Using Euler’s first-order explicit(EE)method and the peridynamic differential operator(PDDO)to discretize the time and internal crystal-size derivatives,respectively,the Euler’s first-order explicit method–peridyna...Using Euler’s first-order explicit(EE)method and the peridynamic differential operator(PDDO)to discretize the time and internal crystal-size derivatives,respectively,the Euler’s first-order explicit method–peridynamic differential operator(EE–PDDO)was obtained for solving the one-dimensional population balance equation in crystallization.Four different conditions during crystallization were studied:size-independent growth,sizedependent growth in a batch process,nucleation and size-independent growth,and nucleation and size-dependent growth in a continuous process.The high accuracy of the EE–PDDO method was confirmed by comparing it with the numerical results obtained using the second-order upwind and HR-van methods.The method is characterized by non-oscillation and high accuracy,especially in the discontinuous and sharp crystal size distribution.The stability of the EE–PDDO method,choice of weight function in the PDDO method,and optimal time step are also discussed.展开更多
We initially look at a non singular universe representation of entropy, based in part on what was brought up by Muller and Lousto. This is a gateway to bringing up information and computational steps (as defined by Se...We initially look at a non singular universe representation of entropy, based in part on what was brought up by Muller and Lousto. This is a gateway to bringing up information and computational steps (as defined by Seth Lloyd) as to what would be available initially due to a modified ZPE formalism. The ZPE formalism is modified as due to Matt Visser’s alternation of k (maximum) ~ 1/(Planck length), with a specific initial density giving rise to initial information content which may permit fixing the initial Planck’s constant, h, which is pivotal to the setting of physical law. The settings of these parameters depend upon NLED.展开更多
The Henry’s law constant of volatiles in polymer systems is a crucial parameter reflecting the gas-liquid equilibrium,which is very important for devolatilization.In this research,polyolefin elastomer(POE)-cyclohexan...The Henry’s law constant of volatiles in polymer systems is a crucial parameter reflecting the gas-liquid equilibrium,which is very important for devolatilization.In this research,polyolefin elastomer(POE)-cyclohexane and polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)-hexane systems were studied,and the Henry’s law constant was obtained by measuring the gas phase equilibrium partial pressure when polymer solutions containing different mass fractions of volatiles reached a saturated state.The effects of temperature,type of volatiles,and polymer viscosity on the gas phase equilibrium partial pressure and Henry’s law constant of the volatiles were investigated.The results indicate that,with the increase of temperature and polymer viscosity,the gas phase equilibrium partial pressure and Henry’s law constant of volatiles increase.As temperature increases,the solubility of gas in liquid decreases.The relationship between the Henry’s law constant and temperature is consistent with the Arrhenius law.In the PDMS-hexane system,the gas phase equilibrium partial pressure and Henry’s law constant of n-hexane are higher than those of cyclohexane.The obtained Henry’s law constants can be used as a reference for perfecting the devolatilization process and improving the devolatilization effect.展开更多
In this paper in an elegant way will be presented the unity formulas for the coupling constants and the dimensionless physical constants. We reached the conclusion of the simple unification of the fundamental interact...In this paper in an elegant way will be presented the unity formulas for the coupling constants and the dimensionless physical constants. We reached the conclusion of the simple unification of the fundamental interactions. We will find the formulas for the Gravitational constant. It will be presented that the gravitational fine-structure constant is a simple analogy between atomic physics and cosmology. We will find the expression that connects the gravitational fine-structure constant with the four coupling constants. Perhaps the gravitational fine-structure constant is the coupling constant for the fifth force. Also will be presented the simple unification of atomic physics and cosmology. We will find the formulas for the cosmological constant and we will propose a possible solution for the cosmological parameters. Perhaps the shape of the universe is Poincare dodecahedral space. This article will be followed by the energy wave theory and the fractal space-time theory.展开更多
