固体磷酸催化竹屑液化的反应机理

固体磷酸为催化剂液化竹屑制备生物基多元醇,利用FT-IR、GC-MS、NMR等技术和方法对液化产物组成进行了表征,研究其反应机理。研究结果表明:Vinyl ethyl carbitol等烯烃类的生成主要是通过固体磷酸催化PEG400一端脱去羟基形成的,而戊二酸物质等物质主要是由固体磷酸催化纤维素等生物质通过氧化重排而形成,除此之外,固体磷酸还解决液化产物酸值高的问题。

Creating large EMS populations for functional genomics and breeding in wheat

Wheat germplasm is a fundamental resource for basic research,applied studies,and wheat breeding,which can be enriched normally by several paths,such as collecting natural lines,accumulating breeding lines,and introducing mutagenesis materials.Ethyl methane sulfonate(EMS)is an alkylating agent that can effectively introduce genetic variations in a wide variety of plant species.In this study,we created a million-scale EMS population(MEP)that started with the Chinese wheat cultivars‘Luyan 128’,‘Jimai 38’,‘Jimai 44’,and‘Shannong 30’.In the M1 generation,the MEP had numerous phenotypical variations,such as>3,000 chlorophyll-deficient mutants,2,519 compact spikes,and 1,692 male sterile spikes.There were also rare mutations,including 30 independent tillers each with double heads.Some M1 variations of chlorophyll-deficiency and compact spikes were inheritable,appearing in the M2 or M3 generations.To advance the entire MEP to higher generations,we adopted a single-seed descendent(SSD)approach.All other seed composites of M2 were used to screen other agronomically important traits,such as the tolerance to herbicide quizalofop-P-methyl.The MEP is available for collaborative projects,and provides a valuable toolbox for wheat genetics and breeding for sustainable agriculture.

Tailoring Ni based catalysts by indium for the dehydrogenative coupling of ethanol into ethyl acetate

Exploring stable and robust catalysts to replace the current toxic CuCr based catalysts for dehydrogenative coupling of ethanol to ethyl acetate is a challenging but promising task.Herein,novel NiIn based catalysts were developed by tailoring Ni catalysts with Indium(In)for this reaction.Over the optimal Ni0.1Zn0.7Al0.3InOx catalyst,the ethyl acetate selectivity reached 90.1%at 46.2%ethanol conversion under the conditions of 548 K and a weight hourly space velocity of 1.9 h^(-1)in the 370 h time on stream.Moreover,the ethyl acetate productivity surpassed 1.1 g_(ethyl acetate)g_(catalyst)^(-1)h^(-1),,one of the best performance in current works.According to catalyst characterizations and conditional experiments,the active sites for dehydrogenative coupling of ethanol to ethyl acetate were proved to be Ni4In alloys.The presence of In tailored the chemical properties of Ni,and subsequently inhibited the C-C cracking and/or condensation reactions during ethanol conversions.Over Ni4In alloy sites,ethanol was dehydrogenated into acetaldehyde,and then transformed into acetyl species with the removal of H atoms.Finally,the coupling between acetyl species and surface-abundant ethoxyde species into ethyl acetate was achieved,affording a high ethyl acetate selectivity and catalyst stability.

Ethyl acetate fraction of Sargassum pallidum extract attenuates particulate matter-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in keratinocytes and zebrafish

