Watermelon fruit undergoes distinct development stages with dramatic changes during fruit ripening.To date,the molecular mechanics of watermelon ripening remain unclear.Genetic and transcriptome evidences suggested th...Watermelon fruit undergoes distinct development stages with dramatic changes during fruit ripening.To date,the molecular mechanics of watermelon ripening remain unclear.Genetic and transcriptome evidences suggested that the ethylene response factor(ERF)gene ClERF069 may be an important candidate factor affecting watermelon fruit ripening.To dissect the roles of ClERF069 in fruit ripening,structure and phylogenetic analysis were performed using the amplified full-length sequence.Normal-ripening watermelon 97103,non-ripening watermelon PI296341-FR and the RIL population were used to analyze ClERF069 expression dynamics and the correlation with fruit ripening indexs.The results indicated that ClERF069 belongs to ERF family group VI and show high homology(83%identity)to melon ERF069-like protein.ClERF069 expression in watermelon flesh was negatively correlated with fruit lycopene content and sugar content during fruit ripening progress.Further transgenic evidences indicated that overexpression of 35S:ClERF069 in tomato noticeably delayed the ripening process up to 5.2 days.Lycopene,β-carotenoid accumulation patterns were altered and ethylene production patterns in transgenic fruits was significantly delayed during fruit ripening.Taken together,watermelon ethylene response factor ClERF069 was concluded to be a negative regulator of fruit ripening.展开更多
Ethylene response factor proteins play an important role in regulating a variety of stress responses in plants,but their exact functions in submergence stress are not well understood.In this study,we isolated BnE RF2....Ethylene response factor proteins play an important role in regulating a variety of stress responses in plants,but their exact functions in submergence stress are not well understood.In this study,we isolated BnE RF2.4 from Brassica napus L.to study its function in submergence tolerance.The expression of the BnE RF2.4 gene in B.napus and the expression of antioxidant enzyme genes in transgenic Arabidopsis were analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR.The expression of BnE RF2.4 was induced by submergence in B.napus and the overexpression of BnE RF2.4 in Arabidopsis increased the level of tolerance to submergence and oxidative stress.A histochemical method detected lower levels of H_2O_2,O^(·-)_2and malondialdehyde(MDA) in transgenic Arabidopsis.Compared to the wild type,transgenic lines also had higher soluble sugar content and higher activity of antioxidant enzymes,which helped to protect plants against the oxidative damage caused by submergence.It was concluded that BnE RF2.4 increased the tolerance of plants to submergence stress and may be involved in regulating soluble sugar content and the antioxidant system in defense against submergence stress.展开更多
Cassava,Manihot esculenta Crantz (Me),is a major dietary source of calories for over 700 million people in tropical regions.The production of cassava is constantly threatened by cassava bacterial blight (CBB),caused b...Cassava,Manihot esculenta Crantz (Me),is a major dietary source of calories for over 700 million people in tropical regions.The production of cassava is constantly threatened by cassava bacterial blight (CBB),caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv.manihotis (Xam).The gene resources for CBB-resistant breeding of cassava are limited.In model plant species,ethylene response factors play important roles in response to pathogen infection.In this study,cassava ethylene response factors (MeERFs) were identified and characterized as the first step in studying their potential for CBB-resistant breeding of cassava.In the cassava genome 155 MeERFs were identified,of which 23 were induced by Xam infection.The promoter regions of204 genes harbored GCC-box that had the potential to interact with MeERFs.Using 37 transcriptomes derived from Xam infection treatment,four gene co-expression modules for the MeERFs and GCC-box containing genes were constructed.Six MeERFs were associated with two GCC-box containing genes:transcription initiation factor TFIIE subunit beta (MeTFIIE),and histone-lysine N-methyltransferase ASHR1 (MeASHR1).Dual-luciferase reporter assays showed that MeERF10 and MeERF58 positively regulated Me TFIIE;MeERF137 negatively regulated Me TFIIE;MeERF10 and MeERF137 positively regulated Me ASHR1;and MeERF35 negatively regulated Me ASHR1.The four MeERFs may mediate pathogen response by regulating the expression of the two GCC-box containing genes.展开更多
Ethylene response factor （ERF） proteins are important plant-specific transcription factors. Increasing evidence shows that ERF proteins regulate plant pathogen resistance, abiotic stress response and plant developme...Ethylene response factor （ERF） proteins are important plant-specific transcription factors. Increasing evidence shows that ERF proteins regulate plant pathogen resistance, abiotic stress response and plant development through interaction with different stress responsive pathways. Previously, we revealed that overexpression of TERF1 in tobacco activates a cluster gene expression through interacting with GCC box and dehydration responsive element （DRE）, resulting in enhanced sensitivity to abscisic acid （ABA） and tolerance to drought, and dark green leaves of mature plants, indicating that TERF1 participates in the integration of ethylene and osmotic responses. Here we further report that overexpression of TERF1 confers sugar response in tobacco. Analysis of the novel isolated tomato TERF1 promoter provides information indicating that there are many cis-acting elements, including sugar responsive elements （SURE） and W box, suggesting that TERF1 might be sugar inducible. This prediction is confirmed by results of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction amplification, indicating that transcripts of TERF1 are accumulated in tomato seedlings after application of glucose. Further investigation indicates that the expression of TERF1 in tobacco enhances sensitivity to glucose during seed germination, root and seedling development, showing a decrease of the fresh weight and root elongation under glucose treatment. Detailed investigations provide evidence that TERF1 interacts with the sugar responsive cis-acting element SURE and activates the expression of sugar response genes, establishing the transcriptional regulation of TERF1 in sugar response. Therefore, our results deepen our understanding of the glucose response mediated by the ERF protein TERF1 in tobacco.展开更多
