Comparative analysis of chemical components between barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver

The chemical components of the essential oils in the barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver were analyzed and compared by chromatograms and mass spectra technique, heuristic evolving latent projections (HELP), alternative moving window factor analysis (AMWFA) algorithms and normalization method based on the peak areas; the flavones in the barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver were separated on an ODS column by gradient elution carried out with the flow phase consisting of water, methanol and phosphoric acid (0.1%), and their contents were quantitatively determined by standard curve method and diode array detection (DAD) at 362 nm. The results show that 68 and 73 compounds respectively from essential oils of the barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver are identified, and there are 33 mutual compounds among 108 compounds determined. The total contents of these volatile components of the two samples possess 92.9% and 97.75% of the gross of the relevant essential oils, respectively; the contents of the rutin, quercetin and kaempferol in the barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver are 0.016 9, 0.003 6, 0.002 1 and 0.064 4, 0.030 2, 0.010 0 mg/g, respectively, and the determination recoveries are 95.2%-106.2%. The comparative analysis shows that for the barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver, there are significant differences in their components of the relevant essential oils and flavones.

Chemical constituents,biological functions and pharmacological effects for comprehensive utilization of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver

Eucommia ulmoides Oliver is a native plant and valuable tonic Chinese medicine in China with a long history,great economic value and comprehensive development potential.Traditionally,the comprehensive utilization rate of E.ulmoides Oliv.is still very low,only bark has been used as medicine and other parts of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.cannot be fully utilized,even the leaves have been well utilized in food products in Japan in the past decades.In order to improve the comprehensive utilization efficiency of E.ulmoides Oliv.,in this review,we summarized the varieties and contents of main active compounds,biological functions and pharmacological effects in different parts of E.ulmoides Oliv.The findings suggest that other parts of E.ulmoides Oliv.could replace the bark of E.ulmoides Oliv.to some extent besides of their respective applications.The unique and extensive physiological functions between different parts of E.ulmoides Oliv.indicate that the comprehensive utilization of E.ulmoides Oliv.has a wide space to develop,which is also an effective way to protect E.ulmoides Oliv.resources and improve its the utilization rate.

Comprehensive Assessment of the Safety of Eucommia ulmoides Leaf Extract for Consumption as a Traditional Chinese Health Food

To ensure the export quality of Eucommia ulmoides leaf extract(ELE)and facilitate E.ulmoides leaf inclusion in the directory of traditional Chinese health foods,an overall safety assessment of ELE was performed,including genotoxicity and long-term toxicity,according to the national food safety standards of China.No variations in the reverse mutation number of the nominal bacterial strains were observed under ELE treatment in comparison with the solvent control.Additionally,the micronucleus rates of in vivo mammalian erythrocytes and in vitro mammalian cells under ELE treatment were equivalent to or significantly lower than those of the solvent control.The fold change in the trifluorothymidine resistance mutation frequency of the thymidine kinase gene under ELE treatment was less than three times in comparison with the solvent control,suggesting that ELE did not cause genotoxicity.Moreover,animal experiments showed that the growth performance of rats under ELE treatment was enhanced because the body weights of rats increased.No oxidative injury or inflammatory responses were induced and no histopathological lesions of tissues were detected under ELE treatment.In addition,plasma triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels significantly decreased,and plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels significantly increased with ELE treatment,suggesting that ELE was health-promoting.Furthermore,moderate to excellent antimicrobial activities,a favorable anticancer capacity,and superior antioxidant abilities of ELE were found,implying ELE possesses good bioactivities.Therefore,we affirmed ELE is safe to consume as a traditional Chinese health food.

