Control Effect of Several Replacement Plants on Invasive Weed Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng

To select the suitable plant species controlling Eupatorium adenophorum in hilly area, ecological adaptability, competitiveness and control efficacy of many replacement plants with economic value in Guizhou Province of China were studied. The results showed that the coverage of paspalum wetsfeteini and Dolichos lablab were 100% and 93%, which increased by 3.70 and 3.44 times compared with Lolium perenne, respectively; their relative crowding coefficient with E. adenophorum were 7.09 and 22.78, which increased by 2.43 and 7.80 times compared with L perenroe, respectively. Using excavation method, the control efficacies of replacement plants were 99.3 % and 96.9%, respectively, while the control efficacy of replacement plants using mowing method was lower than 66.4%. The overwintering rate of P. wetsfeteini in the following year was 95% ; its coverage was still 100% and its control efficacy against E. adenophorum remained over 99%. D. lablab was difficult to survive the winter in the north region beyond 26.2°N, so it could only be applied as annual replacement plant. The coverage of Setaria anceps, Cajanus cajan and other test plants were less than 90%, with poor control efficacy against E. adenophorum.

紫茎泽兰Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng.在中国入侵分布预测

原产于墨西哥的紫茎泽兰 Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng.作为一个有害的外来物种在印度、新西兰和澳大利亚生长已有很长时间。在中国 ,尤其是在南方和西南地区其蔓延速度之快 ,带来了不可忽视的经济和社会后果。我们采用了生态位模拟新方法来预测紫茎泽兰可能入侵的范围。据此 ,预测的潜在分布区包括该植物在中国境内已分布的省份及未来华中。

New Evidence for the Hypothesis of Reducing Natural Enemy Pressure of Eupatorium adenophorum: Solenopsis invicta Competing with Doxrylus orientalis to Feed on E. adenophorum

Natural enemy insects are important factors in regulating plant invasion. The interactions between multiple insect species resulting from invasive plants remain poorly understood despite their potential. We observed notorious invasive plants Eupatorium adenophorum Sprengel were competedly fed by Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Dorylus orientalis Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) beside the scientific research base of Kunming University. It was first observed that D. orientalis was eating the epidermis, cortex, phloem and other root and stem tissues of E. adenophorum in soil. Two months later, it was observed that S. invicta ate the epidermis, cortex, phloem and other aboveground stem tissues of E. adenophorum. S. invicta attacked D. orientalis and displaced their living space by causing the later dead, injured, or even disabled. This phenomenon suggested that local herbivorous insects have adapted to E. adenophorum well, which will intensify the naturalization process of E. adenophorum in local habitats. In a homogeneous garden planting experiment of E. adenophorum conducted at the experimental base of Kunming University, the biomass of the introduced (China) populations of E. adenophorum was lower than that of the native (Mexico) populations, although there was no statistically significant difference. These results indicate a possible positive correlation between the increase in natural enemy pressure and the decrease in fitness of E. adenophorum.

Ecological adaptation of Eupatorium adenophorum populations to light intensity

Eupatorium adenophorum is one of main invasive plants in China and has caused great economic losses. A study was conducted to determine the biomass allocation, leaf morphology and growth response of E. adenophorum seedlings that grew under five different intensities （relative irradiances RI 10%, 20 %, 30%, 55%, 100%） for 14 months. Results reveal that the species shows typical leaf morphological adaptation to different light conditions. The total biomass of seedlings increased with the increase of light intensity from 10% to 55% RI but decreased at RI 100% （full sunlight）. Height growth increased with the increase of light intensity from 10% to 30% RI but decreased when light intensity was over 30% RI. At low light levels, plants enhanced light availability by means of increasing biomass allocation to leaves and formation of larger, thinner leaves with high specific leaf area （SLA）, leading to a high leaf area ratio （LAR） and high stem strips length （SSL）. The mean relative growth rate （RGR） of the plant increased with the light intensity increase and attained the maximum at 55% RI. The growth of seedlings at 30%-55% RI was much better than that at full light condition. This might be an adaptive strategy that supports the vigorous invasiveness of this species, because a high-shaded canopy could prevent other plant species from surviving and growing. This study indicates that E. adenophorum could adapt to different light conditions, especially to low light habit. This can explain its greater invasiveness.

