Comprehensive Assessment of the Safety of Eucommia ulmoides Leaf Extract for Consumption as a Traditional Chinese Health Food

To ensure the export quality of Eucommia ulmoides leaf extract(ELE)and facilitate E.ulmoides leaf inclusion in the directory of traditional Chinese health foods,an overall safety assessment of ELE was performed,including genotoxicity and long-term toxicity,according to the national food safety standards of China.No variations in the reverse mutation number of the nominal bacterial strains were observed under ELE treatment in comparison with the solvent control.Additionally,the micronucleus rates of in vivo mammalian erythrocytes and in vitro mammalian cells under ELE treatment were equivalent to or significantly lower than those of the solvent control.The fold change in the trifluorothymidine resistance mutation frequency of the thymidine kinase gene under ELE treatment was less than three times in comparison with the solvent control,suggesting that ELE did not cause genotoxicity.Moreover,animal experiments showed that the growth performance of rats under ELE treatment was enhanced because the body weights of rats increased.No oxidative injury or inflammatory responses were induced and no histopathological lesions of tissues were detected under ELE treatment.In addition,plasma triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels significantly decreased,and plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels significantly increased with ELE treatment,suggesting that ELE was health-promoting.Furthermore,moderate to excellent antimicrobial activities,a favorable anticancer capacity,and superior antioxidant abilities of ELE were found,implying ELE possesses good bioactivities.Therefore,we affirmed ELE is safe to consume as a traditional Chinese health food.

Cloning and Function Identification of a Phytoene Desaturase Gene from Eucommia ulmoides

The phytoene desaturase(PDS)encodes a crucial enzyme in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway.Silencing or inhibiting PDS expression leads to the appearance of mottled,chlorosis,or albino leaves.In this study,the CDS sequence of EuPDS(Eucommia ulmoides Phytoene Desaturase)was first cloned and then PDS was silenced in Nicotiana benthamiana.Result showed the expression level of EuPDS in leaves was higher than that in the roots and stems.In N.benthamiana leaves,which were treated by Agrobacterium for 24 h,photo-bleaching was shown on the fresh leaves one week after injection and the transcript level of PDS was down-regulated during the period of emersion.This suggested that EuPDS could silence PDS of N.benthamiana,so as to cause the phenotype of leaf whitening.PDS is the main reporter gene involved in virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS).This study offered molecular evidence for identifying PDS gene involved in Carotenoid’s biosynthesis pathway and the regulation networks in E.ulmides.It also laid a useful foundation for study on leaf discoloration mechanism of other woody plants.

Overexpression ofβ-1,4-Glucanase Gene EuEG1 Improves Micrografting of Eucommia ulmoides

Adventitious root formation poses a major constraint on the tissue culture and genetic transformation of Eucommia ulmoides.Micrografting offers a new method for the transplantation of genetic transformation,and its success depends on the formation of graft unions.This study used transgenic rootless test-tube seedlings as scions and seedlings from seed as rootstocks during micrografting to avoid the rooting issues that occur during tissue culture and to investigate the role of the EuEG1 gene in the graft healing process.We found that the EuEG1 gene is a vital regulator of graft,and its overexpression contributes to the survival of Eucommia ulmoides micrografting.The EuEG1 gene transgenic plants(TP)used as scions for micrografting presented a significantly higher survival rate than the wild type(WT)and empty vector(EV)regenerated scions.During the grafting healing process,the expression of the EuEG1 gene was higher during the period of callus proliferation,suggesting that the EuEG1 gene was involved in the graft healing process.Histological observation revealed that more calluses tissue appeared at the junction of transgenic scions,and the connection with the rootstock was stronger,which benefits wound healing.These results provide new insights into Eucommia ulmoides micrografting and indicate that the EuEG1 gene can promote wound healing and improve the micrografting survival rate.

