Soil microorganisms alleviate the allelopathic effect of Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla leachates on Brassica chinensis

Soil microbes may be critical players in determining the allelopathic potential of some plants. Low levels of plant community biodiversity in Eucalyptus plantations have been attributed to the allelopathic potential of these tree species. The role of soil microbes in the allelopathic effect of leaf leachates of the hybrid tree Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla, was tested in Petri dish assays with Brassica chinensis as a receiver plant. Soils were collected from either a local garden (soil A) or a Eucalyptus plantation (soil B) and half of each soil was sterilized to remove microbes. These soils were then treated with E. grandis x E. urophylla leachates for 0-72 h. Seed germination of B. chinensis was significantly inhibited in soils treated with leaf leachates relative to untreated soils. The inhibitory effect of the leaf leachates was more pronounced in sterilized soils. Total phenolic content was obvious lower in nonsterile leachate-treated soils than in sterile soils. Biomass of B. chinensis was negatively correlated with the total phenolic content in soils. Our findings suggest that soil microbes can alleviate the allelopathic potential of Eucalyptus and thereby its negative impact on plant growth.

Comparative microsporogenesis and flower development in Eucalyptus urophylla×E.grandis

Microsporogenesis and flower development in Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis were examined using chromosome tableting to provide a method to predict the meiotic stages in this species. Although microsporogenesis was normal, cytokinesis during meiosis of pollen mother cells occurred simultaneously, with strong asynchronism observed in the two different lengths of stamens in a flower bud. In a single flower, the developmental period of microsporogenesis in anthers on the longer stamens was always ahead of those on the shorter stamens. Flower development was also asynchronous at different locations on a branch. Flower buds on the upper side of the branch were larger in diameter than those on the lower side. In addition, a correlation was observed between microsporogenesis development and flower bud diameter growth. The pachy- tene stage was first observed when the diameter of the flower buds increased to 3.0 mm, and the majority of the meiotic stages were observed when bud diameters ranged from 3.5 to 5.0 mm. This study showed that the developmental stages of microsporogenesis in Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis could be distinguished readily, which may be applicable to future breeding studies.

Monoterpene hydrocarbons,major components of the dried leaves essential oils of five species of the genus Eucalyptus from Cote d’Ivoire

The chemical composition of the essential oils obtained from the dried leaves of five species of the genus Eucalyptus (E. camaldulensis, E. de-glupta, E. grandis, E. torelliana, E. urophylla) growing in C?te d’Ivoire, was analyzed by means of GC and GC/MS. The density and the refractive index were measured. The major components of all these oils are: α-pinene, β-pinene, α-phellandrene, limonene, γ-terpinene, p-cymene and β-caryo-phyllene. The particularity of these oils is their monoterpene hydrocarbons major components.

Influence of Planting Spacing on Mechanical Properties of Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla Planted in China

The objective of this study was to understand influence of planting spacing on mechanical properties of Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla planted as a potential species for solid wood products in China. Four trees at age of 13 were selected from each of 6 groups of planting spacing and a total of 24 sampling trees were selected from the Dongmen Forestry Center of Guangxi Province in China. Furthermore, a one-meter-long log from each tree was cut into small blocks for wood properties testing. MOE, MOR and compression strength parallel to wood grain were determined in accordance with Chinese standards. In addition, wood density and shrinkage properties were measured. Statistical analysis by SAS software indicated significant differences among the 6 groups of planting spacings on the air-dried density, radial shrinkage and bending MOR properties at the 0.05 level, and also on the compression strength at the 0.10 level. However, it was observed that there is no significant differences among shrinkages in tangential and volume, and MOE.

Study on Machining Properties of Eucalyptus urophylla×E. grandis:I. Planing and Sanding Properties

The research method in this paper is based on the standard of American Society for Testing andMaterials (ASTM). Planing and sanding are selected to study the machining properties of E. urophylla × E.grandis plantation wood. Moreover, the reasons for machining defects are analyzed. The results show E.urophylla × E. grandis planted in south China is a good species with a great potential for solid woodutilization.

Growth Process of Eucalyptus urophylla × E.grandis Stand Based on Logistic Equation

Eucalyptus is the most valuable cultivated forest genus in the tropical and subtropical areas nowadays. It has been a challenge for foresters to model growth due to the genetic variations, management regimes, and multiple products generated from the plantations. In this paper, Logistic equation was used to study the stock growth process of E. urophylla × E. grandis plantation at age of 14 with 6 spacing treatments. And the biological interpretation of the parameters of Logistic equation was analyzed. The results show that it is flexible, precise and accurate to fit the growth process.