Members of the ERF Family of Transcription Factors play an important role in plant development and gene expression that regulates responses to biotic and abiotic stress.This work identified 36 ERF family genes in Coff...Members of the ERF Family of Transcription Factors play an important role in plant development and gene expression that regulates responses to biotic and abiotic stress.This work identified 36 ERF family genes in Coffea arabica within the AP2/ERF full domain,using the EST-based genomic resource of the Brazilian Coffee Genome Project.The ERF family genes were classified into nine of the ten existing groups through phylogenetic analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences and comparison with the sequences of the ERF family genes in Arabidopsis.In addition to the AP2 domain,other conserved domains were identified,typical of members of each group.The in silico analysis and expression profiling showed high levels of expression for libraries derived from tissues of fruits,leaves and flowers as well as for libraries subjected to water stress.These results suggest the participation of the ERF family genes of C.arabica in distinct biological functions,such as control of development,maturation,and responses to water stress.The results of this work imply in the selection of promising genes for further functional characterizations that will provide a better understanding of the complex regulatory networks related to plant development and responses to stress,opening up opportunities for coffee breeding programs.展开更多
Plants under pathogen attack produce high levels of the gaseous phytohormone ethylene to induce plant defense responses via the ethylene signaling pathway.The 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase(ACS)is a critic...Plants under pathogen attack produce high levels of the gaseous phytohormone ethylene to induce plant defense responses via the ethylene signaling pathway.The 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase(ACS)is a critical rate-limiting enzyme of ethylene biosynthesis.Transcriptional and post-translational upregulation of ACS2 and ACS6 by the mitogen-activated protein kinases MPK3 and MPK6 are previously shown to be crucial for pathogen-induced ethylene biosynthesis in Arabidopsis.Here,we report that the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea-induced ethylene biosynthesis in Arabidopsis is under the negative feedback regulation by ethylene signaling pathway.The ethylene response factor ERF1 A is further found to act downstream of ethylene signaling to negatively regulate the B.cinerea-induced ethylene biosynthesis via indirectly suppressing the expression of ACS2 and ACS6.Interestingly,ERF1 A is shown to also upregulate defensin genes directly and therefore promote Arabidopsis resistance to B.cinerea.Furthermore,ERF1 A is identified to be a substrate of MPK3 and MPK6,which phosphoactivate ERF1 A to enhance its functions in suppressing ethylene biosynthesis and inducing defensin gene expression.Taken together,our data reveal that ERF1 A and its phosphorylation by MPK3/MPK6 not only mediate the negativefeedback regulation of the B.cinerea-induced ethylene biosynthesis,but also upregulate defensin gene expression to increase Arabidopsis resistance to B.cinerea.展开更多
The N-end rule pathway regulates protein degradation, which depends on exposed N-terminal sequences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In plants, conserved and specific enzymes stimulate selective proteolysis. Although a ...The N-end rule pathway regulates protein degradation, which depends on exposed N-terminal sequences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In plants, conserved and specific enzymes stimulate selective proteolysis. Although a number of developmental and growth phenotypes have been reported for mutants in the N-end rule, its function has remained unrelated to specific physiological pathways. The first report of the direct involvement of the N-end rule in stress responses focused on hypoxic signaling and how the oxygen-dependent oxidation of cystein promotes the N-end rule-mediated degradation of ethylene responsive factor （ERF）-VII proteins, the master regulators of anaerobic responses. It has been suggested that plants have evolved specific mechanisms to tune ERF-VII availability in the nucleus. In this review, we speculate that ERF-VII proteins are reversibly protected from degradation via membrane sequestration. The oxidative response in plants subjected to anoxic conditions suggests that reactive oxygen and nitrogen species （reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species） may interact or interfere with the N-end rule pathway-mediated response to hypoxia.展开更多
基金This work was financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2018YFD0100703)the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Project(Grant No.D171100007617001)+4 种基金the Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences(Grant Nos.QNJJ201733,KJCX20200202)the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China(Grant No.CARS-25)the Beijing Scholar Program(Grant No.BSP026)Beijing Innovation Consortium of Agriculture Research System(Grant No.BAIC10-2020)the Bagui Scholar Program(Grant No.2016A11).