In classical quantum theory, the Rydberg constant is a fundamental physical constant that plays an important role. It comes into play as an indispensable physical constant in basic formulas for describing natural phen...In classical quantum theory, the Rydberg constant is a fundamental physical constant that plays an important role. It comes into play as an indispensable physical constant in basic formulas for describing natural phenomena. However, relativity is not taken into account in this Rydberg formula for wavelength. If the special theory of relativity is taken into account, R<sub>∞</sub> can no longer be regarded as a physical constant. That is, we have continued to conduct experiments to this day in an attempt to determine the value of a physical constant, the Rydberg constant, which does not exist in the natural world.展开更多
The Newton gravitational constant is considered a cornerstone of modern gravity theory. Newton did not invent or use the gravity constant;it was invented in 1873, about the same time as it became standard to use the k...The Newton gravitational constant is considered a cornerstone of modern gravity theory. Newton did not invent or use the gravity constant;it was invented in 1873, about the same time as it became standard to use the kilogram mass definition. We will claim that G is just a term needed to correct the incomplete kilogram definition so to be able to make gravity predictions. But there is another way;namely, to directly use a more complete mass definition, something that in recent years has been introduced as collision-time and a corresponding energy called collision-length. The collision-length is quantum gravitational energy. We will clearly demonstrate that by working with mass and energy based on these new concepts, rather than kilogram and the gravitational constant, one can significantly reduce the uncertainty in most gravity predictions.展开更多
The Owen’s T function is presented in four new ways, one of them as a series similar to the Euler’s arctangent series divided by 2π, which is its majorant series. All possibilities enable numerically stable ...The Owen’s T function is presented in four new ways, one of them as a series similar to the Euler’s arctangent series divided by 2π, which is its majorant series. All possibilities enable numerically stable and fast convergent computation of the bivariate normal integral with simple recursion. When tested computation on a random sample of one million parameter triplets with uniformly distributed components and using double precision arithmetic, the maximum absolute error was 3.45 × 10<sup>-</sup><sup>16</sup>. In additional testing, focusing on cases with correlation coefficients close to one in absolute value, when the computation may be very sensitive to small rounding errors, the accuracy was retained. In rare potentially critical cases, a simple adjustment to the computation procedure was performed—one potentially critical computation was replaced with two equivalent non-critical ones. All new series are suitable for vector and high-precision computation, assuming they are supplemented with appropriate efficient and accurate computation of the arctangent and standard normal cumulative distribution functions. They are implemented by the R package Phi2rho, available on CRAN. Its functions allow vector arguments and are ready to work with the Rmpfr package, which enables the use of arbitrary precision instead of double precision numbers. A special test with up to 1024-bit precision computation is also presented.展开更多
由于传统的插入式系统结构繁杂且频繁插拔容易发生电火花等危险,因此无线电能传输(wireless power transfer,WPT)系统凭借其固有的优势得到了广泛的研究,逐渐融入各种工业应用中.为了确保电池的性能及使用寿命,有效地为电池提供所需的...由于传统的插入式系统结构繁杂且频繁插拔容易发生电火花等危险,因此无线电能传输(wireless power transfer,WPT)系统凭借其固有的优势得到了广泛的研究,逐渐融入各种工业应用中.为了确保电池的性能及使用寿命,有效地为电池提供所需的恒定充电电流和恒定充电电压是非常必要的.然而在充电过程中,电池的等效电阻会发生显著变化从而导致系统很难在近似零相位角(zero phase angle,ZPA)运行下同时实现与负载无关的恒流输出和恒压输出.鉴于此,提出1种基于S/LCL补偿的WPT系统,该系统可以在2个固定频率下实现具有ZPA运行的恒流和恒压输出.最后,搭建了1台恒流充电为3 A和恒压充电为80 V的验证性实验样机,验证了所设计的WPT系统的正确性和可行性.展开更多
In this article we present a model of Hubble-Lemaître law using the notions of a transmitter (galaxy) and a receiver (MW) coupled to a model of the universe (Slow Bang Model, SB), based on a quantum approach of t...In this article we present a model of Hubble-Lemaître law using the notions of a transmitter (galaxy) and a receiver (MW) coupled to a model of the universe (Slow Bang Model, SB), based on a quantum approach of the evolution of space-time as well as an equation of state that retains all the infinitesimal terms. We find an explanation of the Hubble tension H<sub>0</sub>. Indeed, we have seen that this constant depends on the transceiver pair which can vary from the lowest observable value, from photons of the CMB (theoretical [km/s/Mpc]) to increasingly higher values depending on the earlier origin of the formation of the observed galaxy or cluster (ETG ~0.3 [Gy], ~74 [km/s/Mpc]). We have produced a theoretical table of the values of the constant according to the possible pairs of transmitter/receiver in the case where these galaxies follow the Hubble flow without large disturbance. The calculated theoretical values of the constant are in the order of magnitude of all values mentioned in past studies. Subsequently, we applied the models to 9 galaxies and COMA cluster and found that the models predict acceptable values of their distances and Hubble constant since these galaxies mainly follow the Hubble flow rather than the effects of a galaxy cluster or a group of clusters. In conclusion, we affirm that this Hubble tension does not really exist and it is rather the understanding of the meaning of this constant that is questioned.展开更多
