Understory plant diversity and phenolic allelochemicals across a range of Eucalyptus grandis plantation ages

Allelopathy is an important mechanism in Eucalyptus plantations that causes detrimental impacts on understory diversity.Phenolic compounds are the main allelochemicals suppressing understory plants.However,the dynamic changes in phenolic allelochemicals and their relationship with understory diversity with increasing age of Eucalyptus plantations remain largely unclear.In this study,the understory plant diversity was assessed and phenolic compounds identified from leaf litter,roots,and rhizosphere soil samples in a Eucalyptus grandis plantation at two-year intervals for ten years using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS).The abundance and diversity of under story plant species were lowest in 4-year-old plantations and increased significantly with age.Seven phenolic acids and 10 flavonoids were identified from leaf litter,roots,and rhizosphere soils.Most of the potential phenolic allelochemicals,such as salicylic acid,gallic acid,4-hydroxybenzoic acid,and epicatechin,were more abundant in younger plantations,especially at4 years old.The concentrations of phenolic compounds in the rhizosphere zone were significantly lower than in litter and root samples and did not change significantly with an increase in age.Notably,phenolic compounds contributed more to the variation in the understory plants than soil factors.Hydroxyphenyllactic acid,ellagic acid,quercetin,salicylic acid,and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid were the main phenolic compounds explaining the variation in plant diversity with plantation age.These findings indicate that young E.grandis plantations,especially at four years of age,merit a greater focus because of their lower understory plant diversity and higher allelopathic potential.

Eucalyptus carbon stock estimation in subtropical regions with the modeling strategy of sample plots–airborne LiDAR–Landsat time series data

Updating eucalyptus carbon stock data in a timely manner is essential for better understanding and quantifying its effects on ecological and hydrological processes.At present,there are no suitable methods to accurately estimate the eucalyptus carbon stock in a large area.This research aimed to explore the transferability of the eucalyptus carbon stock estimation model at temporal and spatial scales and assess modeling performance through the strategy of combining sample plots,airborne LiDAR and Landsat time series data in subtropical regions of China.Specifically,eucalyptus carbon stock estimates in typical sites were obtained by applying the developed models with the combination of airborne LiDAR and field measurement data;the eucalyptus plantation ages were estimated using the random localization segmentation approach from Landsat time series data;and regional models were developed by linking LiDAR-derived eucalyptus carbon stock and vegetation age(e.g.,months or years).To examine the models’robustness,the developed models at the regional scale were transferred to estimate carbon stocks at the spatial and temporal scales,and the modeling results were evaluated using validation samples accordingly.The results showed that carbon stock can be successfully estimated using the age-based models(both age variables in months and years as predictor variables),but the month-based models produced better estimates with a root mean square error(RMSE)of 6.51 t⋅ha1 for Yunxiao County,Fujian Province,and 6.33 t⋅ha1 for Gaofeng Forest Farm,Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.Particularly,the month-based models were superior for estimating the carbon stocks of young eucalyptus plantations of less than two years.The model transferability analyses showed that the month-based models had higher transferability than the year-based models at the temporal scale,indicating their possibility for analysis of carbon stock change.However,both the month-based and year-based models expressed relatively poor transferability at a spatial scale.This study provides new insights for cost-effective monitoring of carbon stock change in intensively managed plantation forests.

Effect of Different Soil Regulation Measures on Yield and Soil Fertility of Eucalyptus Plantation in Southern Guangxi

In view of the problems of decreased unit yield,soil acidification,decreased soil organic matter and soil fertility caused by high generation single pure Eucalyptus plantation in southern Guangxi,a field experiment was conducted to study the yield,soil organic matter and soil fertility under six soil conditioning measures[interplanting Tephrosia candida under the forest,interplanting Sesbania cannabina under the forest,organic fertilizer application,residue to woodland,soil testing and formulated fertilization,and applying pure chemical fertilizer(CK)],and the enhancing effects of each treatment on the yield and soil improvement of Eucalyptus plantations were further comprehensively evaluated.The results showed that compared with the control,the five treatments could increase the average stock of Eucalyptus,among which the average stock under the treatment of interplanting T.candida under the forest was the highest,followed by soil testing and formulated fertilization.The soil organic matter content and soil fertility of the forest were significantly improved by interplanting green manure,organic fertilizer application and soil testing and formulated fertilization models,while the short-term(1 a)effect of the residue treatment on the improvement of soil organic matter and soil fertility was insignificant.During the actual production process,interplanting green manure and residue treatment were not effective due to the inoperability,and the applicability were not wide,which still needed further study.Therefore,organic manure application and soil testing and formulated fertilization were suitable choices to promote the improvement of productivity and soil quality of Eucalyptus plantation in Guangxi.