文摘Watermelon fruit undergoes distinct development stages with dramatic changes during fruit ripening.To date,the molecular mechanics of watermelon ripening remain unclear.Genetic and transcriptome evidences suggested that the ethylene response factor(ERF)gene ClERF069 may be an important candidate factor affecting watermelon fruit ripening.To dissect the roles of ClERF069 in fruit ripening,structure and phylogenetic analysis were performed using the amplified full-length sequence.Normal-ripening watermelon 97103,non-ripening watermelon PI296341-FR and the RIL population were used to analyze ClERF069 expression dynamics and the correlation with fruit ripening indexs.The results indicated that ClERF069 belongs to ERF family group VI and show high homology(83%identity)to melon ERF069-like protein.ClERF069 expression in watermelon flesh was negatively correlated with fruit lycopene content and sugar content during fruit ripening progress.Further transgenic evidences indicated that overexpression of 35S:ClERF069 in tomato noticeably delayed the ripening process up to 5.2 days.Lycopene,β-carotenoid accumulation patterns were altered and ethylene production patterns in transgenic fruits was significantly delayed during fruit ripening.Taken together,watermelon ethylene response factor ClERF069 was concluded to be a negative regulator of fruit ripening.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu,China(BK2011668)the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-13)the National Key Technology Research and Development Program of China(2010-BAD01B10)
文摘Ethylene response factor proteins play an important role in regulating a variety of stress responses in plants,but their exact functions in submergence stress are not well understood.In this study,we isolated BnE RF2.4 from Brassica napus L.to study its function in submergence tolerance.The expression of the BnE RF2.4 gene in B.napus and the expression of antioxidant enzyme genes in transgenic Arabidopsis were analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR.The expression of BnE RF2.4 was induced by submergence in B.napus and the overexpression of BnE RF2.4 in Arabidopsis increased the level of tolerance to submergence and oxidative stress.A histochemical method detected lower levels of H_2O_2,O^(·-)_2and malondialdehyde(MDA) in transgenic Arabidopsis.Compared to the wild type,transgenic lines also had higher soluble sugar content and higher activity of antioxidant enzymes,which helped to protect plants against the oxidative damage caused by submergence.It was concluded that BnE RF2.4 increased the tolerance of plants to submergence stress and may be involved in regulating soluble sugar content and the antioxidant system in defense against submergence stress.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province (2018CXTD330 and 318QN204)Key R&D Program of Hainan Province (ZDYF2019063)+1 种基金China Agriculture Research System (CARS11-hncyh)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31560497)。
文摘Cassava,Manihot esculenta Crantz (Me),is a major dietary source of calories for over 700 million people in tropical regions.The production of cassava is constantly threatened by cassava bacterial blight (CBB),caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv.manihotis (Xam).The gene resources for CBB-resistant breeding of cassava are limited.In model plant species,ethylene response factors play important roles in response to pathogen infection.In this study,cassava ethylene response factors (MeERFs) were identified and characterized as the first step in studying their potential for CBB-resistant breeding of cassava.In the cassava genome 155 MeERFs were identified,of which 23 were induced by Xam infection.The promoter regions of204 genes harbored GCC-box that had the potential to interact with MeERFs.Using 37 transcriptomes derived from Xam infection treatment,four gene co-expression modules for the MeERFs and GCC-box containing genes were constructed.Six MeERFs were associated with two GCC-box containing genes:transcription initiation factor TFIIE subunit beta (MeTFIIE),and histone-lysine N-methyltransferase ASHR1 (MeASHR1).Dual-luciferase reporter assays showed that MeERF10 and MeERF58 positively regulated Me TFIIE;MeERF137 negatively regulated Me TFIIE;MeERF10 and MeERF137 positively regulated Me ASHR1;and MeERF35 negatively regulated Me ASHR1.The four MeERFs may mediate pathogen response by regulating the expression of the two GCC-box containing genes.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30525034)the State Key Basic Research and Development Plan of China(2006CB100102)
文摘Ethylene response factor （ERF） proteins are important plant-specific transcription factors. Increasing evidence shows that ERF proteins regulate plant pathogen resistance, abiotic stress response and plant development through interaction with different stress responsive pathways. Previously, we revealed that overexpression of TERF1 in tobacco activates a cluster gene expression through interacting with GCC box and dehydration responsive element （DRE）, resulting in enhanced sensitivity to abscisic acid （ABA） and tolerance to drought, and dark green leaves of mature plants, indicating that TERF1 participates in the integration of ethylene and osmotic responses. Here we further report that overexpression of TERF1 confers sugar response in tobacco. Analysis of the novel isolated tomato TERF1 promoter provides information indicating that there are many cis-acting elements, including sugar responsive elements （SURE） and W box, suggesting that TERF1 might be sugar inducible. This prediction is confirmed by results of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction amplification, indicating that transcripts of TERF1 are accumulated in tomato seedlings after application of glucose. Further investigation indicates that the expression of TERF1 in tobacco enhances sensitivity to glucose during seed germination, root and seedling development, showing a decrease of the fresh weight and root elongation under glucose treatment. Detailed investigations provide evidence that TERF1 interacts with the sugar responsive cis-acting element SURE and activates the expression of sugar response genes, establishing the transcriptional regulation of TERF1 in sugar response. Therefore, our results deepen our understanding of the glucose response mediated by the ERF protein TERF1 in tobacco.