Objective:To evaluate the effect of the ethyl acetate fraction derived from Sargassum pallidum extract against particulate matter(PM)-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in HaCaT cells and zebrafish.Methods:HaCaT cells and zebrafish were used to evaluate the protective effects of the ethyl acetate fraction of Sargassum pallidum extract against PM-induced oxidative stress and inflammation.The production of nitric oxide(NO),intracellular ROS,prostaglandin E_(2)(PGE_(2)),and pro-inflammatory cytokines,and the expression levels of COX-2,iNOS,and NF-κB were evaluated in PM-induced HaCaT cells.Furthermore,the levels of ROS,NO,and lipid peroxidation were assessed in the PM-exposed zebrafish model.Results:The ethyl acetate fraction of Sargassum pallidum extract significantly decreased the production of NO,intracellular ROS,and PGE_(2) in PM-induced HaCaT cells.In addition,the fraction markedly suppressed the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibited the expression levels of COX-2,iNOS,and NF-κB.Furthermore,it displayed remarkable protective effects against PM-induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress,represented by the reduction of NO,ROS,and lipid peroxidation in zebrafish.Conclusions:The ethyl acetate fraction of Sargassum pallidum extract exhibits a protective effect against PM-induced oxidative stress and inflammation both in vitro and in vivo and has the potential as a candidate for the development of pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical products.

TPOL triggers apoptosis with mitochondrial injury through activating a ROS-dependent p53/p21/p27/Rb/Bax/Cyto C/caspase-mediated signaling

AIM:To explore the influence of ethyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phenylphosphinate(TPOL)on cell apoptosis and its potential mechanism.METHODS:HEK293T cells sensitive to TPOL were treated with different concentrations of TPOL with or without exposure to light radiation,before treatment with various inhibitors,N-acetyl-Lcysteine(NAC),pifithrin-αand Z-DVED-FMK.Cell viability was measured by CCK-8 assay.Annexin V/propidium iodide staining was used to count the number of apoptotic cells.DCFH-DA staining was used to detect reactive oxygen species(ROS)levels,and JC-1 staining was used to assess mitochondrial membrane potential by flow cytometry.The expression of apoptosis-related proteins and cell cycle-regulated molecules was measured by Western blot.RESULTS:TPOL enhanced the apoptosis of HEK293T cells in a dose-dependent manner(P<0.05),with a decrease in Bcl-2 and increases in Bax and cytochrome C(Cyto C),followed by up-regulation of activated caspase-9 and caspase-3,and the cleavage of PARP(P<0.05).The TPOL-enhanced cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP was rescued by Z-DVED-FMK(P<0.01).TPOL also led to a rapid increase in ROS,a reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential,and the release of Cyto C(P<0.01),all of which could be reversed by the ROS scavenger NAC.Moreover,the TPOL-caused alterations in p21,p27,Rb,and CDK2 were also recovered by the p53 inhibitor pifithrin-α(P<0.05).The TPOL-induced changes in Bax,Bcl-2,cleaved caspase-9,activated caspase-3,and cleaved PARP were subsequently rescued by pretreatment with pifithrin-α(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:TPOL can induce cellular apoptosis with ROS-mediated mitochondrial membrane damage through the activation of a ROS-dependent p53/p21/p27/Rb/Bax/Cyto C/caspase-mediated signal axis.

High mobility group box 1 in the central nervous system:regeneration hidden beneath inflammation

High-mobility group box 1 was first discovered in the calf thymus as a DNA-binding nuclear protein and has been widely studied in diverse fields,including neurology and neuroscience.High-mobility group box 1 in the extracellular space functions as a pro-inflammatory damage-associated molecular pattern,which has been proven to play an important role in a wide variety of central nervous system disorders such as ischemic stroke,Alzheimer’s disease,frontotemporal dementia,Parkinson’s disease,multiple sclerosis,epilepsy,and traumatic brain injury.Several drugs that inhibit high-mobility group box 1 as a damage-associated molecular pattern,such as glycyrrhizin,ethyl pyruvate,and neutralizing anti-high-mobility group box 1 antibodies,are commonly used to target high-mobility group box 1 activity in central nervous system disorders.Although it is commonly known for its detrimental inflammatory effect,high-mobility group box 1 has also been shown to have beneficial pro-regenerative roles in central nervous system disorders.In this narrative review,we provide a brief summary of the history of high-mobility group box 1 research and its characterization as a damage-associated molecular pattern,its downstream receptors,and intracellular signaling pathways,how high-mobility group box 1 exerts the repair-favoring roles in general and in the central nervous system,and clues on how to differentiate the pro-regenerative from the pro-inflammatory role.Research targeting high-mobility group box 1 in the central nervous system may benefit from differentiating between the two functions rather than overall suppression of high-mobility group box 1.