不同模式桉树混交林的生长效应分析

为探索伴生树种早期对桉树生长的影响,以桉树×红椎、桉树×火力楠、桉树×火力楠×黑木相思、桉树×黑木相思4种混交林为研究对象,对其林木生长量及桉树在不同混交模式中的生长效应进行分析。结果表明:4种混交模式下混交树种早期生长量均优于其纯林生长量。桉树×火力楠对桉树树高促进作用最大,增量为4.94±1.57 m;桉树×火力楠×黑木相思对桉树胸径和材积促进作用最大,增量分别为2.47±0.70 cm和0.8695±0.7066 m^(3)•hm^(−2)。总体以桉树×火力楠×黑木相思混交模式最优。

两种种植模式下草豆蔻的营养器官药用成分比较

以桉树(Eucalyptus spp.)林套种的草豆蔻(Alpinia katsumadae Hayata)和自然生长的草豆蔻为研究对象,测定草豆蔻营养器官(根、茎、叶)中总黄酮、多糖、总酚、总皂苷含量和折干率。结果表明,自然生长的草豆蔻整株折干率是桉树林套种的1.11倍;草豆蔻的总黄酮含量为10.27~32.13 mg/g,其中桉树林套种的草豆蔻叶总黄酮含量最高,达32.13 mg/g;草豆蔻多糖含量为21.50~37.28 mg/g,自然生长条件下草豆蔻整株多糖含量是桉树林套种的1.15倍;桉树林套种条件下草豆蔻整株总酚含量是自然生长条件下草豆蔻总酚含量的2.10倍;桉树林套种条件下草豆蔻整株总皂苷含量是自然生长条件下草豆蔻整株总皂苷含量的1.25倍;由主成分分析可知,桉树林套种条件下草豆蔻的营养器官综合得分和排名均高于自然生长。综上,2种种植模式下草豆蔻营养器官的药用成分含量均处于较高水平,且桉树林套种条件下草豆蔻更有利于有效成分的累积。

Effects of litter removal on plant species diversity: a case study in tropical Eucalyptus forest ecosystems in South China

The removal of litterfall in the Eucalyptus plantations in South China affected the plant biodiversity in these ecosystems was found based on the field observation and lab analysis. The protection times of species diversity of three Eucalyptus communities were different (Community Ⅰ with no protection, Community Ⅱ with 7-year-protection, Community Ⅲ with 35-year-protection). The total numbers of species in these communities (from Community Ⅰ to Ⅱ to Ⅲ) are 1, 6, and 17, respectively. The results showed that the protection of litterfall from being taken out of the ecosystem is important and can increase plant species diversity. This study combined biomass data, the chemical and physical properties of the soil, and the diversity of microbes in the communities. It is concluded that the mechanism of the effects of litter removal on biodiversity includes three factors: removing the suitable habitat of microbe and animal, decreasing the soil nutrient, and changing the special habitat for the germination and growth of invading plants. These results should have important implications for managing these Eucalyptus forest ecosystems in South China.

Mitigating Biodiversity Concerns in Eucalyptus Plantations Located in South China

China’s growing economy and changes in policies that encourage afforestation, particularly in the industrial sector, have led vast areas in south China to be planted with eucalyptus. These large areas of eucalyptus plantings have elicited environmental concerns for two primary reasons. First there is a concern related to the water demand of eucalyptus, in which it is feared these large areas of eucalyptus will deplete aquifers and create shortages in water supplies. The second concern is in regard to the reduction in biodiversity across large landscapes, leading to further ecological demises. This paper proposes two ideas to possibly mitigate some of the biodiversity concerns. The first is the interplanting of alder-leaf birch (Betula alnoides), a native but dwindling species in south China, to enhance biodiversity and encourage it’s reestablishment across the landscape. The second is to encourage retention harvests of alder-leaf birch planted within eucalyptus plantations to enhance not only biological diversity but also structural diversity across the landscape. Alder-leaf birch has demonstrated great potential in producing high quality timber and wood for use in furniture manufacturing.