Role and Effects of Eucommia ulmoides Leaves in the Growth Process of Livestock and Poultry

Substitutes of feed antibiotics have been a key research topic in the new stage of animal husbandry.Chinese veterinary medicine refers to decoction pieces and their preparations processed from natural plants,animals,and minerals and used for animal disease prevention and improvement of animal production performance under the guidance of Chinese veterinary pharmacy theory.Eucommia ulmoides leaf extract has many active functional components such as chlorogenic acid,E.ulmoides polysaccharides and flavonoids,which have many biological properties such as antibacterial,antioxidant,immune-regulation,sugar ester-and bone metabolism-regulation effects.This paper explored active ingredients and biological properties of E.ulmoides leaf extract,as well as its role and effects in livestock and poultry breeding,providing a scientific basis for the use of E.ulmoides leaves in livestock and poultry breeding.

Effects of Fatigue Characteristics on Static and Dynamic Performance of Eucommia Rubber Isolators

This study aimed to investigate the effect of fatigue characteristics on the static and dynamic performance of Eucommia ulmoides gum isolators, and to explore the performance changes of Eucommia ulmoides gum isolators with different formulations. For this purpose, we used five formulations of Eucommia ulmoides gum isolators and set different fatigue test methods to study the static and dynamic performance changes of Eucommia ulmoides gum isolators with different formulations by changing the amplitude. The experimental results showed that the addition of Eucommia ulmoides gum had an impact on the performance of the isolator, and the number of fatigue cycles would lead to the hardening of the Eucommia ulmoides gum isolator and changes in its static and dynamic performance. In the range of two million vibrations, the performance change of the isolator was significant in the early stage and then tended to be flat, indicating that the impact of fatigue on the performance of the isolator would not continue to persist. It is worth noting that the study found that the addition of 30% Eucommia ulmoides gum had the least impact on the performance of the isolator under fatigue. Therefore, for long-term use of Eucommia ulmoides gum isolators, attention should be paid to their fatigue characteristics to ensure their stability and reliability. Additionally, this study provides a reference for the design and application of Eucommia ulmoides gum isolators. In summary, this study provides important reference value for a deeper understanding of the fatigue characteristics of Eucommia ulmoides gum isolators and for ensuring their stable and reliable performance. .

南方红壤区杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides)树干液流动态

采用根据热平衡原理设计的热扩散探针(Thermal dissipation sap flow velocity probe,TDP),于2004年7月到10月对南方红壤区的杜仲人工林的树干液流进行连续监测,结合所测定的相关因子,分析杜仲液流的变化规律及其与各因子的关系。结果表明,在不同月份,杜仲液流速率的日变化规律基本一致,呈单峰曲线,但是树干液流在启动时间、峰值出现时间上存在差异;从7月到10月份,杜仲树干液流速率逐渐增大,10月份液流速率达到1.818 g/(cm2.h);杜仲液流速率与太阳辐射、空气相对湿度、温度、风速等气象因子相关性显著,但是太阳辐射和空气相对湿度是影响杜仲液流的重要因子,其中7月到9月份,太阳辐射是主要影响因子,而10月份,空气相对湿度占主导地位;树干液流与胸径、冠层厚度以及胸径平方与树高之积呈现出显著的相关性。

Chemical constituents,biological functions and pharmacological effects for comprehensive utilization of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver

Eucommia ulmoides Oliver is a native plant and valuable tonic Chinese medicine in China with a long history,great economic value and comprehensive development potential.Traditionally,the comprehensive utilization rate of E.ulmoides Oliv.is still very low,only bark has been used as medicine and other parts of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.cannot be fully utilized,even the leaves have been well utilized in food products in Japan in the past decades.In order to improve the comprehensive utilization efficiency of E.ulmoides Oliv.,in this review,we summarized the varieties and contents of main active compounds,biological functions and pharmacological effects in different parts of E.ulmoides Oliv.The findings suggest that other parts of E.ulmoides Oliv.could replace the bark of E.ulmoides Oliv.to some extent besides of their respective applications.The unique and extensive physiological functions between different parts of E.ulmoides Oliv.indicate that the comprehensive utilization of E.ulmoides Oliv.has a wide space to develop,which is also an effective way to protect E.ulmoides Oliv.resources and improve its the utilization rate.