Effect of Initial Moisture Content on Solar Drying Ratefor Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla

Wood drying is one of the most important process links in wood products processing.However, the existing drying methods mainly depend on heat to desiccate wood, which makes wooddrying consume roughly 40% - 70% of the total energy in the entire wood process. Using solar energyfor drying is greatly significant in two aspects of energy conservation and environment protection. Themoisture content (MC) of lumber affects not only the target value of wood drying, but also the heattransfer properties, moisture rate of expansion, etc., affecting dried lumber quality and drying rate.Eucalyptus grandis × E.urophylla lumbers were collected from Guangdong as test materials and dried inthe solar dryer with low temperature schedule and the effect of initial moisture content were primarystudied on drying rate. Experiments showed that solar drying was suitable for timber with high MC. Interms of drying rate and dried lumber quality, solar drying was as good as traditional steam drying withthe same schedule. And the solar dryer had distinct energy-saving effect.

Study on Machining Properties of Eucalyptus urophylla× E.grandis:Ⅱ.Shaping,Boring,Mortising and Turning

The research method of this paper is based on the standards of American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Four items that contain boring, mortising, shaping and turning are selected to study the machining properties of E. urophylla × E. grandis plantation wood. The reasons for machining defects are analyzed. The resultshows thatE. urophylla × E. grandis planted in South China isa good specieswith great potential for solid wood utilization.

短周期尾巨桉连栽林分生产力的研究

采用空间代替时间和定位观测相结合的方法对广西东门林场3．6年生尾巨桉林分生物量和生产力的连栽效应进行了研究。结果表明：林分平均单株生物量及林分生物量3代〉1代〉2代，不同代数尾巨桉器官生物量的大小顺序为干材〉干皮〉根蔸〉粗根〉光枝〉叶〉枯枝〉叶枝〉吸收根〉细根，地上与地下部分的比例分别为84．48％-84．75％和15．25％～15．52％；不同代数林分乔木层生产力为3代〉1代〉2代，连栽对尾巨桉林分生产力的影响有待进一步的研究。

不同林龄尾巨桉人工林凋落物和土壤C、N、P化学计量特征

为正确认识桉树(Eucalyptus spp.)人工林凋落物和土壤C、N、P时空分配格局及两者间的关系,对5个林龄尾巨桉林分凋落物及土壤C、N、P含量及化学计量比进行测定分析。结果表明,凋落物的C含量均显著大于土壤,且不同林龄间凋落物C含量无显著差异,1年生人工林土壤表层(0~20 cm)的C含量显著小于3~7年生,其他土层C含量在不同林龄间差异不显著。凋落物的N含量均显著高于土壤,且1年生人工林显著大于其他林龄的,而土壤表层的N含量以7年生人工林最大,1年生的最小。凋落物的P含量除1年生人工林显著大于3年生外,其他林龄间均无显著差异,土壤的P含量在不同林龄间的差异均不显著。凋落物C∶N随林龄呈逐渐增大趋势,且显著大于土壤层。凋落物的C∶P和N∶P在不同林龄间的差异不显著,但均显著大于土壤层。凋落物的N含量与表层土壤的C、N含量呈极显著负相关,凋落物的C∶N与表层土壤的C∶P,N∶P呈显著正相关,表层土壤C、N积累受到凋落物N的制约。因此,在桉树人工林经营管理过程中如何降低凋落物分解的N限制性、提高养分传递效率及合理施肥显得十分重要。

广东省尾巨桉和马占相思人工林林下植物多样性动态变化

采用固定样地连续定位监测法对广东省高要市2种主要的速生丰产林树种尾巨桉和马占相思人工林群落的下木层、草本层的物种丰富度、Shannon-wiener物种多样性指数、Simpson物种多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数及物种组成等参数自2004年到2007年的动态变化进行对比分析。结果表明:(1)与2004年相比,2007年尾巨桉林下木层的物种数稍有减少(减少3种,占2004年物种数的12.0%),草本层的物种数显著增多(增加16种,占2004年物种数的51.6%);下木层和草本层的Shannon-wiener物种多样性指数、Simpson物种多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数均明显增大;2007年复查时,下木层消失的物种数比增加的物种数稍多,但草本层消失的物种数远少于增加的物种数。(2)马占相思林下木层和草本层的物种数均稍有减少(分别减少:3种,占2004年物种数的10.3%;4种,占2004年物种数的19.0%);下木层和草本层的Shannon-wiener物种多样性指数、Simpson物种多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数均有减少或变化不明显;2007年复查时,下木层和草本层消失的物种数均比增加的物种数多。