Review on studies of Eupatorium adenophorum--an important invasive species in China

Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. was introduced in Yunnan Province of China around 1940. Since then it has been spreading rapidly, particularly in the southern and southwestern parts of China and caused serious economic loss. The biological research and inte-grated control on E. adenophorum were carried out from 1980's in Yunnan Province. Together with other 15 invasive external species, the weed has been listed in the White Paper by The State Environmental Protection Administration of China. This paper briefly reviews the studies on natural distribution, biological character, ecological character, chemical component, hazard, potential application and the control of E. adenophorum. The research direction for this invasive external species in future was also discussed.

紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum)入侵地的生物多样性

生物多样性演变是全球变化的重要组成部分,物种入侵对生物多样的影响已成为当前全球变化领域的研究热点之一。本文研究了西双版纳紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum)入侵地的植物、土壤动物与土壤微生物的多样性,结果表明:(1)不同程度入侵区的植物种类及其重要值差别较大,在重度入侵区,紫茎泽兰的重要值高达237.74%,但随着入侵程度的降低,植物种类有所增加且紫茎泽兰的重要值随之降低;丰富度指数、多样性指数、优势度指数与均匀度指数均表现为轻度入侵区>中度入侵区>重度入侵区。(2)三种入侵区的土壤动物隶属23目,其中弹尾目(Collembola)、蜱螨目(Acarina)和膜翅目(Hymenoptera)为优势种群,三者总量占捕获总数的61.77%;丰富度指数、多样性指数、优势度指数、均匀度指数与密度类群指数均表现为轻度入侵区>中度入侵区>重度入侵区。(3)土壤微生物可培养数量类群方面,细菌表现为中度入侵区>重度入侵区>轻度入侵区,放线菌、真菌、自生固氮菌与氨氧化细菌均表现为重度入侵区>中度入侵区>轻度入侵区;多样性指数表现为重度入侵区>轻度入侵区>中度入侵区,优势度指数表现为轻度入侵区=中度入侵区>重度入侵区,均匀度指数表现为重度入侵区>轻度入侵区=中度入侵区。可见,紫茎泽兰入侵地的植物与土壤动物多样性随入侵程度加重而降低,但土壤微生物多样性却随入侵程度加重反而呈上升趋势。今后,加强室内模拟与野外定点长期观测相结合试验是探究紫茎泽兰入侵对生物多样性影响机制的研究方向。

Evaluation on Killing Effects of Sensitive Plant Growth Inhibitors on Eupatorium adenophorum

[Objective] Considering invasion of Eupatorium adenophorum, a growth in-hibitor of the plant was developed based on plant sensitivity, to make evaluation on control effects and to determine the optimal concentration. [Method] According to field test method, the effects of treatments with growth inhibitor at 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%and 2% on Eupatorium adenophorum were explored and the growth of other weeds was observed to research selectivity of plant inhibitor on the plant. [Result] The growth inhibitor had significant effects on ground parts of Eupatorium adenophorum. Specifical y, after 2 h, Eupatorium adenophorum was damaged seriously and the damage degree went worse upon inhibitor concentration. After 5 d, the control effect of the inhibitorreached 41.5% with concentration at 1.5%, reached 90.2% with the concentration at 1%, and 100% with the concentration at 1.5% and 2%. After 15 d, the control effect achieved 64.6%, 91.7%, 98.9% and 100% with concentrations at 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2%. Stil , the effects of growth inhibitors on root system were limited. For example, new branches would grow from base part if the inhibitor con-centration is too low. On the other hand, the growth inhibitor is of sensitivity and selectivity, which would not hurt other plants. [Conclusion] It is feasible to rapidly control growth and development and even kil Eupatorium adenophorum based on plant sensitivity and it is proved that the growth inhibitor at 1.5% would considerably restrict and kil Eupatorium adenophorum. Therefore, the concentration of growth in-hibitors should be over 1.5%.

