Modeling the heterogeneous traffic flow considering the effect of self-stabilizing and autonomous vehicles

With the increasing maturity of automatic driving technology,the homogeneous traffic flow will gradually evolve into the heterogeneous traffic flow,which consists of human-driving and autonomous vehicles.To better study the characteristics of the heterogeneous traffic system,this paper proposes a new car-following model for autonomous vehicles and heterogeneous traffic flow,which considers the self-stabilizing effect of vehicles.Through linear and nonlinear methods,this paper deduces and analyzes the stability of such a car-following model with the self-stabilizing effect.Finally,the model is verified by numerical simulation.Numerical results show that the self-stabilizing effect can make the heterogeneous traffic flow more stable,and that increasing the self-stabilizing coefficient or historical time length can strengthen the stability of heterogeneous traffic flow and alleviate traffic congestion effectively.In addition,the heterogeneous traffic flow can also be stabilized with a higher proportion of autonomous vehicles.

Vadose Zone Heterogeneity Effect on Unsaturated Water Flow Modeling at Meso-Scale

The understanding of unsaturated flow in heterogeneous formations is a prerequisite to the understanding of pollutant transfer in the vadose zone and the proper management of infiltration basins settled over such heterogeneous formations. This study addresses the effect of lithological heterogeneity of a glaciofluvial deposit on flow in the vadose zone underneath an infiltration basin settled in the Lyon suburbs. The basin had already been the subject of several previous studies, some of which demonstrated the impact of soil heterogeneity. But all of them were only based on the sedimentological study of a trench and no study addressed the potential spatial variability of results due to the spatial variability of soil heterogeneity. In this study, we model flow in the vadose zone for several case studies, including drainage, water infiltration during a rainfall event, and a complete meteorological chronic. These calculations were conducted for several sections, previously characterized in the basin using GPR and sedimentological study and compared with a blank (homogeneous section). The results clearly show that heterogeneity impacts unsaturated flow and that these impacts depend upon the section considered. Some geometrical architectural and textural parameters were proposed to explain the spatial variability and effect of the soil heterogeneity on unsaturated flow, thus establishing the first step towards modeling unsaturated flow in the basin at the meso-scale.

Heterogeneous data-driven aerodynamic modeling based on physical feature embedding

Aerodynamic surrogate modeling mostly relies only on integrated loads data obtained from simulation or experiment,while neglecting and wasting the valuable distributed physical information on the surface.To make full use of both integrated and distributed loads,a modeling paradigm,called the heterogeneous data-driven aerodynamic modeling,is presented.The essential concept is to incorporate the physical information of distributed loads as additional constraints within the end-to-end aerodynamic modeling.Towards heterogenous data,a novel and easily applicable physical feature embedding modeling framework is designed.This framework extracts lowdimensional physical features from pressure distribution and then effectively enhances the modeling of the integrated loads via feature embedding.The proposed framework can be coupled with multiple feature extraction methods,and the well-performed generalization capabilities over different airfoils are verified through a transonic case.Compared with traditional direct modeling,the proposed framework can reduce testing errors by almost 50%.Given the same prediction accuracy,it can save more than half of the training samples.Furthermore,the visualization analysis has revealed a significant correlation between the discovered low-dimensional physical features and the heterogeneous aerodynamic loads,which shows the interpretability and credibility of the superior performance offered by the proposed deep learning framework.

High resolution facies architecture and digital outcrop modeling of the Sandakan formation sandstone reservoir, Borneo:Implications for reservoir characterization and flow simulation

