Comprehensive Assessment of the Safety of Eucommia ulmoides Leaf Extract for Consumption as a Traditional Chinese Health Food

To ensure the export quality of Eucommia ulmoides leaf extract(ELE)and facilitate E.ulmoides leaf inclusion in the directory of traditional Chinese health foods,an overall safety assessment of ELE was performed,including genotoxicity and long-term toxicity,according to the national food safety standards of China.No variations in the reverse mutation number of the nominal bacterial strains were observed under ELE treatment in comparison with the solvent control.Additionally,the micronucleus rates of in vivo mammalian erythrocytes and in vitro mammalian cells under ELE treatment were equivalent to or significantly lower than those of the solvent control.The fold change in the trifluorothymidine resistance mutation frequency of the thymidine kinase gene under ELE treatment was less than three times in comparison with the solvent control,suggesting that ELE did not cause genotoxicity.Moreover,animal experiments showed that the growth performance of rats under ELE treatment was enhanced because the body weights of rats increased.No oxidative injury or inflammatory responses were induced and no histopathological lesions of tissues were detected under ELE treatment.In addition,plasma triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels significantly decreased,and plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels significantly increased with ELE treatment,suggesting that ELE was health-promoting.Furthermore,moderate to excellent antimicrobial activities,a favorable anticancer capacity,and superior antioxidant abilities of ELE were found,implying ELE possesses good bioactivities.Therefore,we affirmed ELE is safe to consume as a traditional Chinese health food.

Novel Green resource material:Eucommia Ulmoides Gum

Eucommia ulmoides gum(EUG),main composition is trans-1,4-polyisoprene,is a natural polymer extracted from Eucommia ulmoides plant tissue.Benefiting from the crystallization ability and rubber-plastic duality,it can be applied to a variety of fields,including aerospace,national defense,healthcare,transportation,sports,and con-struction.Herein,we summarized recent progress in EUG research concerning efficient extraction methods,crys-tallization characteristics and novel functional EUG materials focused on the relationship between its molecular structure,crystallization behavior,phase structure,and properties.Furthermore,the research and development directions of EUG for the development of its new materials have been outlined.

Extraction Process of Total Flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex and Its in vitro Antioxidant Activity

[Objectives]To optimize the extraction process of total flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex,establish the extraction and content determination methods of its medicinal materials,and study its in vitro antioxidant activity.[Methods]The total flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex were extracted by reflux extraction method,and the effects of extraction method,extraction solvent concentration,extraction volume,and extraction time on the total flavonoids content of the medicinal materials were explored through the single factor experiment.Orthogonal experiment was carried out to optimize the extraction process conditions,and the optimal extraction process for total flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex was screened out.The total antioxidant capacity index was used to determine the free radical scavenging ability of the total flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex.[Results]The optimal extraction process of total flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex was 50%ethanol,1∶40 solid-to-liquid-ratio,and 1.5 h reflux extraction time.Through the antioxidant experiment in vitro,it is found that the total flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex have a higher scavenging ability for the total antioxidant capacity,and there is a certain positive correlation with the mass concentration of total flavonoids.[Conclusions]This method can effectively determine the total flavonoids content of Eucommiae Cortex medicinal material,and provide a certain scientific basis for the quality standard research of the medicinal material.The total flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex have good in vitro antioxidant activity.And the method for extracting total flavonoids from Eucommiae Cortex medicinal material in this experiment has good repeatability,high stability and feasibility.