Syntheses,structures,and properties of three coordination polymers based on 5⁃ethylpyridine⁃2,3⁃dicarboxylic acid and N⁃containing ligands

Three coordination polymers[Mn(epda)(2,2'⁃bipy)(H_(2)O)](1),[Mn(epda)(phen)](2),and[Co_(2)(epda)2(bpe)2(H_(2)O)_(4)]·5H_(2)O(3)(H2epda=5⁃ethyl⁃pyridine⁃2,3⁃dicarboxylic acid,2,2'⁃bipy=2,2'⁃bipyridine,phen=phenanthroline,bpe=1,2⁃bis(4⁃pyridyl)ethylene)were synthesized by solvothermal reactions and characterized by single⁃crystal X⁃ray diffraction,thermogravimetric analyses,IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis.1 displays a 1D chain struc⁃ture,and these chains are joined by O-H…O hydrogen bonding andπ⁃πstacking interactions to generate a 2D layer structure.2 displays a 2D layer structure,and adjacent layers are generated 3D architecture throughπ⁃πstacking interactions.3 displays a 1D chain structure,and adjacent chains are generated double layer structure through O-H…O hydrogen bonding.The fluorescent properties of 1 and 3 indicate that they can potentially be used as a luminescent sensor.1 was highly selective and sensitive towards o⁃nitrophenol through different detection mechanisms,however,3 was highly selective and sensitive towards 2,4,6⁃trinitrophenol.In addition,the magnetic behavior of 2 has also been investigated.CCDC:2172533,1,2355773,2,2355774,3.

Synthesis and Characterization of p-[Perfluoro-1-(2-fluorosulfonylethoxy)]ethylated Polystyrene

A new fluorinated polystyrene bearing a p substituted perfluoro[1 (2 fluorosulfonylethoxy)]ethyl group was synthesized via one electron oxidation of polystyrene by perfluoro[2 (2 fluorosulfonyl ethoxy)]propionyl peroxide at different peroxide to polystyrene molar ratios. The yield of perfluoroalkylation decreases with the increase of the reactant molar ratio. The modified polymer has been characterized by various techniques: the ring pefluoro[1 (2 fluorosulfonylethoxy)]ethylation has been proved by FT IR and 19 F NMR; the X ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) show the maximum binding energy of F 1s , O 1s , C 1s (two kinds of carbon atoms, namely C H and C F) and S 2p , respectively; desulfonylation of the fluorinated polystyrene appearing at 217 ℃ has been found by its thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The determinations of contact angle, refractive index and glass transition temperature of the modified polymer have disclosed that when the contact angle increases with the increase of the molar ratio, the refractive index and glass transition temperature decrease. The polydispersity values indicate that the degradation of the polymer chains did not occur during the reaction.

金银花化学成分的分离与鉴定

目的:对金银花中的化学成分进行研究。方法:运用大孔树脂柱色谱、正相硅胶柱色谱、半制备高效液相等技术进行分离纯化,根据理化性质及波谱数据鉴定化合物的结构。结果:从金银花醇提物中分离得到10个化合物,分别鉴定为:7-dioxolanylsecologanin B(1)、断马钱子苷二甲基缩醛(2)、(7R)-secologain n-butyl methyl acetal(3)、(7S)-secologain n-butyl methyl acetal(4)、断马钱子苷半缩醛内酯(5)、表断马钱子苷半缩醛内酯(6)、7-O-ethyl sweroside(7)、断马钱子苷(8)、methyl dioxindile-3-acetae(9)、ethyl dioxindile-3-acetae(10)。结论:其中,化合物1为新化合物,化合物9、10为首次从忍冬属植物中分离得到。