川西南紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum)旱季光合生理及其在四川盆地的入侵风险分析

起源于墨西哥的紫茎泽兰是一种入侵我国云南和川西南等地危害极大的杂草.通过在金沙江干热河谷旱季对不同海拔和干旱程度的紫茎泽兰的光合作用进行原位观测和控制条件监测发现,紫茎泽兰光合作用旱季日变化方面具有典型的双峰曲线,光合作用抑制时间为14∶00-15∶00.干旱和高海拔可能提高紫茎泽兰叶片的净光合速率,水分利用效率亦随着干旱和海拔升高而提高,这表明紫茎泽兰对干旱河谷旱季干旱和高温环境的适应.同时,在叶面有效光合辐射(PAR)1,740μmol.m-2.s-1、叶面温度44℃的条件下仍然能够正常光合作用,并具有较高的净光合作用速率,显示出极高的抗高温和高光强胁迫能力,这些生理特点决定了紫茎泽兰比其它植物具有更大的光合作用优势和抗胁迫环境优势,从而决定其在营养生长竞争中对其它大多数植物的比较优势.紫茎泽兰净光合作用对叶面温度和光照强度的响应结果显示,紫茎泽兰光饱和点随着温度的升高而降低,最大净光合作用峰值在25℃至40℃之间,高温对紫茎泽兰光合作用有抑制作用,温度对光照有一定的补偿作用,这暗示紫茎泽兰潜在扩散区域气候特点是冬季具有较高光照或者较高温度或者二者同时具备,低温低光照不利于紫茎泽兰越冬和获得竞争优势.综上所述,紫茎泽兰在四川首要的潜在扩散区域和预防重点是横断山区中段和中北段干旱河谷地区(干暖和干温河谷)、川南宜宾和泸州各区县、以及盆地中部一些光热条件较好的局部区域.

Eupatoranolide, a New Sesquiterpene Lactone from Eupatorium adenophorum

A new sesquiterpene lactone eupatoranolide was isolated from the flowers of Eupatorium adenophorum, its structure was elucidated as 2 beta-acetoxy-(7 alpha, 9 beta H)-3.6(11)-cadinadien-12(7)-olide by spectral analysis.

Toxicity Assessment of Cadinene Sesquiterpenes from Eupatorium adenophorum in Mice

This study evaluated toxic efficacy of Eupatorium adenophorum extracts,against the Kunming mice.In acute study,we firstly tested median lethal dose(LD50)in mice of three cadinene sesquiterpenes 2-deoxo-2-(acetyloxy)-9-oxoageraphorone(DAOA),9-oxo-agerophorone(OA)and 9-oxo-10,11-dehydro-agerophorone(ODA)from Eupatorium adenophorum(Ea).DAOA(215–4640 mg/kg BW,given orally)showed lowest LD50 at 926 mg/kg BW for male mice in contrast with OA(1470 mg/kg BW)and ODA(1470 mg/kg BW).In sub-acute study,repeated doses(75–300 mg/kg BW,for 7 days)of DAOA/OA increased blood parameters,liver and spleen index in dose dependent relationship,along with decrease in thymus index.The blood biochemical and histopathological examination showed that DAOA/OA dose 300 mg/kg BW significantly causes pathological changes of hepatic lobules and hepatocytes,which are consistent with cholestasis and hepatic injury.75 mg/kg dose of DAOA/OA was found to be approximately/totally safe over the span of 7 days treatment showing no change in all above described parameters.Cadinene sesquiterpenes guarantee low risk to environment as a type of low toxic botanical components,which may find potential application in biopesticides development field.

EaIspF1, Essential Enzyme in Isoprenoid Biosynthesis from Eupatorium adenophorum, Reveals a Novel Role in Light Acclimation

Isoprenoids are a functionally and structurally diverse class of natural organic chemicals. The universal precursors of all isoprenoids, isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate are synthesized through the mevalonate and 2C-methyl- D-erythritol 4-phosphate （MEP） pathways, respectively. Many isoprenoids produced through the MEP pathway play an important role in plant acclimation to different light environments. Eupatorium adenophorum, an invasive weed in China, presents a remarkable capacity to acclimate to various light environments, which constitutes its solid foundation of being a successful invasive species. Thus we aimed at gaining a deeper insight into the regulation of MEP pathway in E. adenophorum to further understand the invasive mechanism. 2C-Methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase （IspF or MCS） is an essential enzyme in the MEP pathway. In this paper, a novel IspF gene was cloned and characterized from E. adenophorum. Tissue-specific expression assays revealed a higher expression of EalspF1 in leaves than in stems and roots. The expression of EalspF1 was responsive to different light conditions. Some up-regulation of EalspF1 expression was also found after the treatments with signal compounds and after wounding stress. Interestingly, the over-expression of EalspF1 in Arabidopsis led to increase carotenoids contents, resulting in an enhanced tolerance to high light. Taken together, these results indicate that the EalspFl-derived enzyme participates in isoprenoid metabolism and among others, the expression of this gene in E. adenophorum is involved in the regulation of plastidial isoprenoids, which play an important role in acclimation to various light environments.