The Extraction of Eucommia Ulmoides Oliv Polysaccharides and Its Protective Effect on Liver of Clophasphamidecy Injured Mice

Objective:To study the influenceof eucommia polysaccharide on the mice' liver damaged by clophasphamidecy (CY).Methods:Injecting CY build mice liver damage model,eucommia polysaccharide given different doses, measured blood serum ALT,AST and the liver's SOD,MDA. Results:After the injection CY,blood serum ALT,AST and the MDA of liver rise and the SOD of liver reduce comparedwith the blank group. The eucommia polysaccharide can improve these index.Conclusion:The Eucommia polysaccharide may protect the mice' liver damaged by CY.

Isolation of a novel antifungal peptide from the bark of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv

A novel Eucommia antifungal peptide, named EAFP3, was isolated from the bark of Eucommia ul- moides by NaC1 extract, gel filtration and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. The molecular mass of EAFP3 is 4157.3 Da, and its partial amino acid sequence is -. LYQQLIAGITLNK.-. EAFP3 exerts an inhibitory activity against Candida albicans in vitro and the drug concentration required for 50% growth inhibition （IC50） is 31.25μg/mL.

Transcriptomic and Physiological Analyses of Pigment Accumulation in Eucommia ulmoides‘Hongye’

Eucommia ulmoides‘Hongye’is a new ornamental variety of E.ulmoides with excellent red or purple foliage.We found that E.ulmoides‘Hongye’exhibited a gradual change from green to red colour under light conditions.However,the colouring mechanism in the leaves of E.ulmoides‘Hongye’remains unclear.In this study,we compared the pigment content and leaf colour index of E.ulmoides‘Hongye’at five stages with those of E.ulmoides‘Xiaoye’,which was used as the control variety.The transcriptome sequencing data of the first-period(H1,green)and fifth-period(H5,red)leaves were also analysed and compared.The corresponding gene regulation in anthocyanin-related metabolic pathways was then analysed.Physiological results indicated that the contents of flavonoids and anthocyanins in red leaves(H5)were significantly higher than those in green leaves(H1),whereas the chlorophyll content in red leaves(H5)was lower than that in green leaves(H1).Moreover,the carotenoid content did not significantly differ between the two varieties.A transcriptome analysis identified 4240 differentially expressed genes(DEGs),and 20 of these genes were found to be involved in flavonoid and anthocyanin biosynthesis pathways.The results provide a reference for further study of the leaf colouration mechanism in E.ulmoides.

Cloning and Characterization of EuGID1 in Eucommia ulmoides Oliver

Gibberellic acid controlled the key developmental processes of the life cycle of landing plants,and regulated the growth and development of plants.In this study,a novel gibberellin receptor gene EuGID1 was obtained from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver.The cDNA of EuGID1 was 1556 bp,and the open reading frame was 1029 bp,which encoded 343 amino acids.EuGID1 had the homology sequence with the hormone-sensitive lipase family.Amino acid sequence alignment confirmed EuGID1 protein had the highest homology with the GID1 protein of Manihot esculenta.EuGID1 was located in the nucleus and cell membrane and had expression in four plant organs.Overexpression of EuGID1 in transgenic Arabidopsis plants promoted plant elongation and increased siliques yield.

Extraction Process of Total Flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex and Its in vitro Antioxidant Activity

[Objectives]To optimize the extraction process of total flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex,establish the extraction and content determination methods of its medicinal materials,and study its in vitro antioxidant activity.[Methods]The total flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex were extracted by reflux extraction method,and the effects of extraction method,extraction solvent concentration,extraction volume,and extraction time on the total flavonoids content of the medicinal materials were explored through the single factor experiment.Orthogonal experiment was carried out to optimize the extraction process conditions,and the optimal extraction process for total flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex was screened out.The total antioxidant capacity index was used to determine the free radical scavenging ability of the total flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex.[Results]The optimal extraction process of total flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex was 50%ethanol,1∶40 solid-to-liquid-ratio,and 1.5 h reflux extraction time.Through the antioxidant experiment in vitro,it is found that the total flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex have a higher scavenging ability for the total antioxidant capacity,and there is a certain positive correlation with the mass concentration of total flavonoids.[Conclusions]This method can effectively determine the total flavonoids content of Eucommiae Cortex medicinal material,and provide a certain scientific basis for the quality standard research of the medicinal material.The total flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex have good in vitro antioxidant activity.And the method for extracting total flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex medicinal material in this experiment has good repeatability,high stability and feasibility.