In Part I of this paper, an inequality satisfied by the vacuum energy density of the universe was derived using an indirect and heuristic procedure. The derivation is based on a proposed thought experiment, according ...In Part I of this paper, an inequality satisfied by the vacuum energy density of the universe was derived using an indirect and heuristic procedure. The derivation is based on a proposed thought experiment, according to which an electron is accelerated to a constant and relativistic speed at a distance L from a perfectly conducting plane. The charge of the electron was represented by a spherical charge distribution located within the Compton wavelength of the electron. Subsequently, the electron is incident on the perfect conductor giving rise to transition radiation. The energy associated with the transition radiation depends on the parameter L. It was shown that an inequality satisfied by the vacuum energy density will emerge when the length L is pushed to cosmological dimensions and the product of the radiated energy, and the time duration of emission is constrained by Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. In this paper, a similar analysis is conducted with a chain of electrons oscillating sinusoidally and located above a conducting plane. In the thought experiment presented in this paper, the behavior of the energy radiated by the chain of oscillating electrons is studied in the frequency domain as a function of the length L of the chain. It is shown that when the length L is pushed to cosmological dimensions and the energy radiated within a single burst of duration of half a period of oscillation is constrained by the fact that electromagnetic energy consists of photons, an inequality satisfied by the vacuum energy density emerges as a result. The derived inequality is given by where is the vacuum energy density. This result is consistent with the measured value of the vacuum energy density, which is 5.38 × 10<sup>-10</sup> J/m. The result obtained here is in better agreement with experimental data than the one obtained in Part I of this paper with time domain radiation.展开更多
Here, using the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST) we explain the cosmological tension and the origin of the largest cosmic structures. We show that a change in value of strong coupling constant for cold baryonic matter lea...Here, using the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST) we explain the cosmological tension and the origin of the largest cosmic structures. We show that a change in value of strong coupling constant for cold baryonic matter leads to the disagreement in the galaxy clustering amplitude, quantified by the parameter S8. Within the same model we described the Hubble tension. We described also the mechanism that transforms the gravitational collapse into an explosion—it concerns the dynamics of virtual fields that lead to dark energy. Our calculations concern the Type Ia supernovae and the core-collapse supernovae. We calculated the quantized masses of the progenitors of supernovae, emitted total energy during explosion, and we calculated how much of the released energy was transferred to neutrinos. Value of the speed of sound in the strongly interacting matter measured at the LHC confirms that presented here model is correct. Our calculations show that the Universe is cyclic.展开更多
For a set S of real numbers, we introduce the concept of S-almost automorphic functions valued in a Banach space. It generalizes in particular the space of Z-almost automorphic functions. Considering the space of S-al...For a set S of real numbers, we introduce the concept of S-almost automorphic functions valued in a Banach space. It generalizes in particular the space of Z-almost automorphic functions. Considering the space of S-almost automorphic functions, we give sufficient conditions of the existence and uniqueness of almost automorphic solutions of a differential equation with a piecewise constant argument of generalized type. This is done using the Banach fixed point theorem.展开更多