Individual-based simulation of the diffusion process of Eupatorium adenophorum

In order to investigate the diffusion patterns of Eupatorium adenophorum, this study uses a computer to simulate various plant diffusion processes under different environments. The study develops binary cellular automata as a framework reflecting the growth and semination of plants by the change of cellular state and transition function. This model allocates 16 integers, namely 1 to 16, to indicate a life history of plant starting from seed. In each iteration （a year）, Monte-Carlo simulation is applied to decide whether an individual survives into the next year, the probability of which is estimated from previous literature. If a plant survives youth, mature or senile period, its propagation will also be considered and short-tailed dispersal kernel was employed. Applying this basic model, this study also simulates the diffusion process of E. adenophorum under four typical ecological environments. Examining the age structure of the four populations, we found that, although with significantly different numbers of plants left, most individuals were in the infancy period. Besides, their dispersal velocity showed different periodic law. These observations provided reasonable suggestions on what control strategies to be taken respectively.

Control Effect of Replacement Cultivation of Several High Quality Forages against Eupatorium adenophorum

[Objective] The paper was to analyze the control effect of replacement cultivation of several high quality forages against Eupatorium adenophorum. [ Method] Five high quality forages including Lolium perenne, Dactylis glomerata, Setaria anceps, Trifolium repens and Medicago sativa were planted in the fields invaded by E. adenophorum, and their ecological adaptability and control effect against E. adenophorum were studied. [Result] Five kinds of forages could nor- mally grow at the local land. The indexes such as coverage, plant height, fresh weight of stems and leaves of S. anceps were the highest, and it showed very strong ecological adaptability as well as the best control effect on E. adenophorum, up to 97.85% and 93.81% at the first and second year, respectively, indicating good sustainable control effect. D. glomerata ranked the second place, of which the coverage after one year was 86% and the control effect on E. adenophorum was 89.68%. The other species showed poor control effect on E. adenophorum because of slow growth rate and heavily damage from companion weeds even they could establish dominant communities. [ Condusion] The paper provided reference for ecological control against E. adenophorum in local land and ecological restoration of invasive land.

Technology in Utilization of Eupatorium adenophorum Biomass Energy

A simple, easily-operated and economical carbonization technology with Eupatorium adenophorum was introduced in terms of instrument selection, carboniza- tion of Eupatorium adenophorum and preparation of carbon rod, and evaluation was made on economic profits from carbonization of Eupatorium adenophorum.

紫茎泽兰水提液对云南松及其种子萌发关键酶活性的化感作用

为探讨化感作用对种子萌发关键酶的影响,采用培养皿滤纸法,研究紫茎泽兰不同浓度水提液对云南松种子萌发及其过程中过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、酸性磷酸酶、纤维素酶、α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶等6种酶活性的影响,并分析种子萌发与酶活性之间的关系。结果表明,不同浓度水提液对云南松种子萌发及酶活性均有不同程度的影响,当水提液浓度为0.005 g/mL时,云南松种子萌发率、萌发速率、6种酶活性均高于对照,而随着浓度升高抑制作用增强。种子萌发率与过氧化氢酶、酸性磷酸酶、纤维素酶等3种酶活性呈显著正相关,与其他3种酶活性呈正相关。紫茎泽兰可通过影响酶活性进而影响云南松种子萌发及天然更新。

紫茎泽兰在云南亚热带常绿阔叶林中的入侵格局和生境分析

【目的】调查云南亚热带常绿阔叶林中紫茎泽兰Eupatorium adenophorum的个体生长情况和种群分布规律,分析其与各环境因子之间的相关关系和显著性,为保护森林物种多样性和防止外来入侵种的繁殖扩散提供科学建议和理论依据。【方法】以云南亚热带次生常绿阔叶林为研究对象,沿林缘随机挑选9个紫茎泽兰种群集中分布区域作为起点,垂直进入森林内部,以10 m为间隔等距离定点调查样方,分别调查紫茎泽兰植株外部形态指标和环境因子。【结果】株高、丰富度、单株最多绿色叶片数、单叶最大面积、单位面积生物量、存在度和重要值在林缘0~10 m的范围内达到最大值,且随着进入森林内部距离的增加而逐渐降低或减少,呈衰减指数模型分布;在距林缘超过60 m的森林内部很少有紫茎泽兰植株出现。土壤温度、光照强度、空气温湿度和林冠郁闭度均能明显控制紫茎泽兰种群的分布和生长。土壤温度、光照强度和空气温度与紫茎泽兰种群外部形态指标呈正相关关系;空气湿度和林冠郁闭度则与其呈负相关关系。【结论】由森林分布斑块化和物种生境碎片化产生的大面积林缘区域给紫茎泽兰种群的入侵和繁殖提供了理想栖息地,而森林内部相对较低的土壤和空气温度、较弱的光照强度、较高的空气湿度和林冠郁闭度则明显抑制了紫茎泽兰种群的入侵和生长。