不同良种杜仲叶主要营养成分的动态变化与综合评价

[目的]杜仲Eucommia ulmoides叶在医疗、保健、食品及无抗养殖等领域有广泛用途。通过比较不同良种杜仲叶主要营养成分的差异及动态变化,筛选优质叶用杜仲良种资源,为杜仲叶的高效利用提供参考。[方法]分别利用HPLC法和全自动氨基酸分析仪测定13个良种不同生长期杜仲叶9种重要活性成分和15种氨基酸组分的含量,基于主成分分析和隶属函数法开展不同良种杜仲叶的营养评价。[结果]与槲皮素、桃叶珊瑚苷和京尼平苷酸相比,原儿茶酸、芦丁、绿原酸、紫云英苷、山奈酚以及松脂素二葡萄糖苷的含量在不同良种杜仲叶之间差异较大;不同良种同一活性成分含量的生长动态变化趋势基本一致。13个良种杜仲叶必需氨基酸与总氨基酸的比值(EAA/TAA)为0.40~0.45,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值(EAA/NEAA)为0.66~0.82;天冬氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸等5种氨基酸的动态变化趋势较为一致。总氨基酸、必需氨基酸、亮氨酸等9种组分的含量可作为杜仲叶营养价值的评判指标。[结论]13个良种杜仲叶的氨基酸组成和比例均达到理想蛋白质模式的标准。‘华仲10号’‘华仲24号’‘华仲13号’‘华仲30号’‘华仲12号’是优质的叶用杜仲良种资源,在规模化提取和利用杜仲叶黄酮类时应优先选用‘华仲12号’‘华仲24号’良种。

杜仲协同拟茎点霉XP-8合成木脂素类的条件优化及其功能活性

对杜仲协同拟茎点霉XP-8生物合成松脂醇(Pinoresinol,Pin)、松脂醇单葡萄糖苷(Pinoresinol-4-O-β-Dglucopyranoside,PMG)和松脂醇二葡萄糖苷(Pinoresinol diglucoside,PDG)的条件进行优化,研究培养方式、杜仲添加量和静息处理时间对Pin、PMG和PDG产量的影响,并对相关产物的抗氧化性和抑癌性进行研究。结果表明,3%杜仲PDB培养基培养菌体并静息处理5 d时Pin、PMG和PDG产量较高。该条件下代谢产物液对DPPH和ABTS+自由基的清除能力显著高于杜仲空白培养基,说明发酵过程中产生了增强抗氧化功能的物质。其还能抑制肝癌细胞HepG-2的增殖,通过纯品验证活性说明,Pin是其中主要抑制癌细胞的活性成分,代谢产物液抑制肝癌细胞的作用是一种协同效应。

日粮中添加不同水平杜仲叶提取物对肉牛生长性能、血清生化指标及血清免疫指标的影响

文章旨在研究日粮中添加不同水平杜仲叶提取物对肉牛生长性能、血清生化指标及血清免疫指标的影响。试验选取72头月龄相近,初重为(436.18±25.42)kg的西门塔尔公牛,随机按4组×3重复×6头分组。各组肉牛分别饲喂日粮+0%、0.1%、0.2%、0.3%的杜仲叶提取物。预饲期7d,正试期40d。结果表明:(1)与0%杜仲叶提取物组相比,0.1%杜仲叶提取物组肉牛平均日增重显著提高21.71%(P<0.05),饲料转化率显著降低10.98%(P<0.05)。(2)与0%杜仲叶提取物组相比,0.2%、0.3%杜仲叶提取物组肉牛血清中总蛋白含量显著提高(P<0.05),谷草转氨酶活性显著降低(P<0.05)。(3)与0%杜仲叶提取物组相比,0.1%、0.2%、0.3%杜仲叶提取物组肉牛血清中IgA含量显著提高(P<0.05),0.3%杜仲叶提取物组肉牛血清中IgG含量显著提高(P<0.05),0.2%、0.3%杜仲叶提取物组肉牛血清中肿瘤坏死因子-α含量显著降低(P<0.05)。结论 :日粮添加低水平(0.1%)杜仲叶提取物,肉牛生长性能最佳;日粮添加中高水平(0.2%、0.3%)杜仲叶提取物能提高肉牛血清免疫力。