Introduction of Dalbergia odorifera enhances nitrogen absorption on Eucalyptus through stimulating microbially mediated soil nitrogen-cycling

Background:There is substantial evidence that Eucalyptus for nitrogen(N)absorption and increasing the growth benefit from the introduction of N-fixing species,but the underlying mechanisms for microbially mediated soil N cycling remains unclear.Methods:We investigated the changes of soil pH,soil water content(SWC),soil organic carbon(SOC),total N(TN),inorganic N(NH_(4)^(+)-N and NO_(3)^(-)-N),microbial biomass and three N-degrading enzyme activities as well as the biomass and N productivity of Eucalyptus between a pure Eucalyptus urophylla×grandis plantation(PP)and a mixed Dalbergia odorifera and Eucalyptus plantation(MP)in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,China.Results:Compared with the PP site,soil pH,SWC,SOC and TN in both seasons were significantly higher at the MP site,which in turn enhanced microbial biomass and the activities of soil N-degrading enzymes.The stimulated microbial activity at the MP site likely accelerate soil N mineralization,providing more available N(NH_(4)^(+)-N in both seasons and NO_(3)^(-)-N in the wet-hot season)for Eucalyptus absorption.Overall,the N productivity of Eucalyptus at the MP site was increased by 19.7% and 21.9%,promoting the biomass increases of 15.1% and 19.2% in the drycold season and wet-hot season,respectively.Conclusion:Our results reveal the importance of microbially mediated soil N cycling in the N absorption on Eucalyptus.Introduction of D.odorifera enhances Eucalyptus biomass and N productivity,improve soil N availability and increased soil C and N concentration,which hence can be considered to be an effective sustainable management option of Eucalyptus plantations.

Native Woody Plants Diversity and Density under <i>Eucalyptus camaldulensis</i>Plantation, in Gibie Valley, South Western Ethiopia

The aim of the study was to assess the impact of E. camaldulensis plantation established in a semi-arid area on native woody plants diversity and density. Nested quadrant plot design, having an area of 15 m × 15 m used to collect data. Totally, 37 species at the plantation and 30 species at the native woodland, belonging to 24 families, identified. Species diversity (H′) was 1.57 at the plantation and 2.09 at the woodland forest. As for density of understory woody plants (height ≥ 1 m) the plantation forest harbored 6, 604 stems/ha while the native woodland had 7, 347 stems/ha. Seedling density (height Dodonaea angustifolia and other native species important for soil conservation, timber, bee forage and medicinal use.

Variations in the biomass of Eucalyptus plantations at a regional scale in Southern China

We quantified deviations in regional forest biomass from simple extrapolation of plot data by the biomass expansion factor method（BEF） versus estimates obtained from a local biomass model,based on large-scale empirical field inventory sampling data.The sources and relative contributions of deviations between the two models were analyzed by the boosted regression trees method.Relative to the local model,BEF overestimated accumulative biomass by 22.12%.The predominant sources of the total deviation （70.94%） were stand-structure variables.Stand age and diameter at breast height are the major factors.Compared with biotic variables,abiotic variables had a smaller overall contribution （29.06%）,with elevation and soil depth being the most important among the examined abiotic factors.Large deviations in regional forest biomass and carbon stock estimates are likely to be obtained with BEF relative to estimates based on local data.To minimize deviations,stand age and elevation should be included in regional forest-biomass estimation.

