Insights on advanced g‐C_(3)N_(4)in energy storage:Applications,challenges,and future

Graphitic carbon nitride(g‐C_(3)N_(4))is a highly recognized two‐dimensional semiconductor material known for its exceptional chemical and physical stability,environmental friendliness,and pollution‐free advantages.These remarkable properties have sparked extensive research in the field of energy storage.This review paper presents the latest advances in the utilization of g‐C_(3)N_(4)in various energy storage technologies,including lithium‐ion batteries,lithium‐sulfur batteries,sodium‐ion batteries,potassium‐ion batteries,and supercapacitors.One of the key strengths of g‐C_(3)N_(4)lies in its simple preparation process along with the ease of optimizing its material structure.It possesses abundant amino and Lewis basic groups,as well as a high density of nitrogen,enabling efficient charge transfer and electrolyte solution penetration.Moreover,the graphite‐like layered structure and the presence of largeπbonds in g‐C_(3)N_(4)contribute to its versatility in preparing multifunctional materials with different dimensions,element and group doping,and conjugated systems.These characteristics open up possibilities for expanding its application in energy storage devices.This article comprehensively reviews the research progress on g‐C_(3)N_(4)in energy storage and highlights its potential for future applications in this field.By exploring the advantages and unique features of g‐C_(3)N_(4),this paper provides valuable insights into harnessing the full potential of this material for energy storage applications.

In situ luminescence measurements of GaN/Al_(2)O_(3) film under different energy proton irradiations

Ion beam-induced luminescence(IBIL) experiments were performed to investigate the in situ luminescence of GaN/Al_(2)O_(3) at varying ion energies,which allowed for the measurement of defects at different depths within the material.The energies of H^(+)were set to 500 keV,640 keV and 2 MeV,the Bragg peaks of which correspond to the GaN film,GaN/Al_(2)O_(3) heterojunction and Al_(2)O_(3) substrate,respectively.A photoluminescence measurement at 250 K was also performed for comparison,during which only near band edge(NBE) and yellow band luminescence in the GaN film were observed.The evolution of the luminescence of the NBE and yellow band in the GaN film was discussed,and both exhibited a decrease with the fluence of H^(+).Additionally,the luminescence of F centers,induced by oxygen vacancies,and Cr^(3+),resulting from the ^(2)E →^(4)A_(2) radiative transition in Al_(2)O_(3),were measured using 2 MeV H^(+).The luminescence intensity of F centers increases gradually with the fluence of H^(+).The luminescence evolution of Cr^(3+)is consistent with a yellow band center,attributed to its weak intensity,and it is situated within the emission band of the yellow band in the GaN film.Our results show that IBIL measurement can effectively detect the luminescence behavior of multilayer films by adjusting the ion energy.Luminescence measurement can be excited by various techniques,but IBIL can satisfy in situ luminescence measurement,and multilayer structural materials of tens of micrometers can be measured through IBIL by adjusting the energy of the inducing ions.The evolution of defects at different layers with ion fluence can be obtained.

Luminescent Properties of Green Phosphor Ca_8Mg(SiO_4)_4Cl_2:Eu^(2+), Dy^(3+) for LED Applications

The new phosphor calcium magnesium chlorosilicate, codoped with Eu^2＋ and Dy^3＋, was synthesized with the help of the high temperature solid state reaction in reducing atmosphere. The excitation and emission spectra were very similar to that of Ca8Mg（SiO4）4Cl2 ：Eu^2＋, and the Dy^3＋ concentration influenced the emission intensity of this phosphor. The intensity of Eu^2＋ and Dy^3＋ codoped CMSC was stronger than that of Eu^2＋ singly doped CMSC. The emission spectrum of the Dy^3＋ ion overlapped the absorption band of the Eu^2＋ ion, indicating that an energy transfer from Dy^3＋ to Eu^2＋ took place in CMSC：Eu^2＋, Dy^3＋ phosphor. The mechanism of the energy transfer from Dy^3＋ tO Eu^2＋, in this phosphor, might be resonant energy transfer.