Dietary Eucommia ulmoides leaf extract improves laying performance by altering serum metabolic profiles and gut bacteria in aged laying hens

The leaves of Eucommia ulmoides are rich in bioactive constituents that have potential gastrointestinal benefits for animals.In aged laying hens,intestinal health issues contribute to a significant decline in egg-laying capacity during intermediate and later stages.It remains unclear whether E.ulmoides leaf extract(ELE)can improve intestinal health and enhance egg production in elderly laying hens,and the underlying mechanisms are yet to be elucidated.Therefore,we conducted a study with 480 laying hens(65 weeks old)randomly allocated into four groups:a control group fed with the basal diet,and three treatment groups supplemented with 500,1,000,and 2,000 mg/kg of ELE,respectively.The primary active constituents of ELE include flavonoids,polysaccharides,terpenoids,and phenolic acids.Dietary supplementation with ELE at 1,000 mg/kg(ELE1000)significantly improved laying performance and egg quality compared to the other groups.ELE1000 stimulated the maturation of intestinal epithelial cells,increased villus height,and reduced crypt depth.It also influenced the levels of proteins associated with tight junctions(claudin-1 and claudin-2)and intestinal inflammatory factors(IL-6,IL-1β,and IL-2)in different intestinal sections.Integrative analysis of serum metabolomics and gut microbiota revealed that ELE1000 improved nutrient metabolism by modulating amino acid and ubiquinone biosynthesis and influenced the abundance of intestinal microbiota by enriching pivotal genera such as Bacteroides and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group.We identified 15 metabolites significantly correlated with both gut microbiota and laying performance,e.g.,DL-methionine sulfoxide,THJ2201 N-valerate metabolite,tetracarbonic acid,etc.In conclusion,ELE1000 improved laying performance in elderly laying hens by affecting intestinal morphology,barrier function,microbiota,and serum metabolite profiles.These findings suggest that ELE can be a beneficial feed additive for extending the peak producing period in aged laying hens.

Antibacterial and Antioxidant Effects of Three Chlorogenic Acid Extracts

[Objectives] To study the antibacterial and antioxidant effects of chlorogenic acid extracts of Gynura procumbens,Lonicera japonica,and Eucommia ulmoides leaves,and provide a reference for their usage as natural food preservatives and antioxidants. [Methods]The disc diffusion method was applied to study the antibacterial activity of chlorogenic acid extracts of G. procumbens,L. japonica,and E. ulmoides leaves against several common pathogens. In the antioxidant effects,study was carried out on the anti-lipid peroxidation,reducing capacity,and DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of chlorogenic acid extracts of G. procumbens,L. japonica,and E. ulmoides leaves,respectively.[Results]Three chlorogenic acid extracts had strong inhibitory effects on bacteria,especially the inhibition on Staphylococcus aureus. At the concentration of 100 mg/m L,the bacteriostatic ring of chlorogenic acid extracts of G. procumbens,L. japonica,and E. ulmoides leaves reached 21. 4,23. 6 and 24. 7 mm respectively. Besides,these chlorogenic acid extracts had significant inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli and Salmonella,but the inhibitory effect on the yeast was not obvious; the antibacterial intensity of antibacterial compounds was chlorogenic acid extracts of E. ulmoides > chlorogenic acid extracts of L. japonica > chlorogenic acid extracts of G. procumbens. Among these three chlorogenic acid extracts,the chlorogenic acid extracts of E. ulmoides had higher anti-lipid peroxidation,reducing capacity,and DPPH free radical scavenging capacity than other two chlorogenic acid extracts. [Conclusions] This paper reveals that among chlorogenic acid extracts of G. procumbens,L. japonica,and E. ulmoides leaves,the chlorogenic acid extracts of E. ulmoides leaves have a stronger antibacterial activity and antioxidant activity.

杜仲叶黄酮纯化及其抗炎活性研究

对杜仲叶总黄酮提取物及其4种单体进行纯化,并对其抗炎作用进行初步研究。含量65.19%总黄酮杜仲叶提取物通过液-质联用确定其活性组分,经95%乙醇萃取,萃取料液比为1 g∶10 mL,萃取次数为1次,得到80.35%总黄酮含量杜仲叶提取物,通过半制备液相色谱分离,得到槲皮素-3-O-桑布双糖苷、异槲皮苷、芦丁、紫云英苷4种单体黄酮化合物;经测定,4种杜仲叶单体黄酮化合物和杜仲叶18.14%总黄酮提取物及其78.78%总黄酮提取物均有一氧化氮致炎抗炎活性,其中含量为78.78%的总黄酮提取物抗炎活性最好,而单体化合物的一氧化氮生成抑制率为紫云英苷>芦丁>槲皮素-3-O-桑布双糖苷>异槲皮苷。