Formation mechanisms of ethyl acetate and organic acids in Kluyveromyces marxianus L1-1 in Chinese acid rice soup

This study aims to explore the formation mechanism of ethyl acetate and organic acids in acid rice soup(rice-acid soup)inoculated with Kluyveromyces marxianus L1-1 through the complementary analysis of transcriptome and proteome.The quantity of K.marxianus L1-1 varied significantly in the fermentation process of rice-acid soup and the first and third days were the two key turning points in the growth phase of K.marxianus L1-1.Importantly,the concentrations of ethyl acetate,ethanol,acetic acid,and L-lactic acid increased from day 1 to day 3.At least 4231 genes and 2937 proteins were identified and 610 differentially expressed proteins were annotated to 30 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathways based on the analysis results of transcriptome and proteome.The key genes and proteins including up-regulated alcohol dehydrogenase family,alcohol O-acetyltransferase,acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase,acyl-coenzyme A thioester hydrolase,and down-regulated aldehyde dehydrogenase family were involved in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathways,starch and sucrose metabolism pathways,amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism pathways,tricarboxylic acid(TCA)cycle,and pyruvate metabolism pathways,thus promoting the formation of ethyl acetate,organic acids,alcohols,and other esters.Our results revealed the formation mechanisms of ethyl acetate and organic acids in rice-acid soup inoculated with K.marxianus L1-1.

Investigation on catalytic distillation for ethyl acetate production with different catalytic packing structures

The catalytic packing is the core component of the catalytic distillation,and how the catalyst exists in the packing has significant influence on the process.To investigate the effect of catalyst packings on the catalytic distillation process,the classical ethyl acetate reactive distillation system was utilized,and a supported catalytic packing(SCP)was prepared in comparison with the conventional tea-bag catalytic packing(TBP).Laboratory scale experiments showed that the ethyl acetate conversion of the SCP was superior to the TBP at a low catalyst loading.The effects of reaction kinetics,mass transfer performance and actual catalytic efficiency of the packings on this process were regarded as reasons and studied by combining the experiments and numerical simulation.Results suggested that the relatively immediate“in-situ separation”caused by the rapid reaction kinetics and better mass transfer performance of SCP may be a main reason for the difference of the conversion.

Preparation and Properties of Vegetable-Oil-Based Thioether Polyol and Ethyl Cellulose Supramolecular Composite Films

Ethyl cellulose(EC),an important biomass-based material,has excellent film-forming properties.Nevertheless,the high interchain hydrogen bond interaction leads to a high glass transition temperature of EC,which makes it too brittle to be used widely.The hydroxyl group on EC can form a supramolecular system in the form of a non-covalent bond with an effective plasticizer.In this study,an important vegetable-oil-based derivative named dimer fatty acid was used to prepare a novel special plasticizer for EC.Dimer-fatty-acid-based thioether polyol(DATP)was synthesized and used to modify ethyl cellulose films.The supramolecular composite films of DATP and ethyl cellulose were designed using the newly-formed van der Waals force.The thermal stability,morphology,hydrophilicity,and mechanical properties of the composite films were all tested.Pure EC is fragile,and the addition of DATP makes the ethyl cellulose films more flexible.The elongation at the break of EC supramolecular films increased and the tensile strength decreased with the increasing DATP content.The elongation at the break of EC/DATP(60/40)and EC/DATP(50/50)was up to 40.3%and 43.4%,respectively.Noticeably,the thermal initial degradation temperature of the film with 10%DATP is higher than that of pure EC,which may be attributed to the formation of a better supramolecular system in this composite film.The application of bio-based material(EC)is environmentally friendly,and the novel DATP can be used as a special and effective plasticizer to prepare flexible EC films,making it more widely used in energy,chemical industry,materials,agriculture,medicine,and other fields.