Luminescence properties of YAl_3(BO_3)_4 phosphors doped with Eu^(3+) ions

YAl3 （BO3）4： Eu^3＋ phosphors were prepared by the conventional solid state reaction. The phase structure and morphology were investigated by X-ray diffraction （XRD） and scanning electron microscope （SEM）. Doping YAl3（BO3）4： Eu^3＋ phosphors with concentration of Eu^3＋ ions of 0, 2, 5, 8 and 10 mol% were studied and their luminescent properties at room temperature were discussed. The excitation spectrum of Y0.95Eu0.05Al3（BO3）4 was composed of a broad band centered at about 252 nm and a group of lines in the longer wavelength region. In the emission spectra, the peak wavelength was about 614 nm under a 252 nm UV excitation. The optimal doping concentration of Eu^3＋ ions in YAl3（BO3）4： Eu^3＋ phosphors was 8 mol%.

Enhanced Emission of Eu^(3+) in Boron Ions-Doped Sol-Gel SiO_2 Phosphors

Al-doped and B, Al-codoped silica xerogel was fabricated by sol-gel process. The influence of B ions and annealing temperature on luminescent properties of phosphors were studied by using fluorescence spectrum, X-ray diffraction, DSC, TG/DTG analysis and IR spectrum. The heat treatment has a large effect on the luminescent properties. Under 248 nm excitation, the emission spectrum of samples heated shows characteristic emission peaks of Eu^3＋ ions are, which are due to the transitions of ^5D0→^7FJ（J = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4） of Eu^3＋ , respectively. The transition of ^5D0→^7F1 is split into two peaks.

Spectral Characteristic and Its Regularity of Rare Earth Ions in Inorganic Microporous Material Ⅰ.The Spectral Characteristics of Eu^(3+) in NaY,NaX and NaA Zeolites

In this paper,we have investigated the spectral characteristics of Eu^(3+)ion sorbed on NaY,NaX and NaA zeolites.During calcination,the influence of Eu^(3+)ion's positions in zeolites on its spectral structures are dis- cussed emphatically.The experimental results show that the electric dipole-to-magnetic dipole transition inten- sity ratios of Eu^(3+)emission in NaY,NaX and NaA zeolites calcinated at the same temperature increase in proper order.The bonding actions between Eu^(3+)ion and framework oxygens are studied by the measurements of excitation spectra and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.In the Eu^(3+)content ranging from 0.95% to 10.5%,the concentration quenching of the fluorescence in Eu(Ⅲ)-NaY is not observed.

New red phosphor (Y,Gd,Lu)BO_3:Eu^(3+) for PDP applications

Highly efficient phosphors under vacuum ultraviolet excitation are still demanded for the development of plasma display panels and Hg-free fluorescent lamps. The phosphors of Eu3＋ doped （Y, Gd, Lu）BO3 were synthesized with solid state reaction method and the contents of y3＋ Gd3＋, and Lu3＋ for plasma display panel red phosphor were optimized under vacuum ultraviolet excitation. Two new potential candidates, which were （Y1-S-TGdsLuT）BO3： Eu^3＋ （0〈S〈0.2, 0〈T〈0.1） and （GdlYJLuK）BO3： Eu3＋ （0.5〈I〈0.7, 0.2〈J〈0.4, 0〈K〈0.1）, were olgtained. The mechanism of luminescence improvement was discussed upon the analysis of crystal microstructure and excitation spectra.

Interaction of Rare Earth Ions in Sr2MgSi2O7：Eu^2＋,Dy^3＋ Material

To discuss the function of Eu and Dy and their interaction in Sr2 Mg Si2O7：Eu^2＋,Dy^3＋ long afterglow material,the Eu and Dy single doped and their co-doped Sr2 Mg Si2O7：Eu^2＋,Dy^3＋ were prepared.The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction（XRD）,decay curves,photoluminescence（PL）,and thermoluminescence（TL）.The results indicate that Sr2 Mg Si2O7：Eu has afterglow properties,and the doping of Eu ion in Sr2 Mg Si2O7：Eu^2＋,Dy^3＋ can lower the depth of traps.Eu ion can not only serve as luminescence center,but also produce traps in the matrix,meanwhile,it also exerts certain influences on the traps produced by Dy in Sr2 Mg Si2O7：Eu^2＋,Dy^3＋.The Dy ion can not act as luminescence center but relates to the change of the traps in the Sr2 Mg Si2O7 matrix.