日粮中添加不同水平杜仲叶提取物对肉牛生长性能、血清生化指标及血清免疫指标的影响

文章旨在研究日粮中添加不同水平杜仲叶提取物对肉牛生长性能、血清生化指标及血清免疫指标的影响。试验选取72头月龄相近,初重为(436.18±25.42)kg的西门塔尔公牛,随机按4组×3重复×6头分组。各组肉牛分别饲喂日粮+0%、0.1%、0.2%、0.3%的杜仲叶提取物。预饲期7d,正试期40d。结果表明:(1)与0%杜仲叶提取物组相比,0.1%杜仲叶提取物组肉牛平均日增重显著提高21.71%(P<0.05),饲料转化率显著降低10.98%(P<0.05)。(2)与0%杜仲叶提取物组相比,0.2%、0.3%杜仲叶提取物组肉牛血清中总蛋白含量显著提高(P<0.05),谷草转氨酶活性显著降低(P<0.05)。(3)与0%杜仲叶提取物组相比,0.1%、0.2%、0.3%杜仲叶提取物组肉牛血清中IgA含量显著提高(P<0.05),0.3%杜仲叶提取物组肉牛血清中IgG含量显著提高(P<0.05),0.2%、0.3%杜仲叶提取物组肉牛血清中肿瘤坏死因子-α含量显著降低(P<0.05)。结论 :日粮添加低水平(0.1%)杜仲叶提取物,肉牛生长性能最佳;日粮添加中高水平(0.2%、0.3%)杜仲叶提取物能提高肉牛血清免疫力。

杜仲叶多糖的提取、结构及抗氧化活性研究

【目的】探究微波辅助提取杜仲叶多糖的最佳条件,分析杜仲叶多糖的结构组成及抗氧化活性,为杜仲叶综合利用提供依据。【方法】采用微波辅助提取法,以杜仲叶多糖得率为指标,m(杜仲叶粉/g)∶V(H_(2)O/mL)(以下简称质量体积比)、微波时间、水浴温度、微波功率为影响因素设计单因素试验,在此基础上采用正交试验优化得到杜仲叶多糖最佳提取条件。根据该条件提取6个品种杜仲叶(华仲1号、华仲5号、华仲12号、华仲13号、华仲15号、华仲24号)多糖,使用气相色谱-质谱联用仪及红外光谱仪测定杜仲叶多糖结构组成,并通过电子顺磁共振波谱法测定杜仲叶多糖1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical,DPPH)自由基清除率表征其抗氧化活性。【结果】杜仲叶多糖的最佳提取条件是质量体积比1∶30,微波时间1.5 min,水浴温度40℃,微波功率230 W。在该条件下6个品种杜仲叶得率分别为华仲1号6.90%±0.04%、华仲5号6.47%±0.13%、华仲12号6.68%±0.11%、华仲13号6.53%±0.07%、华仲15号7.21%±0.02%和华仲24号7.64%±0.05%。在结构组成方面,单糖组成结果显示,6个品种杜仲叶多糖均由L-鼠李糖、D-阿拉伯糖、D-木糖、D-甘露糖、D-葡萄糖和D-半乳糖组成,其中D-葡萄糖和D-半乳糖含量最高,但其单糖组成比例存在差异;多糖红外光谱显示,不同杜仲叶多糖具有相似的多糖特征吸收峰。在抗氧化活性方面,6个品种杜仲叶多糖DPPH自由基清除能力顺序为华仲1号>华仲13号>华仲12号>华仲24号>华仲5号>华仲15号。【结论】微波辅助提取可以提高杜仲叶多糖得率,不同杜仲叶多糖均有良好的抗氧化活性,且以华仲1号的DPPH自由基清除能力最强。