文摘Members of the ERF Family of Transcription Factors play an important role in plant development and gene expression that regulates responses to biotic and abiotic stress.This work identified 36 ERF family genes in Coffea arabica within the AP2/ERF full domain,using the EST-based genomic resource of the Brazilian Coffee Genome Project.The ERF family genes were classified into nine of the ten existing groups through phylogenetic analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences and comparison with the sequences of the ERF family genes in Arabidopsis.In addition to the AP2 domain,other conserved domains were identified,typical of members of each group.The in silico analysis and expression profiling showed high levels of expression for libraries derived from tissues of fruits,leaves and flowers as well as for libraries subjected to water stress.These results suggest the participation of the ERF family genes of C.arabica in distinct biological functions,such as control of development,maturation,and responses to water stress.The results of this work imply in the selection of promising genes for further functional characterizations that will provide a better understanding of the complex regulatory networks related to plant development and responses to stress,opening up opportunities for coffee breeding programs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 31970282 and 32170286 to X.M.)
文摘Plants under pathogen attack produce high levels of the gaseous phytohormone ethylene to induce plant defense responses via the ethylene signaling pathway.The 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase(ACS)is a critical rate-limiting enzyme of ethylene biosynthesis.Transcriptional and post-translational upregulation of ACS2 and ACS6 by the mitogen-activated protein kinases MPK3 and MPK6 are previously shown to be crucial for pathogen-induced ethylene biosynthesis in Arabidopsis.Here,we report that the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea-induced ethylene biosynthesis in Arabidopsis is under the negative feedback regulation by ethylene signaling pathway.The ethylene response factor ERF1 A is further found to act downstream of ethylene signaling to negatively regulate the B.cinerea-induced ethylene biosynthesis via indirectly suppressing the expression of ACS2 and ACS6.Interestingly,ERF1 A is shown to also upregulate defensin genes directly and therefore promote Arabidopsis resistance to B.cinerea.Furthermore,ERF1 A is identified to be a substrate of MPK3 and MPK6,which phosphoactivate ERF1 A to enhance its functions in suppressing ethylene biosynthesis and inducing defensin gene expression.Taken together,our data reveal that ERF1 A and its phosphorylation by MPK3/MPK6 not only mediate the negativefeedback regulation of the B.cinerea-induced ethylene biosynthesis,but also upregulate defensin gene expression to increase Arabidopsis resistance to B.cinerea.
文摘The N-end rule pathway regulates protein degradation, which depends on exposed N-terminal sequences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In plants, conserved and specific enzymes stimulate selective proteolysis. Although a number of developmental and growth phenotypes have been reported for mutants in the N-end rule, its function has remained unrelated to specific physiological pathways. The first report of the direct involvement of the N-end rule in stress responses focused on hypoxic signaling and how the oxygen-dependent oxidation of cystein promotes the N-end rule-mediated degradation of ethylene responsive factor （ERF）-VII proteins, the master regulators of anaerobic responses. It has been suggested that plants have evolved specific mechanisms to tune ERF-VII availability in the nucleus. In this review, we speculate that ERF-VII proteins are reversibly protected from degradation via membrane sequestration. The oxidative response in plants subjected to anoxic conditions suggests that reactive oxygen and nitrogen species （reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species） may interact or interfere with the N-end rule pathway-mediated response to hypoxia.