基于网络药理学探讨桑杜防治家禽传染性法氏囊病的作用机制

【目的】本研究运用网络药理学、分子对接和分子动力学模拟方法研究桑叶和杜仲防治传染性法氏囊病(IBD)的作用机制,旨在为防治免疫抑制和传染性法氏囊病的新兽药研发提供思路。【方法】通过中药系统药理学数据库与分析平台(TCMSP)和SwissTargetPrediction数据库收集桑叶和杜仲的活性成分和靶点,利用GeneCards和GEO数据库获得传染性法氏囊病相关靶点。基于Cytoscape 3.7.2软件构建活性成分-靶点网络图。将药物靶点与疾病靶点取交集后得到共同靶点,基于STRING数据库和Cytoscape 3.7.2软件构建蛋白相互作用(PPI)网络图。使用DAVID数据库对交集靶点进行GO功能和KEGG通路富集分析。利用AutoDock 1.5.6和PyMOL软件进行分子对接,使用Gromacs 2020.6软件进行分子动力学模拟。【结果】筛选得到桑叶和杜仲53个有效活性成分,423个潜在作用靶点,5 949个传染性法氏囊病相关靶点,153个交集靶点。PPI显示,关键靶点主要包括白介素-6(IL6)、连环蛋白-β1(CTNNB1)、原癌基因酪氨酸-蛋白激酶(SRC)、IL1B、血管内皮生长因子(VEGFA)等。GO功能和KEGG信号通路富集分析结果显示,桑叶和杜仲可通过对IL18的反应、干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)受体结合、钙信号通路、神经活性配体-受体相互作用等发挥防治传染性法氏囊病的作用。分子对接和分子动力学模拟结果均表明关键活性成分和关键靶点之间具有良好的亲和力,结合稳定。【结论】桑叶和杜仲可能通过槲皮素、去氢双丁香酚、二十碳-11,14,17-三烯酸甲酯、山柰酚、β-谷甾醇等重要活性成分作用于IL6、CTNNB1、SRC、IL1B、VEGFA等关键靶点,通过对IL18的反应、钙信号通路、神经活性配体-受体相互作用等途径发挥对鸡传染性法氏囊病的防治作用。

杜仲对黄曲霉的抑制及在养殖中的有益作用

饲料中黄曲霉污染严重制约了饲料业和养殖业的高质量发展,在我国目前饲料端全面禁抗背景下,天然植物原料作为理想的抗生素替代品被推崇。杜仲是我国传统的药食两用植物资源,将其提取物或原粉添加到饲料中可有效遏制黄曲霉污染,并提高畜禽品质,是理想的饲料替抗物。文章阐述了杜仲提取物及其活性成分对黄曲霉的抑制作用以及在养殖中的有益作用,旨在为其在饲料行业中的应用推广提供参考。

杜仲细枝木纳米纤维素的制备及表征

以一年生杜仲木材纤维素为原料,利用氯化胆碱/乳酸/对甲苯磺酸(摩尔比2∶12∶1)三元低共熔溶剂结合微射流机械处理,制备杜仲纳米纤维素(CNC)。通过傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和热重(TGA)等技术对CNC的理化性质进行了分析和表征。研究结果表明,杜仲CNC呈短棒状,长度为(163.95±6.72) nm,直径为(7.63±0.61) nm,长径比为20.18,得率达到73.84%,在悬浮液中的Zeta电位为(-20.50±0.72) mV。CNC为纤维素Ⅱ晶型,结晶度为62.18%。CNC表现出良好的热稳定性,T_(max)=359℃。杜仲CNC的成功制备拓宽了杜仲细枝木的应用领域,可提高杜仲叶林种植模式的经济效益。