Advances in photogrammetry have eased the acquisition of high-resolution digital information from outcrops, enabling faster, non-destructive data capturing and improved reservoir modeling. Geocellular models for flow dynamics with in the virtual outcrop in siliciclastic deposits at different sets of sandstone facies architecture remain, however, a challenge. Digital maps of bedding, lithological contrast, spatial-temporal variations of bedding and permeability characteristics make it more easy to understand flow tortuosity in a particular architecture. An ability to precisely model these properties can improve reservoir characterization and flow modeling at different scales. Here we demonstrate the construction of realistic 2 D sandstone facies based models for a pragmatic simulation of flow dynamics using a combination of digital point clouds dataset acquired from LiDAR and field investigation of the Sandakan Formation, Sabah, Borneo.Additionally, we present methods for enhancing the accuracy of outcrop digital datasets for producing high resolution flow simulation. A well-exposed outcrop from the Sandakan Formation, Sabah, northwest Borneo having a lateral extent of 750 m was chosen in order to implement our research approach. Sandstone facies and its connectivity are well constrained by outcrop observations, data from air-permeability measurements, bilinear interpolation of permeability, grid construction and water vector analysis for flow dynamics.These proportions were then enumerated in terms of static digital outcrop model(DOM) and facies model based on sandstone facies bedding characteristics. Flow simulation of water vector analysis through each of the four sandstone facies types show persistent spatial correlation of permeability that align with either cross-bedded orientation or straight with more dispersion high quality sandstone(porosity 21.25%-41.2%and permeability 1265.20-5986.25 mD) and moderate quality sandstone(porosity 10.44%-28.75% and permeability 21.44-1023.33 mD). Whereas, in more heterolithic sandstone(wavy-to flaser-bedded and bioturbated sandstone), lateral variations in permeability show spatially non-correlated patterns over centimeters to tens of meters with mostly of low quality sandstone(porosity 3.4%-12.31% and permeability < 1 mD to 3.21 mD). These variations reflect the lateral juxtaposition in flow dynamics. It has also been resulted that the vertical connectivity and heterogeneities in terms of flow are mostly pragmatic due to the interconnected sandstone rather than the quality of sandstone.

Speed–density functional relationship for heterogeneous traffic data: a statistical and theoretical investigation

This study is an attempt to establish a suitable speed–density functional relationship for heterogeneous traffic on urban arterials. The model must reproduce the traffic behaviour on traffic stream and satisfy all static and dynamic properties of speed–flow–density relationships. As a first attempt for Indian traffic condition, two behavioural parameters, namely the kinematic wave speed at jam(Cj) and a proposed saturation flow(k), are estimated using empirical observations. The parameter Cjis estimated by developing a relationship between driver reaction time and vehicle position in the queue at the signalised intersection. Functional parameters are estimated using Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm implemented in the R statistical software.Numerical measures such as root mean squared error, average relative error and cumulative residual plots are used for assessing models fitness. We set out several static and dynamic properties of the flow–speed–density relationships to evaluate the models, and these properties equally hold good for both homogenous and heterogeneous traffic states.From the numerical analysis, it is found that very few models replicate empirical speed–density data traffic behaviour.However, none of the existing functional forms satisfy all the properties. To overcome the shortcomings, we proposed two new speed–density functional forms. The uniqueness of these models is that they satisfy both numerical accuracy and the properties of fundamental diagram. These new forms would certainly improve the modelling accuracy, especially in dynamic traffic studies when coupling with dynamic speed equations.

A Review of the Dynamic Modeling Approaches for Characterizing Fluid Flow in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs

Fluid flow in fractured media has been studied for decades and received considerable attention in the oil and gas industry because of the high productivity of naturally fractured reservoirs.Due to formation complexity and reservoir heterogeneity,characterizing fluid flow with an appropriate reservoir model presents a challenging task that differs relatively from homogeneous conventional reservoirs in many aspects of view,including geological,petrophysical,production,and economics.In most fractured reservoirs,fracture networks create complex pathways that affect hydrocarbon flow,well performance,hence reservoir characterization.A better and comprehensive understanding of the available reservoir modeling approaches is much needed to accurately characterize fluid flow behavior in NFRs.Therefore,in this paper,a perspective review of the available modeling approaches was presented for fluid flow characterization in naturally fractured medium.Modeling methods were evaluated in terms of their description,application,advantages,and disadvantages.This study has also included the applications of these reservoir models in fluid flow characterizing studies and governing equations for fluid flow.Dual continuum models were proved to be better than single continuum models in the presence of large scale fractures.In comparison,discrete models were more appropriate for reservoirs that contain a smaller number of fractures.However,hybrid modeling was the best method to provide accurate and scalable fluid flow modeling.It is our understanding that this paper will bridge the gap between the fundamental understanding and application of NFRs modeling approaches and serve as a useful reference for engineers and researchers for present and future applications.