杜仲叶提取物对湖羊生长性能、血清生化及抗氧化指标的影响

文章旨在分析杜仲叶提取物对湖羊生长性能、血清生化及抗氧化指标的影响。试验将80只体重27.53 kg左右,健康状况良好的育肥湖羊随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复5只。对照组湖羊参考《肉羊营养需要量(NY/T816-2021)》标准饲喂基础日粮,其余3组湖羊分别饲喂基础日粮+500、1000、1500 g/t杜仲叶提取物的试验日粮。预饲期7 d,正试期60 d。结果表明,(1)与对照组相比,基础日粮+1000 g/t杜仲叶提取物,湖羊末重显著提高8.56%(P<0.05);与对照组相比,基础日粮+1000、1500 g/t杜仲叶提取物,湖羊平均日增重显著提高29.25%、25.00%(P<0.05),湖羊平均日采食量显著提高22.33%、20.94%(P<0.05)。(2)与对照组相比,基础日粮+500、1000、1500 g/t杜仲叶提取物均显著提高湖羊血清中总蛋白、白蛋白含量(P<0.05),基础日粮+1000、1500 g/t杜仲叶提取物均显著降低湖羊血清中低密度脂蛋白含量(P<0.05)。(3)与对照组相比,基础日粮+500、1000、1500 g/t杜仲叶提取物均显著提高湖羊血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性(P<0.05),且显著降低了血清丙二醛(MDA)含量(P<0.05),基础日粮+1000、1500 g/t杜仲叶提取物均显著提高了湖羊血清过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性(P<0.05)。结论:杜仲叶提取物能提高湖羊生长性能,改善血清生化及抗氧化指标,且基础日粮中杜仲叶提取物的适宜添加量为1000 g/t。

饲料添加剂杜仲叶提取物HPLC特征图谱研究

研究旨在运用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)建立饲料添加剂杜仲叶提取物的特征图谱,为其质量控制提供参考。HPLC法采用Sunfire C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以乙腈-0.1%甲酸水为流动相,流速为1.2 mL/min,进样量10μL,柱温35℃,检测波长254 nm,测定36批杜仲叶提取物的化学成分。选取36批杜仲叶提取物色图谱中分离度、峰型较好的8个峰为特征峰,得到杜仲叶提取物的HPLC特征图谱,根据对照品、精确相对分子质量、碎片离子等信息,鉴定出杜仲叶提取物中8个特征峰成分。结果表明,试验建立的杜仲叶提取物HPLC特征图谱共确定了8个特征峰,指认了桃叶珊瑚苷、京尼平苷酸、新绿原酸、绿原酸、隐绿原酸、芦丁、异槲皮苷7个色谱峰。研究表明,试验建立的杜仲叶提取物特征图谱实现了对其质量的稳定控制,可为杜仲叶提取物作为饲料添加剂的质量评价提供参考。

杜仲雄花活性成分的提取、活性机制及质量标志物的研究进展

文章旨在综述杜仲雄花中的主要活性成分及其相关的药理作用机制,进而归纳出可行的质量指标,为工业生产杜仲雄花保健产品的质量评估提供参考,并明确产地和提取加工条件对相关茶饮的活性成分及功效的可能影响。希望该论述能够为杜仲雄花保健食品的研发、工业化生产与创新等提供理论基础和新的思路。

