations

Short tandem repeats(STRs)play an essential role in forensic genetics due to their high degree of polymorphisms,wide distributions and easy detection method.In this study,allelic frequencies and forensic statistical parameters of the 19 autosomal STR loci in a Kazak ethnic group were calculated,and its genetic relationships with reference populations were assessed in order to understand population structure better and enrich population genetic data for forensic practice in Chinese Kazak ethnic group.There were 226 identified alleles with the corresponding allelic frequencies ranging from 0.0008 to 0.5295 in the 628 unrelated healthy Kazak individuals in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.All autosomal STRs were conformed to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium after Bonferroni’s correction.The cumulative power of discrimination and the combined probability of exclusion of all the 19 autosomal STRs were 0.999999999999999999999997162 and 0.999999994484,respectively.Furthermore,the DA distances and Fixation index values of pairwise populations,principal component analysis,multidimensional scaling analysis,phylogenetic tree analysis and structure analysis were conducted to probe the genetic relationships between the Kazak group and other reference populations.The population genetic results showed that these 19 autosomal STR loci were characterised by high genetic diversities in the Kazak group.Furthermore,the studied Kazak group had close genetic relationships with the Uyghur group and the Uzbek group.The present results may facilitate understanding the genetic background of the Chinese Xinjiang Kazak group.

21世纪以来东北人口较少民族高等教育发展研究

人口较少民族是学术界关注度较高的群体。从全国、省域、城乡与性别的视角进行比较研究,有助于全面科学地探讨分析东北地区人口较少民族高等教育发展问题。东北人口较少民族的高等教育呈现出以下特点:受高等教育人口比重在整体上高于全国平均水平,民族间差距、性别差距相对较小,但也局部存在学业成绩不理想、城乡差距较为明显等问题。建设社会主义现代化强国,实现中华民族伟大复兴,东北人口较少民族高等教育也将走向内涵式发展、高质量发展。

Social Determinants of Change in Smoking Status over a 26-Year Follow up Period among Middle-Aged and Older Americans

Educational attainment and income are among major socioeconomic status (SES) indicators that are inversely associated with cigarette smoking. Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs), however, are weaker protective effects of SES indicators for racial and ethnic minority groups compared to non-Hispanic White people. The aim is to test whether racial and ethnic differences exist in the effects of educational attainment and income on cigarette smoking of middle-aged and older American adults. This is a 26-year longitudinal study using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a nationally representative study of middle-aged and older adults in the US. A total number of 11,316 middle-aged and older adults (age ≥ 50) were followed for up to 26 years. The independent variables were educational attainment and income. The dependent variables were always smoking and being quitters over the follow-up time. Age, gender, self-rated health, and chronic medical conditions were the covariates. Race/ethnicity was the moderator. Logistic regressions were used to analyze the data. Most participants were never smokers (n = 7950), followed by quitters (n = 1765), always smokers (n = 1272), and initiators (n = 329). Overall, high educational attainment (OR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.90 - 0.95) and income (OR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.99 - 0.99) reduced the odds of being always smoker. High educational attainment (OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.02 - 1.08) was associated with higher odds of being a quitter. Ethnicity, however, showed significant interactions with education on both outcomes suggesting that the effects of educational attainment on reducing the odds of always being a smoker (OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.14 - 1.35) and increasing the odds of quitting (OR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.75 - 0.93) were smaller for Hispanics than non-Hispanics. In the United States, middle-aged and older Hispanic adults remain at high risk of smoking cigarettes despite high educational attainment. That is, high educational attainment may better help non-Hispanic than Hispanic middle-aged and older adults to avoid cigarette smoking. As a result, we may observe a more than expected burden of tobacco use in middle class Hispanic middle-aged and older adults. Policymakers should not reduce racial and ethnic tobacco inequalities to SES gap, as ethnic tobacco disparities may persist in high SES levels as well.