高压水蒸气对β-Li_(2)TiO_(3:)Eu^(3+)荧光粉的全谱发光性能影响

采用水热法制备荧光粉前驱体后通过高温煅烧的方法,合成了由电偶极跃迁主导的高色纯度的β-Li_(2)TiO_(3):Eu^(3+)红色荧光粉.设计了适用于DHT11的拓扑电路,对荧光粉体湿度和温度进行测试.研究发现,高压腔体中加水量为5 mL,β-Li_(2)TiO_(3):0.5 mol%Eu^(3+)的相对湿度可达81%RH.在波长为396 nm的近紫外光激发下,β-Li_(2)TiO_(3):0.5 mol%Eu^(3+)发射由电偶极跃迁主导的613 nm的红光,荧光寿命为773.36μs,高压水蒸气处理对β-Li_(2)TiO_(3):0.5 mol%Eu^(3+)的电偶极跃迁发射峰和磁偶极跃迁发射峰位置没有变化,但发射峰强度增强并且荧光寿命降至386.81μs.高压水蒸气高压处理后的荧光粉色坐标x=0.47,y=0.51,色温为3300 K,红光色纯度为96.6%,比高压处理前显示出更优异的显色性能.高压水蒸气处理后的β-Li_(2)TiO_(3):0.5 mol%Eu^(3+)电偶极跃迁谱线强度参数Ω_(2)增加至4.21×10^(-19)cm^(2),^(5)D_(0)→^(7)F_(2)跃迁的荧光分支比β2也增加至96.9%,而量子效率η减小至57%,证实了湿度对荧光粉的发光效率具有极大的影响.

基于Eu^(3+)-生物质碳量子点探针的比率型荧光传感体系检测盐酸四环素

该文以橙皮为原料制备的碳量子点(CDs)与铕离子(Eu^(3+))构建双发射比率型荧光探针(Eu^(3+)-CDs)并用于抗生素盐酸四环素的检测。在370 nm激发波长下,Eu^(3+)-CDs荧光探针在425 nm处出现较强的蓝色荧光峰,在617 nm处出现较弱的红色荧光峰。随着盐酸四环素浓度的逐渐增大,Eu3+与盐酸四环素螯合形成的配合物增多,在425 nm处的CDs荧光(I_(F425))逐渐减弱,而617 nm处铕配合物的荧光(I_(F617))逐渐增强,可基于荧光强度比I_(F617)/I_(F425)的变化对盐酸四环素进行测定。考察了Eu^(3+)的浓度、pH值和反应时间对探针荧光强度的影响。在最佳条件下,该双发射比率型荧光探针对盐酸四环素具有特异性识别能力,荧光强度比(I_(F617)/I_(F425))与盐酸四环素浓度在10~100µmol/L范围内存在良好的线性关系,相关系数r^(2)=0.9926,检出限为5.09µmol/L。该方法成功用于猪肉中盐酸四环素含量的检测,加标回收率为102%~110%,相对标准偏差为0.20%~2.4%,具有较好的实用性。

Bi^(3+)、Eu^(3+)共掺杂La_(4)GeO_(8)荧光粉的制备及可调发光

为了开发出高效稳定的单一基质白光发射荧光材料,本工作通过高温固相法成功合成了一系列La_(4)GeO_(8)∶Bi^(3+),Eu^(3+)荧光粉样品,并通过X射线衍射、室温光谱、变温光谱等手段研究了实验样品的结构与发光性能。研究发现,Bi^(3+)离子在该结构中占据两种不同的格位(Bi^(3+)(Ⅰ)和Bi^(3+)(Ⅱ)),且在紫外光激发下呈现两个峰值分别在475 nm和620 nm的宽带发射。对于Bi^(3+)、Eu^(3+)共掺样品,由于Bi^(3+)(Ⅰ)与Eu^(3+)之间的竞争吸收、Bi^(3+)(Ⅰ)至Bi^(3+)(Ⅱ)以及Bi^(3+)(Ⅱ)至Eu^(3+)的能量传递作用,可实现蓝色至红色、橙红色至红色的可调发光。特别地,样品La_(4)GeO_(8)∶0.07Bi^(3+),0.06Eu^(3+)在313 nm光激发下可获得CIE值为(0.335,0.319)的优异白色发光。此外,该白光发射材料具有较佳的发光热稳定性,当温度升高至380 K时,发光积分强度仍然为室温的59%,表明其在白光二极管上具有潜在的应用价值。