杜仲提取物对母猪繁殖性能、泌乳性能和仔猪生长性能的影响

文章旨在分析不同水平杜仲提取物对妊娠母猪繁殖性能、泌乳性能及后代仔猪生长性能的影响。试验选择体况、日龄、体重、胎次(1胎)及预产期等相近的妊娠90 d的“长×大”二元母猪60只作为试验动物,随机分成4组,每组15个重复,每头妊娠90 d的“长×大”二元母猪为1个重复组,组别分别在基础日粮中添加0(1组)、1.0%(2组)、2.0%(3组)、3.0%(4组)杜仲提取物,从试验用妊娠母猪90 d开始饲喂至哺乳期21 d试验结束,试验为期46 d。结果表明:(1)与试验1组相比,试验3、4组母猪的产活仔数、初生活仔猪均重显著提高13.2%、13.3%、8.3%、9.1%(P<0.05);(2)与试验1组相比,试验3、4组母猪乳汁的乳脂率、乳糖率显著提高7.6%、7.9%、11.0%、11.2%(P<0.05),其背膘厚度损失显著降低7.2%、8.1%(P<0.05);(3)与试验1组相比,试验3、4组断奶仔猪均重、平均日增重显著提高8.3%、8.8%、13.9%、16.7%(P<0.05),其断奶仔猪腹泻率显著降低39.4%、39.6%(P<0.05)。综上所述,不同水平杜仲提取物可提高妊娠母猪繁殖性能、泌乳性能及后代仔猪生长性能,综合使用成本以基础日粮中添加2.0%杜仲提取物效果较好,可以在生产中推广应用。

杜仲叶中环烯醚萜提取技术的研究进展

环烯醚萜含有多种药理作用,是在杜仲、玄参、车前草等植物中广泛存在的一种单萜化合物。研究表明,杜仲叶中含有较多的桃叶珊瑚苷、车前草苷、京尼平苷酸等环烯醚萜化合物。目前,因为杜仲叶的药理作用及国内丰富的资源,受到学者的广泛关注,现已开发出多种以杜仲叶作为原材料的保健品。通过查阅文献对杜仲叶及环烯醚萜的研究现状进行了分析总结,然后综合文献,对比分析杜仲叶环烯醚萜提取技术的发展状况,得出适合环烯醚萜提取的技术。最后,展望杜仲叶环烯醚萜的发展前景。

杜仲叶提取物对育肥猪生长性能、血清生化指标和肉品质的影响

文章旨在研究杜仲叶提取物对育肥猪生长性能、血清生化指标、肉品质的影响。试验将160头杜长大三元杂交育肥猪平均分为对照组(基础日粮)、试验Ⅰ组(基础日粮+100 mg/kg杜仲叶提取物)、试验Ⅱ组(基础日粮+200 mg/kg杜仲叶提取物)、试验Ⅲ组(基础日粮+300 mg/kg杜仲叶提取物),每组4个重复,每个重复10头育肥猪,试验为期50 d。结果表明,各试验组育肥猪的末重、平均日增重、平均日采食量、料重比均与对照组具有显著性差异(P<0.05);各试验组的总蛋白(TP)、尿素氮(BUN)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)与对照组均具有显著差异(P<0.05);各试验组育肥猪的pH45min、pH24h、剪切力、肌肉脂肪、大理石纹评分、L、b与对照组相比均具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。综上所述,在日粮中添加杜仲叶提取物能有效提升育肥猪的生长性能,改善其血清生化指标及肉品质,在本试验条件下,日粮添加200或300 mg/kg杜仲叶提取物均能达到较好的效果。

杜仲叶水提取物对植物乳杆菌体外益生特性影响

为明确杜仲叶水提取物对植物乳杆菌体外益生特性的影响,采用活菌计数、扫描电镜和气相色谱等方法探究不同浓度ELWE对植物乳杆菌生长曲线、产酸性能、形态和耐受性等的影响。结果表明,培养24 h后,试验组的活菌数均显著高于对照组;ELWE(80,320 mg/mL)使植物乳杆菌菌体更加饱满,且能显著提高其产乳酸能力,36 h时乳酸含量分别提高42.07%和111.64%。在胃液环境的胁迫下,80 mg/mL ELWE组的对数存活率达到87.77%(3 h),显著高于对照组(0%);80 mg/mL ELWE可显著提高植物乳杆菌在热、NaCl、胆盐和真空冷冻干燥胁迫环境下的活菌数,分别保持在5.67,8.16,7.65,7.78 lg CFU/mL。80 mg/mL ELWE对植物乳杆菌体外益生特性有积极影响。研究为ELWE在益生菌行业的应用提供理论参考。