Coating Process of Paeonol Sustained Release Pills

[Objectives] To study the coating process of paeonol sustained release pills by extrusion-spheronization method taking ethyl cellulose as the coating material. [Methods] Paeonol pills were made by Auari AW-95 Full Automatic Pill Making Machine. Coating of paeonol sustained release pills was prepared by Auari Mini Pill Polishing Machine. The prescription and process factors of paeonol sustained release pills coating were investigated by single factor experiment and orthogonal experiment. The release of paeonol sustained release pills was determined according to the cumulative release curve of paeonol. [Results] The prepared paeonol sustained release pills released slowly within 24 h, and the release rate reached 80% in 12 h. [Conclusions] The prepared paeonol sustained release pills basically meet the 24 h sustained release standard, and can be further developed and applied.

Evaluation of Uncertainty in Determination of Ethyl Maltol in Vegetable Oil by Ultra-high Performance Liquid Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer(UPLC-MS)

[Objectives]This study was conducted to establish an uncertainty evaluation method for the determination of ethyl maltol by ultra-high performance liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer(UPLC-MS).[Methods]A mathematical model of uncertainty was established by analyzing the method for determining ethyl maltol using UPLC-MS.The sources of uncertainty were analyzed,and the components of uncertainty were calculated to evaluate the expanded uncertainty of the method.[Results]When the content of ethyl maltol in edible vegetable oil was 1657μg/kg,the expanded uncertainty was 22.4μg/kg(K=2,P=95%).[Conclusions]The uncertainty in this evaluation model mainly came from standard solution preparation,sample weighing,dilution of sample to constant volume,standard curve fitting,and repeated measurement.

Identification and Analysis of Mature Plant Type Mutants of M_1 Generation Foxtail Millet Changnong35 Treated with EMS Mutagenesis

[Objective] The aim was to identify the mutants of millet Changnong35 induced by different concentrations of EMS, so as to construct a millet mutant library. [Method] Foxtail millet cultivar Changnong35 which is widely used in agricultural production, was treated with 0.8% and 1.0% EMS; and then seven traits of mutants were investigated analyzed, to classify the mutants into different groups. [Result] 282 mutants in the M1 generation related to plant type were obtained, of which, 100 mutant plants treated with 0.8% EMS can be divided into 10 groups; 182 mutant plants obtained by using 1.0% EMS can be divided into 17 groups. The analysis results of the mature plant type traits of the M1 Generation showed that, plant height, diameter of stem under spike, diameter of the first internode under spike and internode number of the mutants treated with 1.0% EMS were significantly different from those of control, while those of mutants treated with 0.8% EMS did not show significant difference from those of control. [Conclusion] The inducing with 1.0% EMS was more conducive to obtain a large number and different types of mutants from Changnong35.

Synthesis and characterization of hybrid organic-inorganic materials based on EA-MAn-APTES and silica

Poly (EA-MAn-APTES)/silica hybrid materials were successfully prepared fromEthyl acrylate (EA), maleic anhydride (MAn) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) in the presence of acoupling agent 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES),by free-radical solution polymerization and insitu sol-gel process. The mass fraction of TEOS varied from 0 to 25%. The hybrid materials werecharacterized by the methods of FT-IR spectra, solvent extraction, scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) andthermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measuring apparatus to get their structures, gel contents,morphologies, particle sizes and thermal performances. The results show that the covalent bonds arebetween organic and inorganic phases, gel contents in the hybrid materials are much higher, theSiO_2 phase is well dispersed in the polymer matrix, silicon dioxide exist at nanoscale in thecomposites and have excellent thermal stability.