地面覆盖对皮叶两用杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.)林冠层辐射能分布的影响(英文)

通过在杜仲林地种植白三叶草、覆膜和覆秸秆,研究了地面覆盖对8a生皮叶两用杜仲林冠层光能分布的影响。结果表明:地面种植白三叶草、覆膜、覆秸秆和不覆盖条件下,林冠中部的总辐射分别比林冠表面降低了18.8%、20.0%、17.1%、17.1%;在林冠层,不同地面覆盖的林冠下表面接受的地面反射辐射差异较大,种植白三叶草、覆膜和覆秸秆的林冠下表面接收的反射辐射分别较地面无覆盖的高42.8%、56.4%和8.1%,且林冠中部接受的地面反射辐射明显低于林冠下表面;种植白三叶草、覆膜和覆秸秆的林冠中部的净辐射能分别较地面无覆盖的高14.4%、18.5%和5.6%。不同覆盖处理的冠层净辐射垂直分布趋势基本一致,在冠层范围内,净辐射能随高度升高呈指数规律增大。

Potential role of the compound Eucommia bone tonic granules in patients with osteoarthritis and osteonecrosis: A retrospective study

BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis is a major source of pain,disability,and socioeconomic cost worldwide.Osteonecrosis is a disabling disorder that frequently occurs in the younger population aged from 20-50 years.The compound Eucommia bone tonic granules,a traditional Chinese medicine,can alleviate the damage of osteoarthritis and osteonecrosis.AIM To investigate the potential role of the compound Eucommia bone tonic granules(Eucommia)in the treatment of patients with osteoarthritis and osteonecrosis.METHODS One-hundred forty osteoarthritis and osteonecrosis cases admitted to our hospital from January 2013 to December 2017 were selected.Patients were divided into two groups:Eucommia-meloxicam group and meloxicam group.Clinical efficacy and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index(WOMAC)score were evaluated according to the evaluation criteria of orthopedic diseases.The levels of bone-GLA protein,interleukin-17,recombinant human S100 calcium binding protein A12,sphingosine 1-phosphate,cystatin C,creatinine,and hemoglobin in peripheral blood were determined.RESULTS The total effective rate in the two osteoarthritis groups was not different,but the total effective rate in the two osteonecrosis groups was significantly different.The overall efficacy of Eucommia-meloxicam group was superior to that of the meloxicam group.WOMAC showed that pain,stiffness,and dysfunction in the two groups of osteoarthritis and osteonecrosis before and after treatment were significantly different.The concentration of recombinant human S100 calcium binding protein A12,sphingosine 1-phosphate,cystatin C,creatinine,and hemoglobin before and after treatment in the Eucommia-meloxicam group and meloxicam group of osteoarthritis and osteonecrosis were significantly different,and the two treatment groups were significantly different from each other for osteoarthritis.CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that Eucommia can effectively enhance the curative effect of meloxicam,and the combination of Eucommia and meloxicam is superior to meloxicam alone.

Simultaneous determination of geniposidic acid. chlorogenic acid and geniposide in eucommia by HPLC

A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was established for simultaneous determina-tion of geniposidic acid, chlorogenic acid and geniposide in eucommia. Detection at 240 nm with a reversed-phasecolumn, CH3OH volume fraction, acidic additive and pH value of mobile phase were studied for their effects on theseparability of the compounds. The most suitable separation was obtained with isocratic gradient elution systemusing CH3OH-H2O-H3 PO4 (12.00: 87.96: 0.04, volume ratio) at a flow-rate of 1.0 mL/min. Under the experi-mental conditions, the capacity factors of three compounds are in 3-13. The sample is separated rightly. Theanalysis time is 30 min and the retention time of genfposidic acid, chlorogenic acid and geniposide are 6. 7 min,10.5 min and 21 min, respectively.

