Etiology and pathogenesis of corona virus disease 2019 on the view of Chinese medicine

Traditional Chinese Medicine has played an important role in the prevention and treatment of the Corona Virus Disease 2019 epidemic.But in views of different TCM scholars there are different opinions about disease name,characteristic of etiology,law of pathogenesis about this epidemic.Based on related literatures,this article overviews of the characteristics of TCM etiology,law of pathogenesis and methods of syndrome differentiation,hoping to find research method that fit in with TCM clinical practice.Prerequisite of treatment is identifying the cause.The clinical manifestations of patients are important to TCM,and the etiological attributes can be inferred from the clinical manifestations.SARS-CoV-2 belongs to exogenous etiological factors,but there are different opinions about its characteristics of six pathogenic factors.Cold,Dampness,Warm,Dry,Toxin,Summer-heat,Wind,are all involved.Thus,different understanding of the pathogenesis and the law of transmission is caused.Such as cold and dampness hurt Yang,furthermore,consumed of Qi;dampness and toxin infected from external environment,turbid dampness produced inside the body;dryness affecting lungs and consume of Yin;warm-heat-turbid-toxin affected lungs,stomach and intestine;and then produced phlegm stagnation or blood stasis,furthermore consumed Qi and Yin.Based on those differences,methods of syndrome differentiation in treatment of COVID-19 are diverse,which contain pattern differentiation of zang-fu organs,pattern differentiation of Wei-defence,Qi,Ying nutrients and blood;pattern differentiation by the eight principles,and pattern differentiation of six meridians.Because of SARS-CoV-2 can spread to the whole country or even the whole world in a short period of time,its pathogenic nature should be roughly the same.So studying the treatment of COVID-19 based on clinical cases,refining the similarities and differences in the clinical presentation of patients with different subtypes during the epidemic,clarification of the etiologic attribution and evolutionary patterns of disease mechanisms,developing a comprehensive understanding of COVID-19 in Chinese medicine is needed.Furthermore,getting a full understanding of COVID-19,and providing reference for the prevention and treatment of unknown infectious diseases.

Etiology and Pathogenesis of Pericarditis from the Perspective of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine

Pericarditis is a common clinical pericardial disease with complex etiology,pathogenesis,and high recurrence rate.Interleukin-1 is an important inflammatory cytokine,which regulates the occurrence and development of inflammation by regulating IL-1α,IL-1β,and IL-IRA;it plays an important role in pericarditis.In traditional Chinese medicine,the modem understanding of its etiology and pathogenesis has been improved.In this review,the etiology and pathogenesis of pericarditis are discussed from the perspective of traditional Chinese and Western medicine.

Research Progress on Pathogenesis and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine

The prevalence rate of type 2 diabetes is increasing year by year,simple surgery and Western medicine treatment has limitations,doing damage to liver and kidney function,resulting in islet function damage,insulin resistance,poor curative effect and many adverse reactions.According to the difference of patients'health conditions,traditional Chinese medicine has certain advantages in the treatment of this disease by acupuncture,auricular point treatment and prescription based on syndrome differentiation,taking replenishing qi and nourishing yin,invigorating spleen and resolving dampness as the basic principle to enhance the functions of viscera such as lung,spleen and kidney,and to strengthen the body resistance to eliminate pathogenic factors.The curative effect is remarkable and the side effect is extremely low.Therefore,this paper makes a comparative analysis of the current situation of the research on the pathogenesis and treatment of the disease between traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine,in order to provide new ideas for clinical and scientific researchers.

Review: The vital role of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 and the etiology and pathogenic mechanism of COVID-19 based on TCM theory

"Yi"is defined in traditional Chinese medicine theory as the general pathological conditions of epidemics.Throughout thousands of years of history,TCM has been playing an essential role in preventing and treating epidemics in China.Showing significant efficacy against severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS)in 2002 and 2003,a medical intervention involving TCM was applied at the beginning of the pandemic of the corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19),and has been found with good preventive and curative value in clinical practice.In this study,the etiology and pathogenic mechanism of COVID-19 was discussed on a TCM theory basis,and the clinically effective prevention and treatment methods/prescriptions were summarized.It is suggested that TCM has been playing a unique and vital role in preventing and treating COVID-19,and thus contributes greatly to public health.