Fire alters the availability of soil nutrients and accelerates growth of Eucalyptus grandis in Zambia

Fire has been used to prepare land during tree plantation establishment for many years but uncertainty about how ecosystems respond to prescribed burning makes it difficult to predict the effects of fire on soil nutrients.The aim of this study was to determine the effect of burning accumulated forest residues(slash)on soil chemical properties and how trees respond.We analyzed 40 burned and unburned sites and compared growth of Eucalyptus grandis W.Hill ex Maiden between sites.Soil pH increased by 39%after fire,suggesting reduced soil acidity and increased liming.Total nitrogen increased by 100%;other nutrients(Ca^2+,Mg^2+and K^+)also increased.Increase in nutrients had a significant effect on the growth of E.grandis;larger and taller trees were associated more with burned than unburned sites.This study provides evidence that burning accumulated slash during land preparation prior to plantation establishment alters soil nutrient status and enhances the growth of E.grandis.

Changes in soil properties under Eucalyptus relative to Pinus massoniana and natural broadleaved forests in South China

The ecological effects of eucalypt plantations（EPs） have garnered increasing attention.To understand their effect on soil quality at a landscape scale,and to determine whether soil quality parameters differ due to different stand types,we evaluated soil characteristics in twenty-one groups of EPs,Pinus massoniana Lamb.plantations（PMPs） and natural broadleaved forests（NBFs）across Guangdong Province,China.Both the physical characteristics of soil hydrology and the properties of soil nutrients in A and B horizons were determined.Results showed that,compared to NBFs,EPs and PMPs produced a shallower litter layer,reduced canopy density,higher soil bulk density,significantly lower total porosity,non-capillary porosity,total water volume,and hygroscopic water in the A horizon（P〈0.05）.Moreover,total N,available K,and soil organic carbon（SOC） in EPs and PMPs were significantly lower than in NBFs.EPs and PMPs did not differ significantly in N,P or K content,but PMPs had significantly lower SOC and boron in the A horizon than EPs.Low p H and poor capacity to buffer acidification generally occurred in all cover types.Both EPs and PMPs showed a decline in soil properties relative to NBFs,but EPs and PMPs exhibited no significant difference.These results indicate that actions are needed to ameliorate the potential negative effects on soil quality in forestry plantations.

Effects of Litter Removal and Addition on Soil Nitrogen Mineralization of Eucalyptus Plantation

[Objectives]This study was conducted to understand the process of soil nitrogen mineralization in Eucalyptus plantations,and to identify the characteristics of soil nitrogen mineralization with different litter inputs.[Methods]With the soil of the Eucalyptus plantation in Fusui County,Guangxi as the research object,the soil nitrogen mineralization of the Eucalyptus plantation under different litter treatments(removing litter,adding litter and retaining litter)was studied by PVC tube closed-top in-situ incubation.[Results]①After 1 year of litter treatment,the inorganic nitrogen(NH_(4)^(+)-N+NO_(3)^(-)-N)in the soil of different treatments ranked as adding litter(20.15 mg/kg)>retaining litter(16.02 mg/kg)>removing litter(11.60) mg/kg),and the differences reached a significant level(P<0.05).②After 30 d of in-situ incubation,there were significant differences in soil nitrate nitrogen content before and after incubation in the three treatments(removing litter,adding litter,and retaining litter)before and after incubation(P<0.05),but no significant differences were observed in soil ammonium nitrogen content(P>0.05).Soil nitrate nitrogen contents increased from 1.47,2.01 and 1.72 mg/kg before incubation to 3.66,6.73 and 5.02 mg/kg,respectively,and soil ammonium nitrogen content increased from 11.60,20.15 and 16.02 mg/kg before incubation to 13.65,21.54 and 17.18 mg/kg,respectively.The net nitrogen mineralization quantities of the three treatments were 4.24,6.11 and 4.46 mg/kg,respectively,and the net nitrogen mineralization rates from large to small were adding litter[0.180 mg/(kg·d)]>retaining litter[0.141 mg/(kg·d)]>removing litter[0.125 mg/(kg·d)].Therefore,both removal and addition of litter affected the soil nitrogen input and nitrogen mineralization rate of the Eucalyptus plantation,thereby affecting soil nitrogen availability and the ability of soil to maintain plant-available nitrogen.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical basis for nutrient management in Eucalyptus plantations,especially nitrogen nutrient management.