Potential therapeutic effects and applications of Eucommiae Folium in secondary hypertension

Eucommiae Folium(EF),a traditional Chinese medicine,has been used to treat secondary hypertension,including renal hypertension and salt-sensitive hypertension,as well as hypertension caused by thoracic aortic endothelial dysfunction,a high-fat diet,and oxidized low-density lipoprotein.The antihypertensive components of EF are divided into four categories:flavonoids,iridoids,lignans,and phenylpropanoids,such as chlorogenic acid,geniposide acid and pinoresinol diglucoside.EF regulates the occurrence and development of hypertension by regulating biological processes,such as inhibiting inflammation,regulating the nitric oxide synthase pathway,reducing oxidative stress levels,regulating endothelial vasoactive factors,and lowering blood pressure.However,its molecular antihypertensive mechanisms are still unclear and require further investigation.In this review,by consulting the relevant literature on the antihypertensive effects of EF and using network pharmacology,we summarized the active ingredients and pharmacological mechanisms of EF in the treatment of hypertension to clarify how EF is associated with secondary hypertension,the related components,and underlying mechanisms.The results of the network pharmacology analysis indicated that EF treats hypertension through a multicomponent,multi-target and multi-pathway mechanism.In particular,we discussed the role of EF targets in the treatment of hypertension,including epithelial sodium channel,heat shock protein70,rhoassociated protein kinase 1,catalase,and superoxide dismutase.The relevant signal transduction pathways,the ras homolog family member A(RhoA)/Rho-associated protein kinase(ROCK)and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADPH)oxidase/eNOS/NO/Ca^(2+)pathways,are also discussed.

Anti-Hypertensive Effects of Blended <i>Camellia oleifera</i>Abel Oil and Eucommia Extract on SHR Mice

In our study, we employed Camellia seed oil as the main ingredients blended with Eucommia Extract to investigate the effects of anti-hypertensive on mice by administrating mice with low dose, middle dose and high dose of Camellia seed oil complex for 4 weeks. The specific tests of studying effects of anti-hypertensive were body weight, blood systolic pressure (BSP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), pm meam blood pressure (MBP) and heart rate (HR). And the results showed that appropriate level of Camellia seed oil complex could decrease the body weight and had an active effect on the cardiovascular system of mice, which significantly embodied the anti-hypertensive activity of Camellia seed oil complex.

Determining the in vitro Anti-Aging Effect of the Characteristic Components from Eucommia ulmoides

To evaluate the potential anti-aging ability of Eucommia ulmoides,four characteristic components(chlorogenic acid,geniposidic acid,aucubin,quercetin)were selected to assess their effects on H_(2)O_(2)-induced oxidative damage model of human umbilical vein endothelial cell(HUVEC).Oxidative damage indexes,inflammatory factors,cell cycle,cell apoptosis,cell senescence,and their related proteins were analyzed by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium(MTT)assay,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),propidium iodide(PI)staining,annexin V-FITC/PI double staining,SAβ-galactosidase staining,and western blotting(WB).The results showed that H_(2)O_(2)-induced cell growth inhibition rate decreased as supplementation with characteristic components when compared to H_(2)O_(2) group.Meanwhile,the contents of antioxidant indexes(reactive oxygen species,lactate dehydrogenase,molondialdehyde,superoxide dismutase,glutathione),inflammatory factors(nuclear factor kappa-B,intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1,vascular cell adhesion protein 1),and functional factors(NO,Endothelin-1)in characteristic components treated groups improved if comparison with H_(2)O_(2) group,suggesting the characteristic components of E.ulmoides could alleviate H_(2)O_(2)-induced oxidative damage.Moreover,cell cycle,cell apoptosis,cell senescence,and their related proteins under characteristic components treatment exhibited a better effect than under H_(2)O_(2) treatment,implying the characteristic components could participate in anti-aging via multiple pathways.These results manifested that the characteristic components of E.ulmoides posses the capacity of anti-aging,which provided a basis for investigating the anti-aging ability of E.ulmoides itself.