Research progress of non-specific neck pain in traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine

Non-specific neck pain is a common disease in clinic,and its pathogenesis is not clear.With the progress of the times and the change of living and working habits,the incidence of non-specific neck pain is increasing year by year,which has a great impact on people’s physical and mental health,work and life.Traditional Chinese medicine mainly treats non-specific neck pain by acupuncture and massage,while western medicine generally uses exercise and manipulation therapy,but the quality of clinical evidence of all kinds of therapy is not high,which needs to be verified.This paper summarizes the research progress of traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine in the treatment of non-specific neck pain from the aspects of pathogenesis,etiology and pathogenesis of traditional Chinese medicine,and treatment of traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine,so as to provide reference for doctors in clinical treatment of this disease.

Prevention and treatment of traditional Chinese medicine for elderly patients with colorectal cancer

As China's population ages, the incidence of colorectal cancer in the elderly has increased. At present, colorectal cancer depends on surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Due to the characteristics of the elderly, postoperative recovery is slow, prone to postoperative complications and difficult to tolerate radiotherapy and chemotherapy have become the main problem hindering the disease. Based on the theory of prevention, the use of drugs from the perspective of constitution and etiology can prevent the occurrence of colorectal cancer in the elderly. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy can alleviate adverse reactions and improve treatment efficacy. TCM with surgical treatment can reduce the occurrence of postoperative complications and promote postoperative recovery. For patients with advanced colorectal cancer, TCM can play a role in fighting cancer and improving the quality of life of patients. For patients in stable phase, TCM can prevent tumor recurrence and metastasis.

Etiological analysis of chloasma from view of Western and Chinese traditional medicine

Chloasma is a common and refractory skin disease,which is a discosmetic dermatosis in which pigment is deposited on the face,cheeks,forehead and other parts due to the pigment metabolism disorder.It is manifested as facial yellow-brown patches,with different shades,different shapes,and often symmetrically distributed.The prevalence rate of chloasma is still increasing year by year,which reflects the physical and mental health of women.Because the cause of disease is unknown,and at present there is no uniform treatment.This paper discusses the etiology of chloasma from modern medicine and traditional Chinese medicine to provide reference for clinical therapy.

The application of the “Treatment in Accordance with Three Categories of Etiologic Factors” theory in the prevention and treatment of epidemic diseases in traditional Chinese medicine since the Ming and Qing Dynasties

“Treatment in accordance with three categories of etiologic factors”(consideration of the climatic and seasonal conditions,environment and individual’s constitution in the treatment of diseases),that is,treatment following time,place and individual,is one of the basic principles followed by Chinese medicine in the clinical treatment of diseases.This paper analyzes the similarities and differences in traditional Chinese medicine treatment of patients with epidemic diseases in different regions and periods since the Ming(1368-1644 C.E.)and Qing(1636-1912 C.E.)Dynasties.In addition,the theory of epidemic disease prevention and control based on the application of“treatment in accordance with three categories of etiologic factors”was discussed to inspire and guide the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.

Research progress in the treatment of femoral head necrosis with traditional Chinese medicine

Ischemic necrosis of femur bones is a world problem that has not yet been fully cured in the development of orthopedics around the world, and the motherland medicine has named it "bone erosion". As bone necrosis progresses, it can lead to irreversible bone damage, which often causes severe hip disability. Modern medicine is mostly through surgical intervention, but its long-term effect is not clear. And Chinese medicine has great advantages in the treatment of the disease and economic, from the treatment of this theory, looking for the basic factors causing disease, and gradually by the modern medical community attention. This paper makes a review by consulting the literature of Chinese medicine for bone necrosis in the past 5 years.

Spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome:a review of potential pathogenesis and intervention

With the continuing progress in space exploration,a new and perplexing condition related to spaceflight ocular syndrome has emerged in the past four decades.National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA) has named this condition "spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome"(SANS).This article gives an overview of the current research about SANS and traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) by analyzing the existing publications on Pub Med and CNKI and reports from NASA about SANS,summarizing the potential pathogenesis of SANS and physical interventions for treating SANS,and discussing the feasibility of treating SANS with TCM.Due to the unique characteristics of the space environment,it is infeasible to conduct large-scale human studies of SANS.SANS may be the result of the interaction of multiple factors,including inflammation and fluid displacement in the optic nerve sheath and cerebrospinal fluid.We should pay attention to SANS.Visual function is not only related to the health of astronauts but also closely related to space operations.TCM has antioxidative stress and antiapoptotic effects and is widely used for optic nerve diseases.TCM has great potential to prevent SANS.

Traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of immune-related nephropathy:A review

Immune-related nephropathy(IRN)refers to immune-response-mediated glomerulonephritis and is the main cause of end-stage renal failure.The pathogenesis of IRN is not fully understood;therefore,treatment is challenging.Traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs)have potent clinical effects in the treatment of the IRN conditions immunoglobulin A nephropathy,lupus nephropathy,and diabetic nephropathy.The underlying mechanisms mainly include its inhibition of inflammation;improvements to renal interstitial fibrosis,oxidative stress,autophagy,apoptosis;and regulation of immunity.In this review,we summarize the clinical symptoms of the three IRN subtypes and the use of TCM prescriptions,herbs,and bioactive compounds in treating IRN,as well as the potential mechanisms,intending to provide a reference for the future study of TCM as IRN treatments.

A Discussion on TCM Treatment and the Pathogenesis of Membranous Nephropathy in Primary Nephrotic Syndrome

Objective:To investigate the TCM treatment principle of membranous nephropathy and its effect.Methods:A total of 56 patients were selected from the Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine.They were then divided into the control group(western medicine standard therapy)and the study group(Qidi Gushen prescription),with 28 patients in each group.The treatment effect,treatment safety,and patients’satisfaction were observed and compared between the two groups.Results:The results showed that the treatment effect of the study group was 96.43%,which was significantly better compared with the control group(75.00%)(p<0.05);in terms of safety,the probability of adverse events was 7.14%in the study group and 32.14%in the control group,in which the difference was statistically significant(p<0.05);in addition,the study group’s satisfaction with the treatment measures was significantly higher than that of the control group(p<0.05).Conclusion:In treating membranous nephropathy,traditional Chinese medicine can be tailored to its pathogenesis,which is not only beneficial to the treatment effect,but also has a high safety profile.

Research progress of traditional medicine to improve colorectal tumor from the perspective of intestinal flora

Colorectal cancer(CRC)is one of the cancers with a high mortality rate.More and more scientific researches have found that intestinal flora can directly interact with organisms.It can also be involved in the development of CRC by regulating metabolites such as bile acids,short-chain fatty acid and amino acids.Chinese traditional medicine has unique advantages in the treatment of CRC by correcting microbiome,restoring intestinal microecology,improving intestinal immune function and enhancing intestinal barrier stability.The author combines the global scientific research in this direction for analysis and report,to make a summary.

Rules and Characteristics of TCM Treatment Prescriptions for Patients with Decreased Ovarian Reserve

[Objectives]To analyze the characteristics and rules of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)in the treatment of decreased ovarian reserve(DOR)in Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine.[Methods]A total of 107 patients with DOR in Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine were selected for sorting,and the usage,classification,nature,taste and meridian homing of the used drugs were statistically analyzed.[Results]A total of 107 patients were included in this stud and a total of 189 flavors of TCM are used.The total frequency of drugs was 4345 times,and a total of 535 prescriptions were issued.The top five frequency of drug use were 2261 times(50.04%)of Paeoniae Radix Alba(Cynanchum otophyllum Schneid.),2037 times(46.88%)of Corni Fructus(Cornus officinalis Sieb.et Zucc.),1818 times(41.84%)of Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata[Rehmannia glutinosa(Gaertn.)Libosch EX Fisch.et Mey.],1610 times(37.05%)of Guiban[Chinemys reevesii(Gray)],and 1303 times(29.99%)of Uncariae Ramulus Cum Uncis(Uncariar hynchophylla Miq.ex Havil.).Kidney deficiency syndrome accounted for the largest proportion at 51.40%,and the use frequency of tonic drugs accounted for the highest at 50.64%;heat-clearing drugs and qi and blood-boosting drugs separately accounted for 19.24%and 17.39%;the top 3 medicinal tastes are sweet(52.02%),pungent(20.71%)and bitter(20.32%);medicinal properties are ranked as warm(60.54%),cold(24.16%),hot(8.72%)and cool(6.49%);the main meridians are spleen,lung,liver,stomach and kidney.[Conclusions]The basic pathogenesis of DOR is deficiency of qi and blood,mainly due to dysfunction of the spleen,lung,liver,liver,stomach and other organs,and kidney deficiency and spleen deficiency are more common.

The Usage Evolution of Syndrome and the Production of the Term Differentiation of Syndromes in the Ancient Literature

Syndrome stood for disease name and symptom in the ancient medical literature prior to the Tang Dynasty.With the development of pathogenesis theory,the meaning pathogenesis of syndrome came into being and the term differentiation of syndromes came into existence in the Song,Jin and Yuan Dynasties,hence differentiation of syndromes gradually became a diagnostics term of differentiating pathogenesis.