红色荧光粉CaWO_(4)∶Eu^(3+),Bi^(3+)的制备和光学性能的研究

本文采用高温固相法合成了一系列红色荧光粉CaWO_(4)∶Eu^(3+),Bi^(3+)。通过X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜和荧光分光光度计等手段,对样品的晶体结构、微观形貌、光学性能、能量传递方式、荧光寿命和热稳定性进行了表征。结果表明,当Eu^(3+)和Bi^(3+)的掺杂浓度分别为7%和2%时(摩尔分数),荧光粉红色发光(615 nm)最强,理论计算得到荧光粉的平均颗粒尺寸为50.27 nm,这与电子显微镜观察结果相符合。能量传递方式以电偶极-电四极相互作用为主,对CaWO_(4)∶7%Eu^(3+),yBi^(3+)(y=0~6%)系列荧光粉进行了荧光寿命测量,发现它们荧光寿命基本相同,都在0.56 ms左右。对CaWO_(4)∶7%Eu^(3+),2%Bi^(3+)荧光粉在不同温度下的光谱进行比较,并且计算相应的色度坐标,当温度升高时,色度坐标整体左移,发光强度有所变弱,但整体来说热稳定性较好。较好的热稳定性和明亮红光发射表明该荧光粉可以作为潜在商用红光荧光粉。

用于痕量监测Zr^(4+)、Cr_(2)O_(7)^(2-)、Fe^(3+)、HPO_(4)^(2-)和指纹识别的功能化Eu^(3+)/Tb^(3+)配位聚合物荧光探针的构筑

采用芳香族π共轭及含氮原子有机连接剂,合成同构铽、铕发光配位聚合物(CPs){[Eu(PLIA)_(1.5)(H_(2)O)_(2)]·H_(2)O}_(n)(1)和{[Tb(PLIA)_(1.5)(H_(2)O)_(2)]·H_(2)O}_(n)(2),其中H_(2)PLIA=5-((吡啶-4-基甲基)氧基)苯-1,3-二甲酸。对合成的配合物进行了结构测定、表征和荧光痕量识别实验研究。2个同构配合物具有理想的三维框架结构,π…π堆积及氢键等弱相互作用增强了其化学稳定性;表征显示配位聚合物1和2具有良好的荧光性质、结晶性、热力学稳定性及结构完整性,可作为荧光传感的材料。1和2对水溶液中的Zr^(4+)、Cr_(2)O_(7)^(2-)和Fe^(3+)、HPO_(4)^(2-)具有选择性好、灵敏度高的荧光识别能力,其检出限分别为0.139μmol·L^(-1)(1,Zr^(4+))、0.626μmol·L^(-1)(1,Cr_(2)O_(7)^(2-))、0.430μmol·L^(-1)(2,Fe^(3+))、1.36μmol·L^(-1)(2,HPO_(4)^(2-))。探究了1和2作为探针的荧光猝灭机理。更有趣的是,1和2具有指纹识别性能,其荧光指纹纹路清晰连贯,细节明显,可被清晰观察。

Eu^(3+)、Sm^(3+)共掺双钙钛矿Gd_(2)ZnTiO_(6)荧光粉的发光性能及其热稳定性

具有高热稳定性的红色发光材料对于改善光转换型白光LED器件的性能具有重要意义。引入敏化剂来实现能量传递至发光中心从而提高荧光粉热稳定性是开发高效WLED用荧光粉的有效策略。本文以双钙钛矿结构化合物Gd_(2)ZnTiO_(6)为基质,制备了系列Sm^(3+)、Eu^(3+)激活的红色荧光粉,并讨论了Sm^(3+)→Eu^(3+)的能量传递过程,证实了这一过程对于该基质单一Eu^(3+)激活荧光粉热稳定的改善作用。双掺样品在150℃时的发光强度保持在室温时的74%。这一结果为离子间的能量传递可有效抑制荧光粉热猝灭的理论提供了依据。

