Ultrastructural Observation of Changes of Polysaccharide Grains in Dormant Shoots of Eucommia ulmoides

Cytochemical and ultrastructural studies indicated that compound spherical bodies observed near the sieve plate in the sieve tube members during the period of cambial dormancy in the shoots of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. were polysaccharide bodies different from the polysaccharide grains in other parenchyma cells in shoots, and were similar to cell walls in their staining properties. The compound spherical bodies occurred in the sieve elements during the period of cambial rest and disappeared in the sieve elements during the period of cambial quiescence and activity.

Comparative analysis of chemical components between barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver

The chemical components of the essential oils in the barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver were analyzed and compared by chromatograms and mass spectra technique, heuristic evolving latent projections (HELP), alternative moving window factor analysis (AMWFA) algorithms and normalization method based on the peak areas; the flavones in the barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver were separated on an ODS column by gradient elution carried out with the flow phase consisting of water, methanol and phosphoric acid (0.1%), and their contents were quantitatively determined by standard curve method and diode array detection (DAD) at 362 nm. The results show that 68 and 73 compounds respectively from essential oils of the barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver are identified, and there are 33 mutual compounds among 108 compounds determined. The total contents of these volatile components of the two samples possess 92.9% and 97.75% of the gross of the relevant essential oils, respectively; the contents of the rutin, quercetin and kaempferol in the barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver are 0.016 9, 0.003 6, 0.002 1 and 0.064 4, 0.030 2, 0.010 0 mg/g, respectively, and the determination recoveries are 95.2%-106.2%. The comparative analysis shows that for the barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver, there are significant differences in their components of the relevant essential oils and flavones.

Chemical constituents,biological functions and pharmacological effects for comprehensive utilization of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver

Eucommia ulmoides Oliver is a native plant and valuable tonic Chinese medicine in China with a long history,great economic value and comprehensive development potential.Traditionally,the comprehensive utilization rate of E.ulmoides Oliv.is still very low,only bark has been used as medicine and other parts of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.cannot be fully utilized,even the leaves have been well utilized in food products in Japan in the past decades.In order to improve the comprehensive utilization efficiency of E.ulmoides Oliv.,in this review,we summarized the varieties and contents of main active compounds,biological functions and pharmacological effects in different parts of E.ulmoides Oliv.The findings suggest that other parts of E.ulmoides Oliv.could replace the bark of E.ulmoides Oliv.to some extent besides of their respective applications.The unique and extensive physiological functions between different parts of E.ulmoides Oliv.indicate that the comprehensive utilization of E.ulmoides Oliv.has a wide space to develop,which is also an effective way to protect E.ulmoides Oliv.resources and improve its the utilization rate.

The Extraction of Eucommia Ulmoides Oliv Polysaccharides and Its Protective Effect on Liver of Clophasphamidecy Injured Mice

Objective:To study the influenceof eucommia polysaccharide on the mice' liver damaged by clophasphamidecy (CY).Methods:Injecting CY build mice liver damage model,eucommia polysaccharide given different doses, measured blood serum ALT,AST and the liver's SOD,MDA. Results:After the injection CY,blood serum ALT,AST and the MDA of liver rise and the SOD of liver reduce comparedwith the blank group. The eucommia polysaccharide can improve these index.Conclusion:The Eucommia polysaccharide may protect the mice' liver damaged by CY.

Isolation of a novel antifungal peptide from the bark of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv

A novel Eucommia antifungal peptide, named EAFP3, was isolated from the bark of Eucommia ul- moides by NaC1 extract, gel filtration and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. The molecular mass of EAFP3 is 4157.3 Da, and its partial amino acid sequence is -. LYQQLIAGITLNK.-. EAFP3 exerts an inhibitory activity against Candida albicans in vitro and the drug concentration required for 50% growth inhibition （IC50） is 31.25μg/mL.