荷叶山楂杜仲叶复配提取物对大鼠脂质代谢的协同调控作用

通过与单一植物提取物相比,探究荷叶、山楂、杜仲叶复配提取物协同血脂调节作用及其机制。采用超临界萃取技术得到荷叶、山楂、杜仲叶以及复配提取物,对高脂饲养的Wistar大鼠进行灌胃,并进行肝脏形态学观察和脂质代谢基因表达水平检测。结果表明,与单一提取物组和高脂模型组相比,复配提取物显著降低大鼠体质量(P<0.05),同时显著改善大鼠血脂代谢(P<0.05)。肝脏苏木精-伊红染色结果显示复配干预组肝组织中脂滴空泡显著减少,与高脂模型组和单一提取物组相比,复配干预组大鼠肝脏组织中细胞形态具有更明显改善。分子检测结果显示,与单一提取物相比,复配提取物能够显著提高大鼠肝脏PPARα和CYP7A1表达水平(P<0.05),降低小肠中NPC1L1表达水平(P<0.05)和显著升高ABCG5表达水平(P<0.05)。综上所述,荷叶、山楂、杜仲叶复配提取物可有效调控大鼠脂质代谢水平,其调节机制通过上调PPARα/CYP7A1基因表达,同时在小肠层面降低NPC1L1和升高ABCG5,达到降低血脂的作用,与单一提取物相比,复配具有显著协同调控功能。

微波辅助低共熔溶剂提取杜仲雄花黄酮工艺优化及抗疲劳作用研究

为研究杜仲雄花黄酮的提取工艺和抗疲劳作用,采用微波辅助低共熔溶剂(DES)法对杜仲雄花中的黄酮进行提取。在单因素试验结果的基础上,通过响应面试验对提取工艺进行优化。结果表明,最佳提取工艺条件为:微波功率350 W,提取温度59℃,提取时间11 min,在此条件下,杜仲雄花黄酮得率平均值为3.09%,该方法的提取效果优于其他单一提取方法。抗疲劳实验结果表明,杜仲雄花黄酮能够延长小鼠的游泳时间,降低小鼠体内血乳酸(BLA)和血尿素氮(BUN)含量,增加肝糖原(HG)和肌糖原(MG)含量,表明杜仲雄花黄酮具有一定的抗疲劳作用。该研究为杜仲雄花黄酮的提取及产品开发提供了理论依据。

杜仲叶提取物的主要功效及其在家禽养殖中的应用

杜仲被誉为“植物黄金”,具有降血压、抗菌、抗病毒、抗炎等作用,在家禽养殖中有着极大的应用前景。本文对养殖业抗生素应用现状、杜仲叶提取物主要成分和功效及其在家禽养殖中的应用进行综述,以期为无毒、无害、无残留的抗生素替代品的研发提供新思路,从而推动养殖业的绿色健康发展和杜仲中药产业发展。

超声辅助酶法对杜仲籽粕蛋白的提取工艺优化

为充分利用生物质废弃物杜仲籽粕和高值化开发杜仲籽粕蛋白,以杜仲籽粕为原料,采用超声辅助蛋白酶法制备了杜仲籽粕蛋白。采用单因素实验系统分析了加酶量、液料比、酶解温度、酶解时间、pH值、超声功率和超声时间对蛋白提取率的影响,并通过响应面实验优化了杜仲籽粕蛋白的提取工艺条件。研究发现,加酶量和液料比在一定范围内对杜仲籽粕蛋白的提取率影响较小。当加酶量为0.8%和液料比为15(mL∶g)时,杜仲籽粕蛋白提取率最高。其他单因素对杜仲籽粕蛋白提取率的影响大小排序依次为:酶解时间>超声时间>超声功率>pH值>酶解温度。在最优化条件下(酶解温度40℃、酶解时间88 min、pH值10、超声功率300 W和超声时间57 min),杜仲籽粕蛋白提取率最高可达27.91%。

杜仲黄酮类化合物的研究进展

杜仲黄酮是杜仲中的重要活性成分,具有多种医疗功效。本文综述了近年来杜仲黄酮类化合物的提取分离、测定方法、化学成分、生理活性以及应用现状等方面的研究进展,并展望了其在医药、保健品、食品等方面的应用前景。