中国大陆各民族老年人口与人口老龄化进程:2000-2020

利用最近三次人口普查数据分析中国大陆各民族老年人口规模和人口老龄化在过去20年的现状与变化趋势,研究发现,各民族老年人口规模增速差异显著,少数民族老年人口规模增速整体上慢于汉族,其中有13个少数民族老年人口规模增速快于汉族;各民族人口老龄化速度差异显著,少数民族整体上慢于汉族,朝鲜族、满族、锡伯族、俄罗斯族等4个少数民族快于汉族;各民族人口老龄化程度差异显著,朝鲜族最高,汉族紧随其后,少数民族人口老龄化程度低于汉族;各民族老年人口城乡构成和人口老龄化水平城乡差距显著;出生和死亡共同形塑了56个民族老年人口规模和人口老龄化进程。基于少数民族人口老龄化的特殊性,建议加强政策学习,提升政策供给质量;尊重民族特性,政策落地因地制宜;基于分布规律,养老服务开展纳入民族视角。

人口流动视域下西藏牧区藏汉民族关系和谐发展探析——以那曲市色尼区为例

改革开放以来,我国人口流动日益频繁,无论是少数民族流动人口到内地,还是汉族流动人口到边疆民族地区,这种互流互动,极大地促进了各民族间的交往交流交融,实现了不同地区、不同民族之间的互通有无、优势互补,巩固了社会主义平等团结互助和谐的民族关系,促进了地区间、民族间的经济社会交往互动与发展进步。西藏自治区是我国藏族主要的聚居地区,历史上和现实中汉族流动人口流入西藏,对于繁荣发展西藏经济,增进藏汉民族关系,起到了十分重要的作用。藏汉民族关系也成为西藏地区民族关系发展的主要方面,成为维护国家统一和民族团结的重要内容,是铸牢中华民族共同体意识的坚强基础。

中国5个人群的牙齿形态特征对比研究

牙齿形态特征具有高度遗传性,在不同地理人群中差异显著。本研究对汉族、回族、蒙古族、苗族和维吾尔族的26项牙齿形态特征进行调查分析,探讨5个人群在牙齿形态特征上的差异并据此构建群体关系。研究发现铲形门齿(SUI1)、双铲形门齿(DSUI1)、远中副嵴(DARUC)、次尖(C4UM2)、第5尖(C5UM1)、舌侧齿尖变异(PVLP1)、四尖型(C4LM2)、下次小尖(C5LM2)、转向皱纹(DWLM1)、十型沟纹(GP十LM1、GP十LM2)等特征在5个人群中差异最大,汉族的铲形门齿、双铲形门齿、远中副嵴和转向皱纹出现率较高;回族和蒙古族的舌侧齿尖变异相对偏高;苗族的十型沟纹和第5尖的出现率最高;维吾尔族的下颌四尖型高频是区别于其他4个人群的主要牙齿特征。多重对应分析揭示汉族和维吾尔族之间的关系最密切,蒙古族与回族、苗族之间的关系最近。本研究结果不仅为探讨中国各人群的起源与演化及人群间关系等问题提供理论依据,还将为今后探索人群的牙齿复杂遗传结构提供重要的牙齿人类学参考数据。

新时期各民族人口大流动、大融居的发展趋势——基于长三角地区抽样调查数据

课题组依据在长三角地区的抽样调查数据,从代价比较的视角分析了新时期各民族人口大流动、大融居的新特点及其影响因素。研究发现,新时期各民族人口仍以经济型流动为主,性别结构趋均衡化发展,劳动和就业正朝着高质量发展,各民族人口的大融居具有代际传递性。分析结果表明,性别结构、职业技术、社会资本对各民族流动人口经济交融的影响显著,教育程度、文化资本对文化交融的影响具有明显代际差异,居住时间、保障政策和社会资本对心理交融具有显著影响。顺应各民族人口大流动大融居的趋势,既要加强个体资本在构建互嵌式社会结构中的基础性作用,还要发挥社会资本在构建互嵌式社会结构中的纽带功能,同时还要加强政策资本的支柱作用。