Preparation of Ni(HCO_3)_2 and its catalytic performance in synthesis of benzoin ethyl ether

Ni（HCO3）2 with unique phase and high crystallinity was synthesized with urea hydrolysis. The as-prepared samples were well characterized in detail. N2 adsorption and desorption result manifests a high surface area of 99.03 m2/g with a pore size of 7.8 nm. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and particle size distribution reveal that the diameters of the formed pellets are uniform. Thermogravimetry （TG） analysis result shows that 500 ℃ could be the appropriate temperature for converting Ni（HCO3）2 precursors into NiO via a thermal decomposition process. CO2 and NH3 temperature-programmed desorption results show that Ni（HCO3）2 has explicit acid-base sites. Transmission electron microscopy （TEM） results vividly indicate that the pellets are aggregated by hexagonal platelets and possess porous structures. Ni（HCO3）2 can efficiently catalyze the one-step synthesis of benzoin ethyl ether from benzaldehyde and ethanol, with the conversion ofbenzaldehyde up to 57.5% and nearly 100% selectivity of benzoin ethyl ether.

A Novel Method for Preparation of TaC Coating on C/C Composite Material

A new method for preparation of TaC coating on C/C composite material is reported. The amorphous ethylate tantalum jellied as the precursor is prepared and spread densely on the surface of the C/C composite material so as to form a multilayer film. In a graphitization furnace the multilayer film is transformed into TaC coating at various temperatures. Ethylate tantalum film is characterized by FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared) spectra, XRD (X-ray diffraction) and SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and TaC coating is characterized by XRD and SEM. At 1200℃ the coating contained TaC and Ta2O5, and at above 1400℃ only TaC is formed. The coating formed at 1600℃ is a continuous stratum structure, and that formed at 1600℃ is a porous net structure. Analysis on thermodynamics and formation mechanism of TaC indicates that, after ethylate tantalum is decomposed, Ta2O5 is first produced and then transformed into Ta2C, and newly formed Ta2C is transformed into TaC by the sufficient C at last.

Mucosal permeability to lipopolysaccharides in the colon in chronic alcoholic rats

AIMS To evaluate the effects of chronic alcohol abuse on the mucosal permeability to lipopolysaccharide in the colon in rats. METHODS Escherichia coil lipopolysaccharide (LPS,20 μg/ml) was injected into the colon of chronic alcoholic rats (n=10) and the rats were supplied with Lieber diets every other day for 6 weeks. Before LPS injection and 5,10,20,30 minutes after injection, blood samples from the portal vein were obtained and contents of LPS in the blood were measured. The dis- tribution of LPS in the colon tissues was observed with a confocal laser scanning microscope by immunofluo- rescent technique using a monoclonal antibody specific to the lipid A region of LPS. Normal rats were used as controls (n=6). RESULTS Before LPS injection in the colon,LPS levels in the blood of portal vein of chronic alcoholic rats were significantly higher than those of normal con- trols (3.56±0.67 pg/ml,vs 2.45±0.15 pg/ml,P <0.01). At 5,10,20,30 minutes after injection of LPS,LPS contents were significantly higher than those before LPS injection (173.56±23.45 pg/ml,154.78 ±20.57 pg/ml,43.89±8.67 pg/ml,45.38± 7.89 pg/mls vs 3.56±0.67 pg/ml,P<0.01 respectively). Most mucosal cells showed strong posi- tive reactions to LPS in the rats of chronic alcohol abuse,but no significant changes of LPS contents in blood from the portal vein and fluorescent reactions to LPS in mucosal cells of normal rats were found after LPS injection. CONCLUSIONS Chronic alcohol abuse resulted in a significant increase of permeability to LPS in colon mu- cosal cells in rats.

2-乙酰己酸乙酯的质谱分析

2-Acetyl-hexanoic acid ethyl ester is one of important derivatives.It has been used widely useful materials as anesthetics,spice,medicine and so on.The reaction liquid of acetyl-acetic acid ethyl ester with n-butane bromide was analyzed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry.The results show that there are four kinds of compounds in the reaction liquid.The main yield is 2-acetyl-hexanoic acid ethyl ester,while by-products are 2-acetyl-2-butyl-hexanoic acid ethyl ester and 3-butoxy-2-butenoic acid ethyl ester.