无线电能传输(wireless power transfer,WPT)系统具有安全、可靠、方便等优点。文章在分析WPT系统锂离子电池内阻及其典型充电方式的基础上,通过对WPT原理和谐振拓扑结构的研究,提出了基于LCC-S补偿式谐振拓扑的WPT系统。在电池等效负...无线电能传输(wireless power transfer,WPT)系统具有安全、可靠、方便等优点。文章在分析WPT系统锂离子电池内阻及其典型充电方式的基础上,通过对WPT原理和谐振拓扑结构的研究,提出了基于LCC-S补偿式谐振拓扑的WPT系统。在电池等效负载变化的情况下,通过合理的参数设计,LCC-S补偿式谐振拓扑结构可以分别实现与负载无关的恒流模式和恒压模式,无需切换拓扑结构。在理论分析的基础上,设计了系统的参数,并通过MATLAB仿真系统搭建仿真模型,验证了研究中的恒流模式和恒压模式。展开更多
In fairly good agreement with the consensus range of dark energy to matter this ratio of the critical density is suggested to be connected with the golden mean φ=0.6180339887, yielding for dark energy to matte...In fairly good agreement with the consensus range of dark energy to matter this ratio of the critical density is suggested to be connected with the golden mean φ=0.6180339887, yielding for dark energy to matter mass fractions .?Assuming the baryonic matter to be only 4.432%, the ratio of matter to baryonic matter would be , and further the ratio of dark matter to baryonic one . If one subtracts from the dark matter a contribution of antimatter with the same mass of baryonic matter, according to the antigravity theories of Villata respectively Hajdukovic, the remaining mass ratio would yield . Replacing the “Madelung” constant α of Villata’s “lattice universe” by φ, one reaches again 1 + φas the ratio of the repulsive mass contribution to the attractive one. Assuming instead of a 3D lattice a flat 2D one of rocksalt type, the numerical similarity between the Madelung constant and φ−1 could not be just coincidence. The proposed scaling of the cosmological mass fractions with the square of the most irrational universal number φmay indicate that the chaotic cosmological processes have reached a quite stable equilibrium. This may be confirmed by another, but similar representation of the mass constituents by the Archimedes’ constant π, giving for respectively for the dark components . However, the intimate connection of φ with its reciprocal may ignite the discussion whether our universe is intertwined with another universe or even part of a multiverse with the dark constituents contributed from there.展开更多
文摘Using Euler’s first-order explicit(EE)method and the peridynamic differential operator(PDDO)to discretize the time and internal crystal-size derivatives,respectively,the Euler’s first-order explicit method–peridynamic differential operator(EE–PDDO)was obtained for solving the one-dimensional population balance equation in crystallization.Four different conditions during crystallization were studied:size-independent growth,sizedependent growth in a batch process,nucleation and size-independent growth,and nucleation and size-dependent growth in a continuous process.The high accuracy of the EE–PDDO method was confirmed by comparing it with the numerical results obtained using the second-order upwind and HR-van methods.The method is characterized by non-oscillation and high accuracy,especially in the discontinuous and sharp crystal size distribution.The stability of the EE–PDDO method,choice of weight function in the PDDO method,and optimal time step are also discussed.
文摘We initially look at a non singular universe representation of entropy, based in part on what was brought up by Muller and Lousto. This is a gateway to bringing up information and computational steps (as defined by Seth Lloyd) as to what would be available initially due to a modified ZPE formalism. The ZPE formalism is modified as due to Matt Visser’s alternation of k (maximum) ~ 1/(Planck length), with a specific initial density giving rise to initial information content which may permit fixing the initial Planck’s constant, h, which is pivotal to the setting of physical law. The settings of these parameters depend upon NLED.
基金Polyolefin Elastomer Technology Development project(2020B-2619).
文摘The Henry’s law constant of volatiles in polymer systems is a crucial parameter reflecting the gas-liquid equilibrium,which is very important for devolatilization.In this research,polyolefin elastomer(POE)-cyclohexane and polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)-hexane systems were studied,and the Henry’s law constant was obtained by measuring the gas phase equilibrium partial pressure when polymer solutions containing different mass fractions of volatiles reached a saturated state.The effects of temperature,type of volatiles,and polymer viscosity on the gas phase equilibrium partial pressure and Henry’s law constant of the volatiles were investigated.The results indicate that,with the increase of temperature and polymer viscosity,the gas phase equilibrium partial pressure and Henry’s law constant of volatiles increase.As temperature increases,the solubility of gas in liquid decreases.The relationship between the Henry’s law constant and temperature is consistent with the Arrhenius law.In the PDMS-hexane system,the gas phase equilibrium partial pressure and Henry’s law constant of n-hexane are higher than those of cyclohexane.The obtained Henry’s law constants can be used as a reference for perfecting the devolatilization process and improving the devolatilization effect.