Sr_(2)InP_(3)O_(11):Eu^(3+)红色荧光粉的发光性能及占位影响

红色荧光粉是提高发光二极管(LED)显色指数、降低色温的重要组分。本文选择具有红色特征发射的Eu^(3+)作为激活剂离子,以新型磷酸盐Sr_(2)InP_(3)O_(11)为荧光粉基质,通过高温固相反应合成了系列Sr_(2-x)InP_(3)O_(11):xEu^(3+)(简化为S_(2-x)IP_(3):xEu^(3+))和Sr_(2)In_(1-x)P_(3)O_(11):xEu^(3+)(简化为S_(2)I_(1-x)P_(3):xEu^(3+))荧光粉。利用XRD、室温及变温PL光谱、量子效率和荧光寿命,详细研究了所制备荧光粉的光致发光性能及其受阳离子位点(Sr位和In位)的影响规律。研究结果表明,这两类荧光粉在254nm和393nm激发下均可发出明亮的橘红光(593nm和612nm主导)。此外,所合成的荧光粉具有较好的色稳定性和热稳定性,表明其在荧光粉转换型白光LED照明和显示领域具有一定的发展潜力。

Dy^(3+)/Eu^(3+)双掺杂CaLaGa_(3)O_(7)颜色可调荧光粉的制备与发光性能

本文采用高温固相法成功制备了一系列Eu^(3+)单掺和Dy^(3+)/Eu^(3+)双掺CaLaGa_(3)O_(7)单基质荧光粉。通过X射线衍射和发射光谱对荧光粉的物相及发光性能进行了表征。结果表明,所制备的样品均为四方结构,与基质晶体一致,表明成功合成了Eu^(3+)单掺和Dy^(3+)/Eu^(3+)双掺杂的CaLaGa_(3)O_(7)荧光粉。在波长393 nm近紫外光激发下,Eu^(3+)∶CaLaGa_(3)O_(7)表现出Eu^(3+)的特征红光发射(5 D0→7 F2),并且发光纯度高达100%。共掺Dy^(3+)之后,Dy^(3+)/Eu^(3+)双掺CaLaGa_(3)O_(7)荧光粉不仅可以被波长393 nm的光激发还可以被波长348 nm的光激发。不管是哪个波长的光激发,Dy^(3+)/Eu^(3+)∶CaLaGa_(3)O_(7)发射光谱同时包含了Eu^(3+)的特征红光发射和Dy^(3+)的特征黄光发射(4 F_(9/2)→6 H_(13/2))。通过对发射谱和荧光寿命分析得出,双掺荧光粉中Dy^(3+)和Eu^(3+)之间存在有效的能量传递过程。进一步计算了各个样品对应的色坐标,结果表明当激发波长由348 nm改变为393 nm时,色坐标整体上从黄绿色区域移动到黄橙光区域。因此,Dy^(3+)/Eu^(3+)∶CaLaGa_(3)O_(7)是一种光色可调发光材料,在显示和固态照明方面具有良好的应用前景。

SrLaLiTeO_(6):Dy^(3+),Eu^(3+)荧光粉的制备及发光性能研究

白光发光二极管(LED)的商业合成方案缺少红光成分,导致合成的白光色温较高、显色性差,因此开发性能优异的单相暖白光荧光粉成为白光LED领域研究的重要课题。以Dy^(3+)和Eu^(3+)为掺杂剂,SrLaLiTeO_(6)(SLLT)为基质,采用固相反应法制备了SrLaLiTeO6:Dy^(3+),Eu^(3+)无机荧光粉,并通过X射线衍射仪、荧光分光光度计和色度坐标分析荧光粉的晶体结构及光学性能。结果表明:Dy^(3+)和Eu^(3+)成功进入SLLT晶体,无杂质产生;SLLT:0.07Dy^(3+),yEu^(3+)荧光粉在351 nm激发下能够同时发射蓝、黄、红光,证明了Dy^(3+)和Eu^(3+)之间存在能量传递,弥补了单掺Dy^(3+)荧光粉缺乏红色发射的缺陷;Eu^(3+)离子最佳掺杂浓度为0.05,此时的色度坐标为(0.391 9,0.380 9),色温为3 733 K,接近暖白光区域。因此,SrLaLiTeO_(6):Dy^(3+),Eu^(3+)荧光粉是一种性能优异的暖白光LED荧光粉。