Effect of Planting Eucalyptus Trees on Runoff Depth and Its Processes of Forestland Natural Watersheds

The runoff and runoff process of Eucalyptus plantations natural watershed were studied to provide guidance for scientific evaluation of water conservation capacities of Eucalyptus plantations,compared with the Pinus massoniana forest natural watershed. The runoff volumes of Eucalyptus plantations and P. massoniana forest natural watersheds were continuously monitored using the small watershed runoff monitoring method and the automatic data collection devices from August,2013 to December,2016,and effects of heavy rainfall and continuous rainfall on the runoff process were studied. Results showed that the annual runoff coefficient of Eucalyptus plantations natural watershed was 0. 050,and 55. 4% lower than P. massoniana forest（ 0. 112）,with the difference being significant（ P 〈 0. 01）. Total runoff duration,time of maximum runoff lagging behind rainfall peak,and runoff duration caused by a heavy rainfall process（ amounting to 147. 5 mm） between the two kinds of forest watersheds were significant different,those of Eucalyptus plantations were 35. 6 mm,0. 2 h and 13. 8 h,respectively,while those of P. massoniana forest were28. 5 mm,0. 7 h and 35. 5 h,respectively. Eucalyptus plantations natural watershed produced only 4-days runoff,and runoff depth amounted to3. 8 mm with a 7-days continuous precipitation process of rainfall with 125. 0 mm,while P. massoniana forest natural watershed produced continuously 13-days runoff,and the runoff depth was 10. 1 mm. In conclusion,water conservation capacity of Eucalyptus plantations is obviously lower than P. massoniana forest.

Analysis of Soil Fertility Evolution Characteristics in Main Eucalyptus Producing Areas of Guangxi from 1993 to 2018

The research aimed to explore the impact of long-term continuous planting management mode on soil fertility evolution of eucalyptus plantation in Guangxi and evolution characteristics of each soil fertility index,and establish a reasonable management method of eucalyptus plantation in Guangxi.Main production area of eucalyptus in Guangxi was taken as the research object,and the soil fertility quality of eucalyptus plantation in Guangxi from 1993 to 2018 was evaluated by means of fuzzy mathematics by selecting soil chemical properties such as p H,organic matter,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,total potassium,alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium.The results showed that the soil p H value of eucalyptus plantation in Guangxi decreased from 4.83 to 4.63,a decrease of 4.14%.The contents of soil organic matter,total phosphorus,available nitrogen and available potassium all showed a significant decreasing trend.The soil fertility quality index( IFI) was between 0.475 and 0.613,and the overall fertility index was low.The soil of eucalyptus plantation in Guangxi showed a trend of acidification under continuous management during 1993-2018.In the actual production,it should pay more attention to soil improvement,advocate soil testing and reasonable fertilization,reduce the use of acid fertilizer,increase the application of organic fertilizer and slow release fertilizer,and ensure the ecological health and sustainable development of eucalyptus plantation.

Legume Green Manuring Improves Soil Fertility and Plant Growth of Eucalyptus Plantation in South Subtropical China

Legume green manure is extensively planted to improve soil fertility in crop field.However,the application of legume in Eucalyptus plantation is still limited and depends on site specific and species.Therefore,the objective of this study was to determine the effects of green manure interplantation on soil fertility and plant growth of Eucalyptus plantation in a short term.A field experiment of one year was established to investigate the green manure growth,forest soil nutrients and Eucalyptus plant growth inter-planted with two legume species(Tephrosia candida,TC and Sesbania cannabina,SC)at south subtropical China.Legumes were inter-planted in linear among the tree space of Eucalyptus stand.Result showed that the green manure inter-plantation increased soil organic matter by 9.66%of TC and 18.44%of SC.Soil available nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium were improved significantly by the legume treatments as well.The increment of height and diameter at breast height of Eucalyptus during the experiment was significant in legume treatments.Thus,the timber volume increment was improved significantly by 46.81%of TC and 35.47%of SC compared with the control treatment.Therefore,the inter-plantation of legume green manure under the Eucalyptus plantation is effective to improve soil fertility and tree growth.Such a measure is potential and referenced for the sustainable forest management.