一株猪源植物乳植杆菌与杜仲叶多糖共发酵产物的生物学特性研究

本试验旨在通过研究一株猪源植物乳植杆菌(S.L.plantarum)与杜仲叶多糖(ELP)共发酵产物的生物学特性,探究其作为饲料添加剂的可能性。试验首先从健康猪新鲜粪便中分离和鉴定3株益生菌,选择其中具有最佳抑菌能力和生长活性的益生菌与ELP进行共发酵;然后基于抑菌作用的强弱确定最佳发酵时间,同时测定温度、pH、胃蛋白酶处理对共发酵产物抑菌性的影响以及人工胃肠液处理对其活菌数的影响;最后进行共发酵液的急性经口毒性试验。结果表明:1)3株益生菌中S.L.plantarum具有最高的活菌数和最强的抑菌活性,与ELP共发酵可显著增加其活菌数(P<0.05),同时显著提升其抑菌活性(P<0.05),基于此确认二者最佳共发酵时间为12~24 h。2)温度对共发酵产物抑菌活性无显著影响(P>0.05),而高pH(pH>4)和高浓度胃蛋白酶抑制了产物的抑菌活性,推测其抑菌活性可能的物质基础为有机酸和小分子多肽。3)S.L.plantarum与ELP共发酵可显著提高S.L.plantarum的胃肠耐受性,且共发酵液对小鼠无急性毒性。综上可知,S.L.plantarum与ELP共发酵可显著提升其抑菌活性和胃肠耐受性,适合口服给药,具备开发成为新型抗菌饲料添加剂的可能性。

杜仲翅果果实形态和含胶量与产地环境相关性分析

该研究选择我国7个杜仲产地的杜仲为研究对象,采用随机取样的方法,利用SPSS软件进行统计分析。结果表明:不同产地果实形态和含胶量存在显著差异,贵州剑河最高为13.16%,河北保定最低为9.34%,含胶量与所在环境气候条件密切相关,纬度越高,年日照时数越长,翅果含胶量越低;无霜期越长,翅果含胶率越高。

杜仲叶提取物对育肥猪生长性能、血清生化指标和肉品质的影响

文章旨在研究杜仲叶提取物对育肥猪生长性能、血清生化指标、肉品质的影响。试验将160头杜长大三元杂交育肥猪平均分为对照组(基础日粮)、试验Ⅰ组(基础日粮+100 mg/kg杜仲叶提取物)、试验Ⅱ组(基础日粮+200 mg/kg杜仲叶提取物)、试验Ⅲ组(基础日粮+300 mg/kg杜仲叶提取物),每组4个重复,每个重复10头育肥猪,试验为期50 d。结果表明,各试验组育肥猪的末重、平均日增重、平均日采食量、料重比均与对照组具有显著性差异(P<0.05);各试验组的总蛋白(TP)、尿素氮(BUN)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)与对照组均具有显著差异(P<0.05);各试验组育肥猪的pH45min、pH24h、剪切力、肌肉脂肪、大理石纹评分、L、b与对照组相比均具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。综上所述,在日粮中添加杜仲叶提取物能有效提升育肥猪的生长性能,改善其血清生化指标及肉品质,在本试验条件下,日粮添加200或300 mg/kg杜仲叶提取物均能达到较好的效果。