Eu^(3+)掺杂Y_(2)MgTiO_(6)红色荧光粉的制备及发光性质研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备出Y_(2-2 x)MgTiO_(6)∶2 x Eu^(3+)(YMT∶2 x Eu^(3+),0≤x≤0.11)新型红色荧光粉。通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)检测样品的纯度,结果显示YMT∶Eu^(3+)样品属于单斜晶系,空间群为P21/n,无其他杂相。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)照片显示荧光粉为2μm的不规则颗粒。当激发波长为264 nm时,发射光谱出现四个尖锐的发射峰,分别位于591(^(5)D_(0)→^(7)F_(1))、619(^(5)D_(0)→^(7)F_(2))、657(^(5)D_(0)→^(7)F_(3))和693 nm(^(5)D_(0)→^(7)F_(4))。Eu^(3+)离子之间能量传递为电偶极子-电偶极子(d-d)相互作用。YMT∶0.14Eu^(3+)荧光粉的CIE色度坐标为(0.645,0.332),与红光标准色坐标(0.67,0.33)非常接近。变温PL光谱及热激活能计算结果显示荧光粉具有一定的热稳定性,因此YMT∶Eu^(3+)是一种具有潜在应用价值的LED红色荧光粉。

Tb^(3+)、Eu^(3+)离子共掺杂的MgAl_(2)O_(4)发光性能研究

采用水热辅助固相法,以Al(NO_(3))_(3)·9H_(2)O和Mg(NO_(3))_(2)·6H_(2)O为原料,尿素为沉淀剂,制备了Tb^(3+)、Eu^(3+)共掺杂镁铝尖晶石荧光粉。用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜对所得产物的相结构和形貌予以表征,结合荧光激发、发射光谱和CIE色度图分析了荧光粉的光致发光性能。结果表明:在一定浓度范围内,掺杂Tb3+和Eu^(3+)离子后基质MgAl_(2)O_(4)的晶体结构并未发生改变,而当引入沉淀剂后,获得了具有良好分散性的棒状颗粒,且Tb^(3+)与Eu^(3+)间的浓度变化对样品形貌的影响甚微。在此基础上,以377 nm近紫外光作为激发光源实现了可见光区由粉至红的多色可调谐发射。

Robust Cross-Linked Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(2)F_(3) Full Sodium-Ion Batteries

Sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)have rapidly risen to the forefront of energy storage systems as a promising supplementary for Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(2)F_(3)(NVPF)as a common cathode of SIBs,features the merits of high operating voltage,small volume change and favorable specific energy density.However,it suffers from poor cycling stability and rate performance induced by its low intrinsic conductivity.Herein,we propose an ingenious strategy targeting superior SIBs through cross-linked NVPF with multi-dimensional nanocarbon frameworks composed of amorphous carbon and carbon nanotubes(NVPF@C@CNTs).This rational design ensures favorable particle size for shortened sodium ion transmission pathway as well as improved electronic transfer network,thus leading to enhanced charge transfer kinetics and superior cycling stability.Benefited from this unique structure,significantly improved electrochemical properties are obtained,including high specific capacity(126.9 mAh g^(-1)at 1 C,1 C=128 mA g^(-1))and remarkably improved long-term cycling stability with 93.9%capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 20 C.The energy density of 286.8 Wh kg^(-1)can be reached for full cells with hard carbon as anode(NVPF@C@CNTs//HC).Additionally,the electrochemical performance of the full cell at high temperature is also investigated(95.3 mAh g^(-1)after 100 cycles at 1 C at 50℃).Such nanoscale dual-carbon networks engineering and thorough discussion of ion diffusion kinetics might make contributions to accelerating the process of phosphate cathodes in SIBs for large-scale energy storages.