新型混合交通流场景下交叉口信号控制和轨迹控制协同优化方法

针对人类驾驶车辆(human driven vehicle,HDV)和智能网联车辆(connected and autonomous vehicle,CAV)组成的新型混合交通流场景,现有的交叉口协同控制方法中,集中控制和单车控制分别对中央控制器的算力和车载计算单元的算力要求较高。本文研究了1种将元胞传输模型(cell transmission model,CTM)与双层规划模型相结合的协同优化方法,利用可调整的元胞长度平衡求解信号控制与CAV轨迹优化2个问题所需的算力,从而灵活地根据中央控制器和车载计算单元的算力分配计算资源;通过上层模型预测交通流状态并优化信号控制参数,引入动态调整元胞长度规则,降低中央控制器的计算负担;基于上层的交通状态预测结果,利用下层模型对CAV轨迹进行全局规划,进一步提升交叉口通行效率。同时,为了提升解的最优性和求解的实时性,采用结合随机梯度下降法和遗传算法的迭代优化算法,避免陷入局部最优的同时提升求解效率。最后以无锡市先锋中路与春风南路交叉口数据为例,验证了不同CAV渗透率下优化的效果,结果表明:①相较于基准方案,本文提出的协同优化方案最高可以降低交叉口8.09%的车均行程时间,降低了交叉口拥堵向上游的传播;②当CAV渗透率为30%、60%和90%时,优化比例为2.51%、5.08%和7.88%;③在进口道流量大于3000 pcu/h时,仍能在100s内获得最优信号控制方案,可支持实时优化。该方法可以有效改善城市交通拥堵,提高新型混合交通流场景下交叉口的通行效率。

城市建成环境对共享单车出行影响的时空特征——以深圳市为例

以深圳市为例,利用共享单车OD等多源数据,从工作日、休息日多时段分析共享单车出行时空特征,并构建基于客观物质空间、主观感知体验的建成环境“5Ds”指标,运用多尺度地理加权回归模型(MGWR)解析不同建成环境对共享单车出行流量影响的时空异质效应。研究表明:1)时间上,工作日和休息日早、晚高峰的共享单车出行流量较其他时段整体显著,且休息日较工作日的峰值时段具有滞后性;空间上,各峰值时段的出行流量高值区域呈“多核集聚、带状延伸”的分异格局;2)各建成环境要素对共享单车出行流量影响的时段差异显著。就业设施密度、围合度及人口密度在各时段均具有高解释度,其影响力整体呈全局显著特征,其余变量则在不同时段存在局部显著效应;3)各时段影响较为显著的变量在空间作用尺度上存在分异。就业设施密度与围合度的影响力在各时段的空间变化最为稳定,街道绿视率与人口密度在不同时段呈现差异化的空间分布特征。

基于Eulerian-Eulerian模型的轴流泵气液两相流动数值分析

为研究轴流泵在气液两相流条件下的内部流动特性,以1台比转数为1 500的模型泵为研究对象,基于Eulerian-Eulerian非均相流模型,以空气和水为工作介质,进行了多种流量下不同进口含气率的定常数值计算,分析了不同气液两相工况下模型泵外特性变化情况,并通过叶轮内压力、气相分布以及气液两相速度分布情况探究气液两相在轴流泵内流动规律.计算结果表明:在水气混合工况下,此轴流泵的扬程和效率随着含气率的增加呈现逐渐下降的趋势;相同含气率下,压力面压力大于吸力面压力,从轮毂到轮缘,压力呈现增大的趋势,叶轮表面的气体主要集中在叶片的吸力面,随着流量的增加,压力最高点逐渐趋近于轮缘附近,压力面的气体逐渐增多,吸力面的气体逐渐减少,压力面的气体主要聚积在进水边,并有向轮缘移动的趋势;相同流量下,气体还是主要集中在叶轮的吸力面,随着含气率的增加,压力面最大压力区域有从进水边向轮缘中间区域移动的趋势,吸力面的气体有沿着进口向出口运动的趋势.另外,随着流量的增加,气液相的速度随之增加,在靠近轮毂的区域出现了明显的流动分离现象.

Fluid Flow Behavior of Liquid in Cylindrical Vessels Stirred by One or Two Air Jets

Based on the two-phase model (Eulerian-Eulerian model), the three dimensional fluid flow in water and that liquid steel systems stirred by one or two multiple gas jets are simulated. In the Eulerian-Eulerian two-phase model, the gas and the liquid phase are considered to be two different continuous fluids interacting with each other through the finite inter-phase areas. The exchange between the phases is represented by source terms in conversation equations. Turbulence is assumed to be a property of the liquid phase. A new turbulence modification - model is introduced to consider the bubbles movement contribution to and . The dispersion of phases due to turbulence is represented by introducing a diffusion term in mass conservation equation. The mathematical simulation agrees well with the experiment results. The study results indicate that the distance of two nozzles has big effect on fluid flow behavior in the vessel. Using two gas injection nozzles at the half radii of one diameter of the bottom generates a much better mixing than with one nozzle under the condition of the same total gas flow rate.