荷叶山楂杜仲叶复配提取物对大鼠脂质代谢的协同调控作用

通过与单一植物提取物相比,探究荷叶、山楂、杜仲叶复配提取物协同血脂调节作用及其机制。采用超临界萃取技术得到荷叶、山楂、杜仲叶以及复配提取物,对高脂饲养的Wistar大鼠进行灌胃,并进行肝脏形态学观察和脂质代谢基因表达水平检测。结果表明,与单一提取物组和高脂模型组相比,复配提取物显著降低大鼠体质量(P<0.05),同时显著改善大鼠血脂代谢(P<0.05)。肝脏苏木精-伊红染色结果显示复配干预组肝组织中脂滴空泡显著减少,与高脂模型组和单一提取物组相比,复配干预组大鼠肝脏组织中细胞形态具有更明显改善。分子检测结果显示,与单一提取物相比,复配提取物能够显著提高大鼠肝脏PPARα和CYP7A1表达水平(P<0.05),降低小肠中NPC1L1表达水平(P<0.05)和显著升高ABCG5表达水平(P<0.05)。综上所述,荷叶、山楂、杜仲叶复配提取物可有效调控大鼠脂质代谢水平,其调节机制通过上调PPARα/CYP7A1基因表达,同时在小肠层面降低NPC1L1和升高ABCG5,达到降低血脂的作用,与单一提取物相比,复配具有显著协同调控功能。

杜仲叶水提取物对植物乳杆菌体外益生特性影响

为明确杜仲叶水提取物对植物乳杆菌体外益生特性的影响,采用活菌计数、扫描电镜和气相色谱等方法探究不同浓度ELWE对植物乳杆菌生长曲线、产酸性能、形态和耐受性等的影响。结果表明,培养24 h后,试验组的活菌数均显著高于对照组;ELWE(80,320 mg/mL)使植物乳杆菌菌体更加饱满,且能显著提高其产乳酸能力,36 h时乳酸含量分别提高42.07%和111.64%。在胃液环境的胁迫下,80 mg/mL ELWE组的对数存活率达到87.77%(3 h),显著高于对照组(0%);80 mg/mL ELWE可显著提高植物乳杆菌在热、NaCl、胆盐和真空冷冻干燥胁迫环境下的活菌数,分别保持在5.67,8.16,7.65,7.78 lg CFU/mL。80 mg/mL ELWE对植物乳杆菌体外益生特性有积极影响。研究为ELWE在益生菌行业的应用提供理论参考。

日粮添加杜仲叶粉对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清抗氧化指标和免疫功能的影响

文章旨在研究日粮添加杜仲叶粉对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清抗氧化指标和免疫功能的影响。试验选择体重相近[(6.71±0.15)kg]、体况良好的24日龄断奶仔猪320头,随机分为4组,每组8个重复,每重复10头。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别向基础日粮中添加300、600和900 mg/kg的杜仲叶粉。试验共41 d(其中预饲期6 d,正试期35 d)。试验结果表明,随杜仲叶粉添加量的提高,断奶仔猪平均日增重和终末体重显著提高(P <0.05),料重比显著降低(P <0.05),600和900 mg/kg处理组仔猪的生长性能最佳,显著优于0和300 mg/kg组;此外,日粮添加杜仲叶粉对断奶仔猪平均日采食量无显著影响(P> 0.05)。日粮添加杜仲叶粉对断奶仔猪肝脏指数、肾脏指数、脾脏指数和腹股沟淋巴结指数均无显著影响(P> 0.05)。日粮添加600和900 mg/kg杜仲叶粉可显著提高断奶仔猪血清免疫球蛋白IgA、IgM和IgG含量(P <0.05);日粮添加600和900 mg/kg杜仲叶粉可显著提高断奶仔猪血清GPX活性(P <0.05);日粮添加杜仲叶粉可显著提高断奶仔猪血清T-SOD和Cu-Zn SOD活性(P <0.05),此外,日粮添加杜仲叶粉对断奶仔猪血清CAT活性无显著影响(P> 0.05)。总之,本试验结果表明,日粮添加杜仲叶粉可以提高断奶仔猪生长性能,改善机体血清抗氧化指标和免疫功能,在本试验条件下,断奶仔猪日粮杜仲叶粉最适添加量为600 mg/kg。