探讨氧化应激与变应性鼻炎发病机制的相关性及中药防治策略

变应性鼻炎(allergic rhinitis,AR)是由免疫球蛋白E(IgE)介导的由吸入变应原诱发的鼻黏膜炎症性疾病,涉及鼻腔细胞和炎症细胞、细胞因子、介质和细胞黏附分子的各种成分参与过敏性鼻炎的过程。AR的主要临床表现为鼻痒、鼻塞、流鼻涕、打喷嚏以及嗅觉减退。目前西医的治疗手段主要包括鼻/口服皮质类固醇、白三烯受体拮抗剂、抗组胺药、肥大细胞稳定剂和短期鼻充血减轻剂,但不良反应较明显,患者精神压力大,因此深入探索变应性鼻炎的作用机制与治疗策略具有重要的临床意义。氧化应激是机体在内外环境损害下产生活性氧(ROS)所引起的疾病生理和病理异常,氧化应激加剧了炎性细胞因子的释放,与AR的发病机制密切相关,参与信号通路转导、细胞凋亡、自噬和线粒体功能障碍等病理状态,是促进AR病情发展的重要因素。传统中医药对于临床治疗过敏性疾病已有上千年历史,近年来中医药防治变应性鼻炎的临床成效也得到大量研究结果的肯定,基于氧化应激途径,进一步阐明了中药单体、活性成分及其复方可凭借多靶点、多组分和多途径的生物学优势对AR起到整体性保护作用。作者通过分析近年来国内外中医药相关研究进展,对氧化应激在AR中的防治作用及机制进行综述,以期为中医药临床防治AR的作用机制研究提供进一步的理论依据。

慢性萎缩性胃炎的中医辨治思路与对策

慢性萎缩性胃炎(CAG)是临床上公认的胃癌前疾病,中医药治疗CAG具有明显的优势及鲜明的特色。从CAG病因病机等方面的研究入手,对中医药治疗CAG提出治本独取阳明,补虚泻实,顾护脾胃,升降气机,调气和血,祛瘀通络,祛邪解毒,甘平凉润,和胃护络的辨治思路与对策,以期进一步提高中医药治疗CAG的临床疗效。

中药单体及复方在膝骨关节炎中的治疗进展

背景:膝骨关节炎是一种多因素导致的退行性疾病,其发病机制复杂,目前仍不清晰。中药在治疗膝骨关节炎方面富有成效,深入研究中药在膝骨关节炎中的治疗作用机制具有重要意义。目的:综述中药单体及复方在膝骨关节炎中的治疗进展,为有效防治膝骨关节炎提供思路和借鉴。方法:查阅国内外数据库从数据库建立至2022年发表的相关文献,设置中文检索词为“膝骨关节炎”“软骨破坏”“中药”“中药复方”“治疗”等,英文检索词为“Knee osteoarthritis”“Cartilage damage”“Traditional Chinese Medicine”“Chinese herbal compound”“Treatment”等,检索中国知网、万方、维普、PubMed、MEDLINE、Nature及Cochrane数据库,排除重复及陈旧无参考意义的文献,通过纳入和排除标准共纳入62篇标准文献进行探讨。结果与结论:①膝骨关节炎部分发病机制主要有免疫炎症反应、软骨细胞自噬与凋亡、血管内皮生长因子水平影响和生物力学失衡等;②中药治疗膝骨关节炎的作用机制主要集中在调节炎症因子水平、软骨细胞自噬与凋亡、血管内皮生长因子水平和改善软骨性能方面,以此延缓膝骨关节炎发生发展。

脓毒症发病机制及中西医治疗研究进展

脓毒症是一种危重病,由感染引起全身炎症反应综合征导致多器官功能障碍。目前认为,脓毒症的中西医发病机制异常复杂。中西医结合治疗脓毒症的方法也逐渐得到了研究与应用,属治疗脓毒症重要的发展方向之一。鉴于此,本文旨在对脓毒症发病机制及中西医治疗研究进展做一综述。

乳腺增生症的中西医认识及治疗研究进展

乳腺增生症(hyperplasia of mammary gland,HMG)中医病名为乳癖,是一种乳腺组织增生的疾病,其中医基本病机为情志失常,病机以肝内气机郁滞为主,兼有脾肾不足等,由此导致气滞、血瘀、痰凝。气、血、痰、瘀于乳络互结。西医病因病理尚未完全明确。西药目前尚无特异性疗法,中药治疗具有良好效果。文章将对乳癖的中西医病因病机进行论述,并结合临床案例及经验总结中医药治法治则及常用药物,以临床为角度基础,提出治疗乳癖的方法,并为乳癖病因病机的研究与探讨提供新思路。