Cloning and Characterization of EuGID1 in Eucommia ulmoides Oliver

Gibberellic acid controlled the key developmental processes of the life cycle of landing plants,and regulated the growth and development of plants.In this study,a novel gibberellin receptor gene EuGID1 was obtained from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver.The cDNA of EuGID1 was 1556 bp,and the open reading frame was 1029 bp,which encoded 343 amino acids.EuGID1 had the homology sequence with the hormone-sensitive lipase family.Amino acid sequence alignment confirmed EuGID1 protein had the highest homology with the GID1 protein of Manihot esculenta.EuGID1 was located in the nucleus and cell membrane and had expression in four plant organs.Overexpression of EuGID1 in transgenic Arabidopsis plants promoted plant elongation and increased siliques yield.

Extraction Process of Total Flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex and Its in vitro Antioxidant Activity

[Objectives]To optimize the extraction process of total flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex,establish the extraction and content determination methods of its medicinal materials,and study its in vitro antioxidant activity.[Methods]The total flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex were extracted by reflux extraction method,and the effects of extraction method,extraction solvent concentration,extraction volume,and extraction time on the total flavonoids content of the medicinal materials were explored through the single factor experiment.Orthogonal experiment was carried out to optimize the extraction process conditions,and the optimal extraction process for total flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex was screened out.The total antioxidant capacity index was used to determine the free radical scavenging ability of the total flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex.[Results]The optimal extraction process of total flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex was 50%ethanol,1∶40 solid-to-liquid-ratio,and 1.5 h reflux extraction time.Through the antioxidant experiment in vitro,it is found that the total flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex have a higher scavenging ability for the total antioxidant capacity,and there is a certain positive correlation with the mass concentration of total flavonoids.[Conclusions]This method can effectively determine the total flavonoids content of Eucommiae Cortex medicinal material,and provide a certain scientific basis for the quality standard research of the medicinal material.The total flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex have good in vitro antioxidant activity.And the method for extracting total flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex medicinal material in this experiment has good repeatability,high stability and feasibility.

杜仲协同拟茎点霉XP-8合成木脂素类的条件优化及其功能活性

对杜仲协同拟茎点霉XP-8生物合成松脂醇(Pinoresinol,Pin)、松脂醇单葡萄糖苷(Pinoresinol-4-O-β-Dglucopyranoside,PMG)和松脂醇二葡萄糖苷(Pinoresinol diglucoside,PDG)的条件进行优化,研究培养方式、杜仲添加量和静息处理时间对Pin、PMG和PDG产量的影响,并对相关产物的抗氧化性和抑癌性进行研究。结果表明,3%杜仲PDB培养基培养菌体并静息处理5 d时Pin、PMG和PDG产量较高。该条件下代谢产物液对DPPH和ABTS+自由基的清除能力显著高于杜仲空白培养基,说明发酵过程中产生了增强抗氧化功能的物质。其还能抑制肝癌细胞HepG-2的增殖,通过纯品验证活性说明,Pin是其中主要抑制癌细胞的活性成分,代谢产物液抑制肝癌细胞的作用是一种协同效应。