文摘In this paper in an elegant way will be presented the unity formulas for the coupling constants and the dimensionless physical constants. We reached the conclusion of the simple unification of the fundamental interactions. We will find the formulas for the Gravitational constant. It will be presented that the gravitational fine-structure constant is a simple analogy between atomic physics and cosmology. We will find the expression that connects the gravitational fine-structure constant with the four coupling constants. Perhaps the gravitational fine-structure constant is the coupling constant for the fifth force. Also will be presented the simple unification of atomic physics and cosmology. We will find the formulas for the cosmological constant and we will propose a possible solution for the cosmological parameters. Perhaps the shape of the universe is Poincare dodecahedral space. This article will be followed by the energy wave theory and the fractal space-time theory.
文摘In classical quantum theory, the Rydberg constant is a fundamental physical constant that plays an important role. It comes into play as an indispensable physical constant in basic formulas for describing natural phenomena. However, relativity is not taken into account in this Rydberg formula for wavelength. If the special theory of relativity is taken into account, R<sub>∞</sub> can no longer be regarded as a physical constant. That is, we have continued to conduct experiments to this day in an attempt to determine the value of a physical constant, the Rydberg constant, which does not exist in the natural world.
文摘The Newton gravitational constant is considered a cornerstone of modern gravity theory. Newton did not invent or use the gravity constant;it was invented in 1873, about the same time as it became standard to use the kilogram mass definition. We will claim that G is just a term needed to correct the incomplete kilogram definition so to be able to make gravity predictions. But there is another way;namely, to directly use a more complete mass definition, something that in recent years has been introduced as collision-time and a corresponding energy called collision-length. The collision-length is quantum gravitational energy. We will clearly demonstrate that by working with mass and energy based on these new concepts, rather than kilogram and the gravitational constant, one can significantly reduce the uncertainty in most gravity predictions.
文摘The Owen’s T function is presented in four new ways, one of them as a series similar to the Euler’s arctangent series divided by 2π, which is its majorant series. All possibilities enable numerically stable and fast convergent computation of the bivariate normal integral with simple recursion. When tested computation on a random sample of one million parameter triplets with uniformly distributed components and using double precision arithmetic, the maximum absolute error was 3.45 × 10<sup>-</sup><sup>16</sup>. In additional testing, focusing on cases with correlation coefficients close to one in absolute value, when the computation may be very sensitive to small rounding errors, the accuracy was retained. In rare potentially critical cases, a simple adjustment to the computation procedure was performed—one potentially critical computation was replaced with two equivalent non-critical ones. All new series are suitable for vector and high-precision computation, assuming they are supplemented with appropriate efficient and accurate computation of the arctangent and standard normal cumulative distribution functions. They are implemented by the R package Phi2rho, available on CRAN. Its functions allow vector arguments and are ready to work with the Rmpfr package, which enables the use of arbitrary precision instead of double precision numbers. A special test with up to 1024-bit precision computation is also presented.
文摘In this article we present a model of Hubble-Lemaître law using the notions of a transmitter (galaxy) and a receiver (MW) coupled to a model of the universe (Slow Bang Model, SB), based on a quantum approach of the evolution of space-time as well as an equation of state that retains all the infinitesimal terms. We find an explanation of the Hubble tension H<sub>0</sub>. Indeed, we have seen that this constant depends on the transceiver pair which can vary from the lowest observable value, from photons of the CMB (theoretical [km/s/Mpc]) to increasingly higher values depending on the earlier origin of the formation of the observed galaxy or cluster (ETG ~0.3 [Gy], ~74 [km/s/Mpc]). We have produced a theoretical table of the values of the constant according to the possible pairs of transmitter/receiver in the case where these galaxies follow the Hubble flow without large disturbance. The calculated theoretical values of the constant are in the order of magnitude of all values mentioned in past studies. Subsequently, we applied the models to 9 galaxies and COMA cluster and found that the models predict acceptable values of their distances and Hubble constant since these galaxies mainly follow the Hubble flow rather than the effects of a galaxy cluster or a group of clusters. In conclusion, we affirm that this Hubble tension does not really exist and it is rather the understanding of the meaning of this constant that is questioned.