Transcriptomic and Physiological Analyses of Pigment Accumulation in Eucommia ulmoides‘Hongye’

Eucommia ulmoides‘Hongye’is a new ornamental variety of E.ulmoides with excellent red or purple foliage.We found that E.ulmoides‘Hongye’exhibited a gradual change from green to red colour under light conditions.However,the colouring mechanism in the leaves of E.ulmoides‘Hongye’remains unclear.In this study,we compared the pigment content and leaf colour index of E.ulmoides‘Hongye’at five stages with those of E.ulmoides‘Xiaoye’,which was used as the control variety.The transcriptome sequencing data of the first-period(H1,green)and fifth-period(H5,red)leaves were also analysed and compared.The corresponding gene regulation in anthocyanin-related metabolic pathways was then analysed.Physiological results indicated that the contents of flavonoids and anthocyanins in red leaves(H5)were significantly higher than those in green leaves(H1),whereas the chlorophyll content in red leaves(H5)was lower than that in green leaves(H1).Moreover,the carotenoid content did not significantly differ between the two varieties.A transcriptome analysis identified 4240 differentially expressed genes(DEGs),and 20 of these genes were found to be involved in flavonoid and anthocyanin biosynthesis pathways.The results provide a reference for further study of the leaf colouration mechanism in E.ulmoides.

Cloning and Characterization of EuGID1 in Eucommia ulmoides Oliver

Gibberellic acid controlled the key developmental processes of the life cycle of landing plants,and regulated the growth and development of plants.In this study,a novel gibberellin receptor gene EuGID1 was obtained from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver.The cDNA of EuGID1 was 1556 bp,and the open reading frame was 1029 bp,which encoded 343 amino acids.EuGID1 had the homology sequence with the hormone-sensitive lipase family.Amino acid sequence alignment confirmed EuGID1 protein had the highest homology with the GID1 protein of Manihot esculenta.EuGID1 was located in the nucleus and cell membrane and had expression in four plant organs.Overexpression of EuGID1 in transgenic Arabidopsis plants promoted plant elongation and increased siliques yield.

Extraction Process of Total Flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex and Its in vitro Antioxidant Activity

[Objectives]To optimize the extraction process of total flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex,establish the extraction and content determination methods of its medicinal materials,and study its in vitro antioxidant activity.[Methods]The total flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex were extracted by reflux extraction method,and the effects of extraction method,extraction solvent concentration,extraction volume,and extraction time on the total flavonoids content of the medicinal materials were explored through the single factor experiment.Orthogonal experiment was carried out to optimize the extraction process conditions,and the optimal extraction process for total flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex was screened out.The total antioxidant capacity index was used to determine the free radical scavenging ability of the total flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex.[Results]The optimal extraction process of total flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex was 50%ethanol,1∶40 solid-to-liquid-ratio,and 1.5 h reflux extraction time.Through the antioxidant experiment in vitro,it is found that the total flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex have a higher scavenging ability for the total antioxidant capacity,and there is a certain positive correlation with the mass concentration of total flavonoids.[Conclusions]This method can effectively determine the total flavonoids content of Eucommiae Cortex medicinal material,and provide a certain scientific basis for the quality standard research of the medicinal material.The total flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex have good in vitro antioxidant activity.And the method for extracting total flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex medicinal material in this experiment has good repeatability,high stability and feasibility.

Eucommia and fructus psoraleae promote the proliferation of osteoblasts cultured in vitro: an experimental study

Objective:To study the effect of eucommia and fructus psoraleae treatment on the proliferation of osteoblasts cultured in vitro.Method:1-day-old SD rats were taken, the osteoblasts in exposed bone were separated, cultured and divided into 4 groups, group A were treated with DMEM without drugs or serum, group B were treated with serum-free DMEM containing eucommia with final concentration 10 μg/L, group C were treated with serum-free DMEM containing fructus psoraleae with final concentration 10 μmol/L, and group D were treated with serum-free DMEM containing eucommia with final concentration 10 μg/L and fructus psoraleae with final concentration 10 μmol/L. 24 h after treatment, the mRNA expression of apoptosis genes and proliferation genes in cells were detected.Results: Bax, Fas, FasL and HSG mRNA expression in group B, group C and group D were significantly lower than those in group A while c-fos, c-jun, CyclinD1, Egr-1 and NDRG1 mRNA expression were significantly higher than those in group A;Bax, Fas, FasL and HSG mRNA expression in group D were significantly lower than those in group B and group C, and c-fos, c-jun, CyclinD1, Egr-1 and NDRG1 mRNA expression were significantly higher than those in group B and group C.Conclusion: Both eucommia and fructus psoraleae can promote the osteoblast proliferation, and the combination of the two drugs has synergistic effect.