杜仲叶多糖的提取、结构及抗氧化活性研究

【目的】探究微波辅助提取杜仲叶多糖的最佳条件,分析杜仲叶多糖的结构组成及抗氧化活性,为杜仲叶综合利用提供依据。【方法】采用微波辅助提取法,以杜仲叶多糖得率为指标,m(杜仲叶粉/g)∶V(H_(2)O/mL)(以下简称质量体积比)、微波时间、水浴温度、微波功率为影响因素设计单因素试验,在此基础上采用正交试验优化得到杜仲叶多糖最佳提取条件。根据该条件提取6个品种杜仲叶(华仲1号、华仲5号、华仲12号、华仲13号、华仲15号、华仲24号)多糖,使用气相色谱-质谱联用仪及红外光谱仪测定杜仲叶多糖结构组成,并通过电子顺磁共振波谱法测定杜仲叶多糖1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical,DPPH)自由基清除率表征其抗氧化活性。【结果】杜仲叶多糖的最佳提取条件是质量体积比1∶30,微波时间1.5 min,水浴温度40℃,微波功率230 W。在该条件下6个品种杜仲叶得率分别为华仲1号6.90%±0.04%、华仲5号6.47%±0.13%、华仲12号6.68%±0.11%、华仲13号6.53%±0.07%、华仲15号7.21%±0.02%和华仲24号7.64%±0.05%。在结构组成方面,单糖组成结果显示,6个品种杜仲叶多糖均由L-鼠李糖、D-阿拉伯糖、D-木糖、D-甘露糖、D-葡萄糖和D-半乳糖组成,其中D-葡萄糖和D-半乳糖含量最高,但其单糖组成比例存在差异;多糖红外光谱显示,不同杜仲叶多糖具有相似的多糖特征吸收峰。在抗氧化活性方面,6个品种杜仲叶多糖DPPH自由基清除能力顺序为华仲1号>华仲13号>华仲12号>华仲24号>华仲5号>华仲15号。【结论】微波辅助提取可以提高杜仲叶多糖得率,不同杜仲叶多糖均有良好的抗氧化活性,且以华仲1号的DPPH自由基清除能力最强。

杜仲翅果果实形态和含胶量与产地环境相关性分析

该研究选择我国7个杜仲产地的杜仲为研究对象,采用随机取样的方法,利用SPSS软件进行统计分析。结果表明:不同产地果实形态和含胶量存在显著差异,贵州剑河最高为13.16%,河北保定最低为9.34%,含胶量与所在环境气候条件密切相关,纬度越高,年日照时数越长,翅果含胶量越低;无霜期越长,翅果含胶率越高。

杜仲对黄曲霉的抑制及在养殖中的有益作用

饲料中黄曲霉污染严重制约了饲料业和养殖业的高质量发展,在我国目前饲料端全面禁抗背景下,天然植物原料作为理想的抗生素替代品被推崇。杜仲是我国传统的药食两用植物资源,将其提取物或原粉添加到饲料中可有效遏制黄曲霉污染,并提高畜禽品质,是理想的饲料替抗物。文章阐述了杜仲提取物及其活性成分对黄曲霉的抑制作用以及在养殖中的有益作用,旨在为其在饲料行业中的应用推广提供参考。

一株猪源植物乳植杆菌与杜仲叶多糖共发酵产物的生物学特性研究

本试验旨在通过研究一株猪源植物乳植杆菌(S.L.plantarum)与杜仲叶多糖(ELP)共发酵产物的生物学特性,探究其作为饲料添加剂的可能性。试验首先从健康猪新鲜粪便中分离和鉴定3株益生菌,选择其中具有最佳抑菌能力和生长活性的益生菌与ELP进行共发酵;然后基于抑菌作用的强弱确定最佳发酵时间,同时测定温度、pH、胃蛋白酶处理对共发酵产物抑菌性的影响以及人工胃肠液处理对其活菌数的影响;最后进行共发酵液的急性经口毒性试验。结果表明:1)3株益生菌中S.L.plantarum具有最高的活菌数和最强的抑菌活性,与ELP共发酵可显著增加其活菌数(P<0.05),同时显著提升其抑菌活性(P<0.05),基于此确认二者最佳共发酵时间为12~24 h。2)温度对共发酵产物抑菌活性无显著影响(P>0.05),而高pH(pH>4)和高浓度胃蛋白酶抑制了产物的抑菌活性,推测其抑菌活性可能的物质基础为有机酸和小分子多肽。3)S.L.plantarum与ELP共发酵可显著提高S.L.plantarum的胃肠耐受性,且共发酵液对小鼠无急性毒性。综上可知,S.L.plantarum与ELP共发酵可显著提升其抑菌活性和胃肠耐受性,适合口服给药,具备开发成为新型抗菌饲料添加剂的可能性。