文摘In Part I of this paper, an inequality satisfied by the vacuum energy density of the universe was derived using an indirect and heuristic procedure. The derivation is based on a proposed thought experiment, according to which an electron is accelerated to a constant and relativistic speed at a distance L from a perfectly conducting plane. The charge of the electron was represented by a spherical charge distribution located within the Compton wavelength of the electron. Subsequently, the electron is incident on the perfect conductor giving rise to transition radiation. The energy associated with the transition radiation depends on the parameter L. It was shown that an inequality satisfied by the vacuum energy density will emerge when the length L is pushed to cosmological dimensions and the product of the radiated energy, and the time duration of emission is constrained by Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. In this paper, a similar analysis is conducted with a chain of electrons oscillating sinusoidally and located above a conducting plane. In the thought experiment presented in this paper, the behavior of the energy radiated by the chain of oscillating electrons is studied in the frequency domain as a function of the length L of the chain. It is shown that when the length L is pushed to cosmological dimensions and the energy radiated within a single burst of duration of half a period of oscillation is constrained by the fact that electromagnetic energy consists of photons, an inequality satisfied by the vacuum energy density emerges as a result. The derived inequality is given by where is the vacuum energy density. This result is consistent with the measured value of the vacuum energy density, which is 5.38 × 10<sup>-10</sup> J/m. The result obtained here is in better agreement with experimental data than the one obtained in Part I of this paper with time domain radiation.
文摘Here, using the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST) we explain the cosmological tension and the origin of the largest cosmic structures. We show that a change in value of strong coupling constant for cold baryonic matter leads to the disagreement in the galaxy clustering amplitude, quantified by the parameter S8. Within the same model we described the Hubble tension. We described also the mechanism that transforms the gravitational collapse into an explosion—it concerns the dynamics of virtual fields that lead to dark energy. Our calculations concern the Type Ia supernovae and the core-collapse supernovae. We calculated the quantized masses of the progenitors of supernovae, emitted total energy during explosion, and we calculated how much of the released energy was transferred to neutrinos. Value of the speed of sound in the strongly interacting matter measured at the LHC confirms that presented here model is correct. Our calculations show that the Universe is cyclic.
文摘For a set S of real numbers, we introduce the concept of S-almost automorphic functions valued in a Banach space. It generalizes in particular the space of Z-almost automorphic functions. Considering the space of S-almost automorphic functions, we give sufficient conditions of the existence and uniqueness of almost automorphic solutions of a differential equation with a piecewise constant argument of generalized type. This is done using the Banach fixed point theorem.
文摘无线电能传输(wireless power transfer,WPT)系统具有安全、可靠、方便等优点。文章在分析WPT系统锂离子电池内阻及其典型充电方式的基础上,通过对WPT原理和谐振拓扑结构的研究,提出了基于LCC-S补偿式谐振拓扑的WPT系统。在电池等效负载变化的情况下,通过合理的参数设计,LCC-S补偿式谐振拓扑结构可以分别实现与负载无关的恒流模式和恒压模式,无需切换拓扑结构。在理论分析的基础上,设计了系统的参数,并通过MATLAB仿真系统搭建仿真模型,验证了研究中的恒流模式和恒压模式。
文摘In fairly good agreement with the consensus range of dark energy to matter this ratio of the critical density is suggested to be connected with the golden mean φ=0.6180339887, yielding for dark energy to matter mass fractions .?Assuming the baryonic matter to be only 4.432%, the ratio of matter to baryonic matter would be , and further the ratio of dark matter to baryonic one . If one subtracts from the dark matter a contribution of antimatter with the same mass of baryonic matter, according to the antigravity theories of Villata respectively Hajdukovic, the remaining mass ratio would yield . Replacing the “Madelung” constant α of Villata’s “lattice universe” by φ, one reaches again 1 + φas the ratio of the repulsive mass contribution to the attractive one. Assuming instead of a 3D lattice a flat 2D one of rocksalt type, the numerical similarity between the Madelung constant and φ−1 could not be just coincidence. The proposed scaling of the cosmological mass fractions with the square of the most irrational universal number φmay indicate that the chaotic cosmological processes have reached a quite stable equilibrium. This may be confirmed by another, but similar representation of the mass constituents by the Archimedes’ constant π, giving for respectively for the dark components . However, the intimate connection of φ with its reciprocal may ignite the discussion whether our universe is intertwined with another universe or even part of a multiverse with the dark constituents contributed from there.