Optimal operating conditions of radial flow moving-bed reactors for isobutane dehydrogenation

In this study, radial flow moving bed reactors for isobutane dehydrogenation have been modeled and simulated heterogeneously based on mass and energy conservation laws. The considered reaction networks in the model are isobutene dehydrogenation as main reaction, and hydrogenolysis, propane dehydrogenation as well as coke formation as side reactions that all occur on the catalyst surface. Then, the process condition has been optimized to produce more isobutene under steady state condition. To prove the accuracy of the considered mathematical model and assumptions, simulation results are compared with the plant data. As a powerful method in the global optimization, the genetic algorithm has been used to optimize the considered objective function. The isobutane conversion and isobutene selectivity under optimal conditions are about 40.1% and 91%, respectively.

An Improved Discrete-Time Model for Heterogeneous High-Speed Train Traffic Flow

This paper aims to present a simulation model for heterogeneous high-speed train traffic Row based on an improved discrete-time model(IDTM).In the proposed simulation model,four train control strategies,including departing strategy,traveling strategy,braking strategy,overtaking strategy,are well defined to optimize train movements.Based on the proposed simulation model,some characteristics of train traffic Bow are investigated.Numerical results indicate that the departure time intervals,the station dwell time,the section length,and the ratio of fast trains have different influence on traffic capacity and train average velocity.The results can provide some theoretical support for the strategy making of railway departments.

Dynamic feature analysis in bidirectional pedestrian flows

Analysis of dynamic features of pedestrian flows is one of the most exciting topics in pedestrian dynamics. This paper focuses on the effect of homogeneity and heterogeneity in three parameters of the social force model, namely desired velocity, reaction time, and body size, on the moving dynamics of bidirectional pedestrian flows in the corridors. The speed and its deviation in free flows are investigated. Simulation results show that the homogeneous higher desired speed which is less than a critical threshold, shorter reaction time or smaller body size results in higher speed of flows. The free dynamics is more sensitive to the heterogeneity in desired speed than that in reaction time or in body size. In particular, an inner lane formation is observed in normal lanes. Furthermore, the breakdown probability and the start time of breakdown are focused on. This study reveals that the sizes of homogeneous desired speed, reaction time or body size play more important roles in affecting the breakdown than the heterogeneities in these three parameters do.

考虑车辆异质性的堵塞交通流模型研究

为研究交通事故对高速公路交通流的影响,以双车道安全距离元胞自动机模型为基础引入强行变道规则,建立了考虑车辆异质性的高速公路车辆堵塞模型。利用MATLAB数值模拟高速公路异质交通流,分析不同交通密度情况下的交通事故持续时间以及重载货车占比对高速公路堵塞交通流的影响。研究表明:交通事故持续时间及重载货车占比均对高速公路堵塞交通流具有显著影响;当车辆密度大于4veh/km小于80veh/km时,交通事故持续时间对交通流有着显著影响,且持续时间越长对交通流的影响越大;当车辆密度小于30veh/km时,重载货车占比对交通流有着显著的影响,并且占比越大对交通流影响越大。

城市建成环境对网约车客流的影响研究

文章选取成都市内一个65 km^(2)范围为研究区域,运用表征城市建成环境的6种兴趣点(point of interest,POI)和土地利用混合度数据,结合网约车订单数据,构建影响网约车客流的建成环境因素集,建立基于时空地理加权回归(geographically and temporally weighted regression,GTWR)模型的网约车客流影响模型,探究各因素与网约车客流之间的关系。相比于普通最小二乘(ordinary least squares,OLS)法和地理加权回归(geographically weighted regression,GWR)模型,采用GTWR模型能更好地解释城市建成环境因素对网约车客流的影响,并定量分析解释城市建成环境因素的时空异质性影响。研究结果表明:网约车客流主要受购物服务、公司企业、餐饮服务影响,且影响程度时空分布不均衡;土地利用混合度始终会抑制网约车的客流出行,但抑制程度较弱。研究结果可为网约车的运营管理提供参考。

具有内部存储的非均匀流动反应器模型

主要研究了一类具有内部存储的非均匀流动反应器模型,首先给出了系统古典解的全局存在性。为了克服模型中比率项奇性带来的困难,借助一类非线性特征值问题建立了单种群模型关于扩散系数的阈值动力学。最后研究了系统的一致持续性,给出了系统共存解存在的充分条件。