2种短周期工业用材林种植恢复过程对林内小气候的影响

在广西南宁市北郊的杉木林采伐迹地上,经过炼山清理,营造厚荚相思林和尾巨桉林以及灌草坡自然恢复3种植被类型,分别对主要气象要素进行连续4a的对比观测。结果表明:(1)厚荚相思林和尾巨桉林内太阳辐[射]照度日平均值分别为126.6和90.8W.m-2,分别占灌草坡植被的50.4%和36.1%;并随着林龄增大林内太阳辐[射]照度呈波浪式下降趋势。(2)厚荚相思林和尾巨桉林内年平均空气温度和地面温度分别比灌草坡植被降低0.7～0.8和1.8～2.7℃,并随着林龄增大温度逐渐降低。2种林分各年份空气相对湿度比灌草坡植被提高1～3百分点;并随着林龄增大而使林分内的增湿作用越明显。(3)2种短周期工业用材林种植恢复到5年生时,对林内小气候的调节作用已达到了成熟林分的水平,且厚荚相思林优于尾巨桉林。

人工林尾巨桉树木表面轴向生长应变

为评估人工林尾巨桉生长应力水平并揭示其变异情况,采用应变片法对其表面轴向生长应变进行了测试.研究表明,表面轴向生长应变为拉应变,活立木胸高处表面轴向生长应变平均值基本分布在650×10-6～1 100×10-6之间;生长应变的测试一般需要3 min左右,这时应力释放完毕,应变值达到稳定.尾巨桉两个家系间及树干两个方位(南、北向)间的表面轴向生长应变差异不显著,沿树高变化不明显.

不同林龄尾巨桉林地土壤有机碳储量变化差异

为桉树人工林的土壤质量评价提供科学依据,研究了不同林龄(1 a、2 a、3 a、5 a、7 a)尾巨桉林地0~60 cm土壤和枯落物的碳含量及碳储量,测算了不同林龄桉树林地叶面积指数,乔木层、灌木层、草本层和枯落物层生物量。结果表明:土壤有机碳含量随土层深度增加而呈降低趋势,不同林龄0~20 cm土层有机碳含量差异显著,不同林龄相同土层之间土壤有机碳储量差异不显著;枯落物碳储量差异显著,大小顺序为:5 a(4.83 t·hm^(-2))>7 a(3.89 t·hm^(-2))>3 a(2.66 t·hm^(-2))>2 a(2.43 t·hm^(-2))>1 a(1.56 t·hm^(-2));0~60 cm土层土壤碳储量与叶面积指数呈负相关关系,与林龄、乔木层生物量、灌木层生物量、草本层生物量、枯落物层生物量之间呈正相关性,但相关性都不显著。

杉木采伐迹地改植尾巨桉后对土壤水分及物理性质的影响

以厚荚相思林和灌草坡自然恢复植被为对照,研究了尾巨桉人工林随着植被恢复过程对土壤水分及物理性质的影响。结果表明:(1)尾巨桉林地在连续晴天和连续雨天情况下土壤(0～80cm土层)平均含水率依次为18.33%～22.69%和22.29%～26.66%,分别比厚荚相思林和灌草坡减少1.0%～18.1%;(2)尾巨桉林地(0-1m)平均土壤渗透速度为2.72～10.56mm·min-1,比灌草坡增加2.5%～7.1%,而比厚荚相思林减少6.5%～25.4%;(3)尾巨桉林地(0～1m)平均土壤容重为1.219～1.499g·cm-3,比灌草坡下降0.6%～2.6%,而比厚荚相思林增大0.8%～2.5%;(4)尾巨桉林地((0～1m)土壤非毛管孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度依次为8.3%～12.8%、33.2%～36.0%和43.2%～46.0%,比灌草坡提高1.6%～2.4%,而比厚荚相思林降低1.5%～3.2%;(5)尾巨桉林地(0-1m)土壤最大持水量、毛管持水量及最小持水量依次为433.30mm、347.44mm和253.14mm,分别比灌草坡和厚荚相思林降低1.5%～3.3%;(6)尾巨桉林地(0～1m)土壤有效贮水量为265.6mm,比灌草坡和厚荚相思林降低1.5%～3.3%。