桂南红壤区多代连栽桉树对土壤肥力的影响

以桂南红壤区4个代次桉树人工林土壤为研究对象,采用空间替时间的方法,对新造林(Ⅰ)、萌芽一代林(Ⅱ)、萌芽二代林(Ⅲ)、萌芽三代林(Ⅳ)土壤的15个指标进行测定,通过显著性比较分析3种综合指标评价法(模糊数学法、内梅罗指数法和灰色关联度分析法)对不同代次桉树人工林土壤肥力质量进行评价,并进行回归性验证。结果表明:土壤pH值在多代连栽后有所降低,Ⅳ林(4.41)比Ⅰ林(4.71)低,呈现出一定的酸化趋势,而有机质和有效磷、锌等元素含量也均有所下降;内梅罗指数法和模糊数学法的评价结果趋势一致,而灰色关联度分析法的评价结果则和前2种方法不一致;进一步通过回归性验证发现,内梅罗指数法和模糊数学法的综合评价结果符合实际生产情况,而灰色关联度分析法反映的结果失真。连栽土壤肥力质量变化为Ⅱ>Ⅰ>Ⅲ>Ⅳ,土壤肥力从Ⅲ林开始出现衰退现象,需要及时补充缺失养分,维持土壤肥力质量稳定。

2017—2021年澳洲坚果研究进展与热点分析

本文基于2017—2021年Web of Science(WoS)和中国知网(CNKI)数据库中以澳洲坚果为主题发表的相关文献,利用WoS自带分析工具和文献计量学软件CiteSpace,分析澳洲坚果研究现状、研究热点和发展趋势,以期为我国澳洲坚果产业发展提供参考。结果显示:2017—2021年澳洲坚果领域发文量国际发文量呈增长趋势,但增幅变化不大,澳大利亚在WoS占总体发文量的36.86%。Food Science Technology是WoS收录期刊中发文量占比最多(16.99%),其次是Environmental Sciences(11.86%)和Plant Science(10.58%)。国际研究方向主要集中在澳洲坚果的基因组和宏基因组、种仁及油料、栽培种质和杂交种植、种壳剩余物加工利用和种植园管护5个方面。国内期刊发文量在2021年增速显著,此前则逐年下降,研究热点与国际联系紧密,包括澳洲坚果种仁油料和蛋白、品种选育、土壤磷利用、虫害防治和种仁干燥加工等方向。文献计量分析表明澳洲坚果的花枯病是坐果率偏低的主要原因之一,而真菌分离株的腐生或共生能力还未确定,应深入研究,为提高澳洲坚果产量及产业发展提供科学依据和理论支撑。

连栽桉树人工林植物多样性与土壤理化性质的关联分析

研究了不同连栽代次桉树人工林土壤物理性质、化学性质及植物多样性的变化,同时利用灰色关联度法分析植物多样性与土壤理化性质间的相关性。结果表明：随着桉树人工林连栽代次的增加,林地土壤的理化性质和林下植物的植物多样性呈下降趋势,二者之间存在一定的关联性。灰色关联度分析显示,在土壤物理性质方面,Shan-non-Wiener多样性指数、物种丰富度与土壤总孔隙度的关联性最大,关联系数分别为0.860 8,0.764 2,与毛管孔隙度关联性次之,关联系数为分别为0.860 2,0.761 2;均匀度指数与土壤持水量的关联最大,关联系数为0.880 4,与总孔隙度关联性次之,关联系数为0.787 2;这3项多样性指数均与土壤容重的关联性最小,关联系数分别为0.507 9,0.531 0,0.492 0。在土壤化学性质方面,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、物种丰富度、均匀度指数均与土壤大量元素（全N、全P、全K及水解N、速效P和速效K）的关联最大,关联系数分别在0.746 9~0.832 6,0.704 0~0.709 0,0.669 2~0.762 5之间,与有机质和pH值的关联性次之,关联系数在0.558 5~0.711 7之间,而与交换性Ca、交换性Mg的关联最小,关联系数在0.490 3~0.610 4之间。可见,增加林下植被的植物多样性,有利于保持良好的土壤通气透水性和提高土壤N、P、K养分含量。在多代连栽桉树人工林林地抚育过程中应尽量减少对林下植被的破坏,以改善土壤环境、维持较高的林分生产力和生态稳定性。