我国扶持人口较少民族政策的成效及经验启示

党和国家高度重视人口较少民族的发展,制定和实施扶持人口较少民族发展的政策。我国已经实现第一个百年奋斗目标,人口较少民族群众与全国同步完成脱贫任务,“十三五”时期扶持人口较少民族发展政策的预期目标已基本实现。人口较少民族地区经济发展,基础设施与民族特色产业发展,基本普及义务教育,实现了基本医疗的全覆盖,社会事业稳步发展,民族凝聚力明显增强。扶持人口较少民族政策要以坚持党的领导为根本保证,以坚持科学规划为重要前提,坚持与时俱进,坚持人民至上的理念。稳步促进人口较少民族的高质量发展,积极推进人口较少民族乡村振兴,扎实推动各民族共同富裕,有利于建设中国式现代化,实现第二个百年奋斗目标。

边疆地区人口较少民族脱贫后发展内生动力研究

我国如期完成新时代脱贫攻坚目标任务,在这一过程中,边疆地区作出了不可磨灭的贡献。云南省怒江州作为我国民族族别成分最多和人口较少民族最多的地区,在脱贫过程中取得了较丰硕的成果。完成脱贫攻坚目标之后,怒江州的发展应该更加注重主动转变思想、主动发掘特色产业、主动学习先进典型等自身内生动力,从而增强该地区的主体意识、主体实力和主体凝聚,增强自身内生发展能力,推动民族地区高质量发展,促进地区可持续发展,也为其他民族地区提供可借鉴的发展经验。

巩固人口较少民族教育脱贫成果的内在逻辑与路径选择

我国人口较少民族已实现整体脱贫,持续巩固教育脱贫成果是全面实现乡村振兴的有效手段。内生式发展着力于地方造血能力的培育,为巩固人口较少民族教育脱贫成果提供了自我发展的新思路。在这种思路下,协调与整合是基础,赋权与参与是关键,而激励与认同是内在动力,三者之间的基本结构及联动关系是巩固人口较少民族教育脱贫成果的内在逻辑。基于这种逻辑,巩固人口较少民族教育脱贫成果的发展路径是:重塑儿童发展的价值,构建巩固教育脱贫成果之理念;基于贫困成因及其群体特征,构建巩固教育脱贫成果的模式及保障体系;增强社会整合能力,构建儿童发展服务体系。

乡村振兴背景下实现共同富裕的实践探索——以滇西北人口较少民族为例

扎实推动共同富裕是中国式现代化的重要特征,中国式现代化的全面发展要求全方位的共同富裕,因而党和国家积极扶持人口较少民族发展,聚焦全体人民共同富裕,着力实施乡村振兴战略,巩固脱贫成效。滇西北人口较少民族由于历史和现实的特殊原因,导致其建设发展乡村振兴的过程较长。因此,要实现滇西北人口较少民族的共同富裕,就必然要坚决贯彻构建和谐民族关系与建设美丽中国的基本理念,以实现全体人民共同富裕的中国式现代化为目标,积极推动建设以组织和人才振兴为基本要素,兼具生态、产业、文化振兴的全面乡村振兴路径与实践。

中国汉族人群中Dia抗原和Dib抗原的分子遗传分析

目的研究中国汉族人群Diego血型系统中Dia和Dib抗原表达的分子遗传背景。方法采用血型血清学方法对2990例非血缘关系的捐血者进行Diego血型鉴定,从中随机选择20例表现型为Di(a-b+)的样本,以及筛选到的所有Di(a+b-)稀有血型样本,采用PCR-SSP、DNA直接测序方法分析Diego血型基因的分子遗传背景。结果2990例捐血者中,发现Di(a+b-)表现型2例,Di(a+b+)167例,Di(a-b+)2821例。随机选择的20例表现型为Di(a-b+)的DNA样本,经PCR-SSP法检测的基因型为DI2DI2,对DI基因第19外显子直接测序,2561位上碱基为C。2例稀有血型Di(a+b-)的DNA序列在19外显子2561位上碱基为T,基因型为DI1DI1。结论中国汉族人群Dia和Dib抗原表达的分子遗传基础是DI基因第19外显子2561位上碱基T-C的置换,引起第854位氨基酸的改变。