尾巨桉不同连栽代数林地土壤水文-物理性质的研究

土壤水文-物理性质是森林生态系统水文生态功能研究的重要组成部分,但对于巨尾桉人工林不同连栽代数水文_物理性质的研究少见报导。本文于2001—2005年在广西东门林场尾巨桉不同连栽代数(1,2,3代)人工林中进行土壤水文-物理性质的测定。结果表明:①不同代数土壤容重均随土层深度的增加而递增,其递增量为0.0060～0.2804g·cm-3;造林后的土壤容重一般比造林前小0.0043～0.3148g·cm-3;相同土层的多年平均容重显示出3代>1代>2代,但差异不显著。②不同代数土壤总孔隙度的多年平均值一般随土层深度的增加而递减;造林后土壤总孔隙度随林龄增加有所递减;总孔隙度平均值显示出2和1代略大于3代的规律。③造林后的第4年,不同代数土壤持水量(最大、毛管、田间)比造林前有所增加,以后一般随林龄的增加有所递减;1m土层贮水量的多年平均值变动在833.2～1100.8t·hm-2之间,显示出3代大于1和2代的规律。④不同代数土壤通气度的多年平均值变动在12.5%～24.0%之间,并随土层深度的增加而降低;相同层次土壤通气度随着代数增加而减小。

尾巨桉速生林连栽生长特性的研究

对广西东门林场7～43个月生尾巨桉连栽林分生长特性及土壤养分变化进行研究.结果表明:连栽尾巨桉林分胸径、树高和蓄积量均随着年龄的增长而明显增加,林分表现了早期强速生的特性.随连栽代数的增加,尾巨桉树高、胸径、蓄积的总生长量并没有出现下降的趋势,但其连年生长量已开始出现明显的衰退现象.

连栽对尾巨桉短轮伐期人工林生长量和生产力动态的影响

以定位监测和时空互代相结合的方法，于1998--2005年对广西国有东门林场不同连栽代次尾巨桉（Eucalyptus urophylla×E．grandis）人工林生长量、生物量和净生产量动态进行了连续8a的研究。结果表明：在一个轮伐期内．尾巨桉林木胸径和树高生长量以1～5a较快、5a以后则减缓，呈现早期强速生特性，连栽会使这一特性更加明显；连栽林分（第2代）乔木层3．6a、5．8a和7．3a的总生物量平均值分别为43．531t·hm^-2、84．127t·hm^-2和94．289t·hm^-2，除3．6a的平均值比对照林分（第1代）的低5．36％外，其5．8a和7．3a的平均值则分别比对照林分的高7．79％和6．0％，但差异不显著；连栽林分和对照林分的干材生物量占总生物量百分率均随林龄的增加而增大。干皮、枝、叶和根所占的百分率则随林龄的增加而减小，其乔木层定期平均净生产量随着林龄的增加均呈现先增后减的趋势。

尾巨桉和厚荚相思人工林土壤肥力及其差异

对广西国营高峰林场界牌分场相似立地条件下尾巨桉和厚荚相思人工林土壤的物理和化学性质进行了测定，旨在研究尾巨桉和厚荚相思的生长对土壤肥力的影响。结果表明：厚荚相思人工林的土壤非毛管孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、自然含水量、非毛管持水量、毛管持水量及最大持水量均高于尾巨桉，其具更高的土壤通透、保水和供水性能，但差异不显著（P=0．31—0．97）；除速效钾外，尾巨桉人工林土壤有机质和养分元素含量均小于厚荚相思人工林。差异显著性检验结果表明：20—40cm土壤有机质差异极显著（P=0．01），而在0—20cm土层中，土壤有机质、pH值、全磷、全氮等差异均不显著（P=0．11—0．99）；厚荚相思人工林对土壤的改良作用优于尾巨桉人工林。

人工林尾巨桉原木内部轴向残余应变径向分布

采用"中心板锯割法"结合"应变片法"对人工林尾巨桉原木内部轴向残余应变径向分布进行测试和研究。结果表明:原木内部轴向残余应变径向上分布沿髓心的对称性较好,在靠近树皮处为拉应变,向髓心方向拉应变逐渐减小,到某个树干半径后减为0,随即转变为压应变,向髓心方向压应变逐渐增大,径向分布的回归方程为:y=-21.075x2+4.5297x+890.75(r=0.87),在0.01水平相关性极显著,拉应变向压应变转变的树干半径为0.681R;在不同原木高度上内部轴向残余应变的径向分布模式相似,回归曲线相关性均在0.01水平极显著,但随着原木高度的增加相关性下降;原木直径影响内部轴向残余应变径向分布曲线的变化梯度,直径越小,曲线越陡峭。本研究提出原木直径对内部轴向残余应变径向变化梯度的影响具有一个临界值的观点,原木直径小于这个临界值时,随着直径的减小,内部轴向残余应变径向分布的变化梯度显著增大,对于本研究中的尾巨桉,原木直径的临界值为19.9cm。