基于MGWR模型的轨道站点客流时空影响因素研究——以西安地铁1-6号线为例

为探究轨道站点客流时空分布差异及影响因素,以西安市地铁1—6号线为例,结合多源数据构建混合地理加权回归(MGWR)模型,定量分析建成环境及用地特征、交通接驳设施及站点自身属性因素对高峰时段进出站客流的影响.结果表明:西安市轨道站点客流存在显著的空间相关性,同最小二乘(OLS)模型相比,MGWR模型拟合优度更高,能够精确刻画客流与各因素的时空影响关系;公交线路数、居住用地面积、商业用地面积是轨道站点客流的显著影响因素,受高峰时段和出行行为的影响,不同变量的回归系数存在明显差异;各影响因素对客流的影响效果呈现不同程度的空间差异,对未来轨道交通周边规划设计提供参考.

申威处理器上数据流运行时系统的设计与实现

我国自主研发的新一代神威异构众核计算平台主要采用athread异构编程方法,athread异构编程属于大同步并行模型,难以充分挖掘程序中的细粒度并行性,其采用的同步方式难以实现众核上的任务负载均衡。数据流并行编程模型因其天然并行性、点对点同步的特点能够很好地解决上述问题。基于Codelet程序执行模型和申威主从核架构特点,设计并实现面向申威处理器的数据流运行时系统swTasklet,通过对Codelet功能的进一步细化和对Codelet机器模型到主从核的映射,避免从核阵列上的同步操作,减少同步开销;由主核完成从核计算任务的调度分配,将计算和同步操作分离,保证运行时系统可以和从核计算库的共用。实验以NPB LU程序和向量-向量加作为测试用例,采用相同的优化方法分别对swTasklet和athread实现进行并行化。实验结果表明:在规模较大情况下,LU程序的swTasklet实现版本比athread版本快16%,向量-向量加swTasklet实现版本比athread版本快1倍;使用swTasklet实现的LU并行版本较主核本取得了平均8倍以上的加速,而向量-向量加swTasklet版本较主核版本取得30倍左右的加速。

基于SYCL的多相流LBM模拟跨平台异构并行计算研究

异构并行体系结构是当前高性能计算的重要技术趋势。由于各种异构平台通常支持不同的编程模型,跨平台性能可移植异构并行应用开发非常困难。SYCL是一个基于C++语言的单源跨平台并行编程开放标准。目前针对SYCL的研究主要集中于与其他并行编程模型的性能比较,对SYCL中提供的不同并行内核实现及其性能优化研究得较少。针对这一现状,基于SYCL编程模型对开源多相流数值模拟软件openLBMmflow实现跨平台异构并行模拟,通过对比基础并行版本、细粒度调优的ND-range并行版本以及计算到工作项多对一映射方法,系统总结了SYCL并行应用的性能优化方法。测试结果表明,在Intel Xeon Platinum 9242 CPU以及NVIDIA Tesla V100 GPU上,相比优化后的OpenMP并行实现,在不需要额外调优的情况下,基础并行版本在CPU上获得了2.91的加速比,表明了SYCL的开箱即用性能具备一定优势。以基础并行版本为基准,ND-range并行版本通过改变工作组大小及形状,在CPU与GPU上分别取得了最高1.45以及2.23的加速比。通过优化计算到工作项的多对一映射改变每个工作项处理的格子数量以及形状,与基础并行版本相比,在CPU与GPU上分别取得了最高1.57以及1.34的加速比。结果表明,SYCL并行应用在CPU上更适合采用计算到工作项多对一映射的优化方法,在GPU上更适合采用ND-range并行内核,以提高性能。

基于空间计量模型的城市土地利用对地铁客流影响研究

揭示城市土地利用与地铁客流的相互作用机理是实现地铁与城市区域功能一体化发展的基础。以北京市为例,将地铁车站之间的空间效应作为变量纳入回归方程,并用精细化的POI数据反映土地利用情况,构建基于空间计量模型的地铁车站出站客流与周边土地利用关系模型。计算结果表明:(1)空间计量模型对空间数据回归精度更高,其中,地理加权回归模型更能精确描述客流的空间异质性;(2)对工作日早高峰出站客流量有积极影响的因素按显著性排序为:写字楼=政府机构>科研教育>公司单位>金融;按单位用地类型增减对客流量的影响程度:政府机构>写字楼>金融>科研教育>公司单位;按影响车站数量:写字楼>公司单位>金融>科研教育=政府机构;(3)各类用地对车站客流的影响存在区位差异。