紫茎泽兰入侵对土壤动物群落结构多样性的影响

为研究紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng)入侵前后对不同生境土壤动物群落的影响,对文山老君山国家级自然保护区草地、杉树林、阔叶林和竹林4种生境在紫茎泽兰入侵前后的土壤动物进行调查分析。结果表明,在各样地共采集到土壤动物标本11116头,隶属2门6纲14目41科,其中,优势类群为颤蚓目(Tubificida)、真螨目(Acariformes)、寄螨目(Parasiformes)、弹尾目(Collembola)和膜翅目(Hymenoptera)。不同生境土壤动物各多样性指数都是紫茎泽兰入侵小于未入侵,表明入侵后物种丰富程度、同类动物获得概率、物种多样性程度、个体数目分配的均匀程度都表现为下降的趋势;紫茎泽兰入侵前后,除阔叶林土壤动物各多样性指数都没有显著差异外,其他3种生境都有部分多样性指数存在显著差异(P<0.05)。

紫茎泽兰对水稻种子萌发的化感作用

【目的】探究紫茎泽兰对水稻种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用。【方法】用水提取紫茎泽兰的根、茎、叶,获得不同质量浓度的浸提液,用于处理云陆142和傣家稻水稻种子,测定水稻发芽率、幼苗生长状况和丙二醛含量等指标。【结果】0.02 g/mL紫茎泽兰叶片提取液处理云陆142和傣家稻种子,发芽率分别从92.00%和74.00%显著降低至86.00%和65.00%;随着提取液质量浓度的增加,种子发芽率的降幅增大。叶片提取液的化感作用大于根和茎,可完全抑制水稻根的生长,抑制率高达100%,对水稻苗高的抑制率也可达约40%,还可提高幼苗丙二醛含量。【结论】紫茎泽兰内含抑制水稻种子萌发和生长的化感物质,以叶片提取液的化感效应最强,且对根伸长的抑制作用大于地上部,云陆142对紫茎泽兰的化感作用比傣家稻敏感。研究结果为揭示紫茎泽兰的危害、在紫茎泽兰入侵区选择化感效应弱的水稻品种以减少产量损失提供了有益信息。

紫茎泽兰发酵前后挥发油成分变化及其抑菌活性

分析紫茎泽兰微生物发酵前、后挥发油成分及其抑菌作用,为利用紫茎泽兰开发发酵饲料提供依据。利用GC-MS从紫茎泽兰发酵前、后挥发油中分别鉴定出40、43个化合物,含氧单萜类成分含量发酵后明显降低,从11.58%降低到7.12%,倍半萜烯类成分及含氧倍半萜烯类成分发酵后含量有所升高,分别由发酵前的28.9%、41.89%上升为发酵后的34.72%和46.32%。发酵后挥发油中柠檬烯、石竹烯等抑菌活性成分含量有所升高;抑菌活性结果表明发酵后挥发油对粪肠球菌的抑菌活性较好,抑菌圈直径达到16.40 mm,且发酵后挥发油对铜绿假单胞菌、大肠杆菌、粪肠球菌、沙门氏菌的抑菌圈直径都要高于发酵前;发酵前、后挥发油的MIC、MBC值范围为2.5~10.0μL/mL。本研究为资源化利用紫茎泽兰提供了一定的科学依据。

紫茎泽兰内生菌的农用活性潜力研究进展

作为我国首批入侵外来物种之一,紫茎泽兰给入侵地带来了巨大的生态灾害和经济损失。对紫茎泽兰的研究多年来一直受到相关领域研究者的广泛关注,但是其丰富的内生菌资源一直被忽视。对近年来植物内生菌相关研究进行了综述,对植物内生菌农用活性进行了介绍,并基于现有研究成果通过类比、推理等手段探讨紫茎泽兰内生菌农用活性潜力,进而对紫茎泽兰内生菌资源在农业生产中的研究和应用前景进行了展望。