探究杜仲叶多糖的超声提取优化及透析纯化工艺与抗氧化性能

为探索杜仲叶多糖的超声辅助水提工艺及其对自由基的体外抗氧化性能,文章在单因素试验基础上,利用响应面BBD优化超声辅助水提杜仲叶多糖,且采用透析膜对多糖提取物进行透析纯化,最后研究了多糖提取物对羟基和DPPH自由基的清除能力。结果表明:该超声辅助水提工艺在优化后的条件下,即液料比20 mL/g、夹层温度62℃、超声功率500 W、超声时间65 min时,测得的多糖提取率为2.66%,多糖提取物中多糖含量为23.21%,经过透析纯化后其多糖含量为58.75%;杜仲叶多糖对羟基和DPPH自由基都有较好的清除作用,但更有利于羟基自由基的清除;透析纯化处理不仅能改善多糖纯度,还可以提高多糖对羟基和DPPH自由基的清除能力,尤其在清除DPPH自由基时表现明显。该分离纯化工艺高效绿色,可直接用于杜仲叶多糖的提取,促进杜仲多糖在饲料、食品、医药等领域的开发应用。

杜仲叶多糖对植物乳杆菌CICC 20022胆盐耐受性的影响

以植物乳杆菌CICC 20022为研究对象,探讨在胆盐胁迫环境中添加杜仲叶多糖对菌株活菌数、微观结构、细胞膜脂肪酸组成、细胞膜和细胞壁结构完整性的影响。结果表明:在胆盐胁迫环境中添加杜仲叶粗多糖或杜仲叶精多糖并培养24 h时,植物乳杆菌CICC 20022的活菌数显著增加(P<0.05),分别是对照组的1.30倍或1.10倍;与对照组相比,添加杜仲叶粗多糖或杜仲叶精多糖均可较好地保护菌体的微观结构,显著减少因胆盐胁迫造成的菌体损伤,且菌体的PI荧光强度、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性和DNA渗漏量均显著降低(P<0.05),细胞膜中不饱和脂肪酸/饱和脂肪酸的比例(U/S)显著增加(P<0.05),达0.37。因此,在胆盐胁迫环境中添加杜仲叶多糖能较好地保持植物乳杆菌CICC 20022细胞结构的完整性,并提高其胆盐耐受性。

杜仲提取物中多糖的单糖组成分析及HPLC指纹图谱建立

试验旨在通过分析杜仲叶和杜仲皮的多糖提取率、单糖组成,建立杜仲多糖高效液相色谱(HPLC)指纹图谱。试验采用水提-醇沉法获得杜仲叶和杜仲皮中的粗多糖,采用苯酚-硫酸法和还原糖测定法测定杜仲多糖含量,利用PMP柱前衍生HPLC法对其单糖组成进行分析,并形成指纹图谱。结果显示,杜仲叶的多糖提取率为1.09%,杜仲皮的多糖提取率为0.61%。杜仲多糖的单糖组成百分比由高至低依次为:半乳糖醛酸(GalUA)、葡萄糖(Glc)、半乳糖(Gal)、阿拉伯糖(Ara)、鼠李糖(Rha)、甘露糖(Man)、葡糖醛酸(GlcUA)、木糖(Xyl),前4种单糖可作为杜仲多糖质量鉴定的参考单糖。建立的杜仲多糖HPLC指纹图谱的相似性符合国家药品监督管理局对中药色谱指纹图谱相似度的要求。市售杜仲多糖产品与对照指纹图谱的相似性为0.338~0.629,与对照指纹图谱相比相似度较低,说明杜仲多糖产品可能存在假冒伪劣的情况。研究表明,杜仲多糖单糖组成及HPLC指纹图谱可以为杜仲提取物的质量评价提供方法和思路。

杜仲提取物对鲫抗氧化性能的影响

该试验探讨在鲫(Carassius auratus)的饲料中添加不同水平的杜仲提取物对其机体抗氧化性能的影响,确定杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.)提取物在鲫养殖中的最适添加水平。试验选择体重约为50g的健康的鲫600尾,按照单因素试验设计,将其均分4个处理,每个处理5个重复,每个重复30尾鲫。对照组鲫投喂基础饲料,试验组鲫投喂添加0.1%、0.2%和0.4%的杜仲提取物的饲料。试验鲫驯养1周,正式试验期6周。试验结束,检测各组鲫机体的抗氧化相关指标。结果显示,投喂0.2%和0.4%的杜仲提取物可以显著降低血清中丙二醛水平(P<0.05),显著提高了过氧化氢酶活力、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活力、谷胱甘肽-硫转移酶活力(P<0.05);投喂0.1%、0.2%和0.4%的杜仲提取物显著提高了超氧化物歧化酶活力(P<0.05)。研究结果表明,杜仲提取物可以有效改善鲫机体的抗氧化功能,且杜仲提取物的最适添加量为0.2%。