Renal Protective Effects of Eucommia Glycosides on Renal Hypertension Rats

Objective:To investigate the antihypertensive,antioxidant and renal protective effects of Eulcommia glycosides on renal hypertensive rats with two-kidney and one-clip type.Materials and Methods:A total of 50 healthy male SD rats were fed adaptive for one week,and after 2 weeks of 2 K1 C operation,they were divided into 5 groups:sham operation group,model control group,benazepri group,ulcommin high-dose group and low-dose group,with 8 rats in each group.Rats in each group were given continuously intragastric administration for 4 weeks,and systolic blood pressure of caudal artery was measured before modeling,2 weeks after modeling,and after treatment.Urinary microalbumin(MALB)was measured at 24 hours.Serum AngⅡand ROS were measured by taking blood from abdominal aorta.The right kidney of rats was taken to measure the expression level of NOX4 m RNA and pathological observation by HE staining.Results:Compared with sham operation group,blood pressure,serum AngⅡ,ROS content,NOX4 m RNA expression level and MALB in kidney tissue of model group were significantly increased(P<0.05).Compared with model control group,the above indexes in treatment groups were significantly decreased(P<0.05).There was no statistical significance among all treatment groups(P<0.05).Under light microscope,normal glomeruli and renal tubules were observed in rats of sham operation group.Slight glomerular atrophy and fibrous hyperplasia were observed in the renal tissue of model control rats,and inflammatory cells were observed in renal interstitium.The above symptoms were slightly relieved in the treatment group compared with the model control group.Conclusion:Eucommia glycosides can reduce blood pressure and protect the kidney,and the mechanism may be related to the inhibition of renal oxidation.

Comparative analysis of chemical components between barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver

The chemical components of the essential oils in the barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver were analyzed and compared by chromatograms and mass spectra technique, heuristic evolving latent projections (HELP), alternative moving window factor analysis (AMWFA) algorithms and normalization method based on the peak areas; the flavones in the barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver were separated on an ODS column by gradient elution carried out with the flow phase consisting of water, methanol and phosphoric acid (0.1%), and their contents were quantitatively determined by standard curve method and diode array detection (DAD) at 362 nm. The results show that 68 and 73 compounds respectively from essential oils of the barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver are identified, and there are 33 mutual compounds among 108 compounds determined. The total contents of these volatile components of the two samples possess 92.9% and 97.75% of the gross of the relevant essential oils, respectively; the contents of the rutin, quercetin and kaempferol in the barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver are 0.016 9, 0.003 6, 0.002 1 and 0.064 4, 0.030 2, 0.010 0 mg/g, respectively, and the determination recoveries are 95.2%-106.2%. The comparative analysis shows that for the barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver, there are significant differences in their components of the relevant essential oils and flavones.

The Extraction of Eucommia Ulmoides Oliv Polysaccharides and Its Protective Effect on Liver of Clophasphamidecy Injured Mice

Objective:To study the influenceof eucommia polysaccharide on the mice' liver damaged by clophasphamidecy (CY).Methods:Injecting CY build mice liver damage model,eucommia polysaccharide given different doses, measured blood serum ALT,AST and the liver's SOD,MDA. Results:After the injection CY,blood serum ALT,AST and the MDA of liver rise and the SOD of liver reduce comparedwith the blank group. The eucommia polysaccharide can improve these index.Conclusion:The Eucommia polysaccharide may protect the mice' liver damaged by CY.