盐制对杜仲治疗去卵巢大鼠骨质疏松症影响的研究

目的研究杜仲及其盐制品对去卵巢大鼠骨质疏松症的治疗作用,并探讨盐制对其治疗作用的影响。方法 40只SD雌性大鼠分为伪手术组、模型对照组、杜仲生品治疗组和杜仲盐制品治疗组,除假手术组施行假手术外,其余均行手术彻底摘除卵巢,术后4周开始杜仲生品及盐制品水提液灌胃给药(4.0 g/kg·d),实验过程称体质量,连续给药12周后,颈动脉取血,测定血钙(S-Ca)、血磷(S-P)含量,ELISA试剂盒双抗体夹心法测定血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、骨钙素(OCN)、雌二醇(E2)含量;动物处死后剥取完整子宫称重,采用HE染色法进行子宫病理学检查,剥离双侧股骨,双能X射线衍射法测定大鼠股骨骨密度。HE染色法观察股骨骨小梁形态和成骨细胞数量,micro-CT扫描观察股骨骨小梁微体系结构。结果杜仲生品及盐制品能有效抑制去卵巢所致的大鼠体重增加,升高血清钙、雌二醇的含量,降低血磷、碱性磷酸酶和骨钙素的含量。增加大鼠股骨骨密度,改善股骨骨小梁微体系结构,增加股骨骨小梁成骨细胞数量,且长期用药对子宫无明显刺激作用。结论杜仲生品及盐制品对于大鼠去卵巢所引起的骨质疏松症有良好治疗作用,且盐制品效果优于生品。

杜仲中桃叶珊瑚苷的提取工艺研究

用正交试验法对杜仲中的活性成分桃叶珊瑚苷的提取工艺进行了优选研究,采用正交表L16(45),以提取时间、提取温度、提取次数、提取液中有机溶剂乙醇含量以及料液比为因素,以桃叶珊瑚苷吸光度为指标进行试验。得到的最佳提取参数为:温度为70℃,时间0.5h,提取次数3次,提取溶剂为80%的乙醇,料液比为1∶9。在此条件下,选取了提取桃叶珊瑚苷的最佳原材料,为杜仲新干皮。

杜仲总多糖抗肿瘤作用的实验研究

目的研究杜仲总多糖的抗肿瘤的作用。方法以环磷酰胺为阳性对照药,考察杜仲总多糖对肿瘤S-180的抗肿瘤活性及其对环磷酰胺骨髓抑制的拮抗作用。结果从500 g的杜仲中药饮片中共提取出多糖10.9 g,其纯度为55.2%。杜仲总多糖能够抑制S-180肉瘤的生长,并能够提高胸腺指数和脾指数,增加骨髓有核细胞计数及外周血白细胞计数,拮抗环磷酰胺引起的外周血白细胞和骨髓有核细胞减少。结论杜仲总多糖具有一定的抗肿瘤活性,能够提高机体的免疫力并拮抗环磷酰胺引起的骨髓抑制。

杜仲叶复合保健饮料的研制

利用杜仲叶为主要原料,添加适量新鲜苹果汁及其它辅料,研制出口感优良、风味独特、质量稳定的复合保健饮料。探讨了杜仲叶提取液的脱苦方法,通过正交实验确定了饮料的最佳配方,即:杜仲叶提取液30%,苹果汁20%,白砂糖8%,柠檬酸0.15%,β-环糊精0.2%,VC0.15%,并对饮料进行了急性毒性实验,结果证明此饮料无毒。