Euphorbia neriifolia L.:Review on botany,ethnomedicinal uses,phytochemistry and biological activities

The present review is intended to provide information on botany,ethnomedicinal uses,phytochemistry and biological activities of various parts of Euphorbia neriifolia(E. neriifolia). E. neriifolia has several ethnomedicinal uses. The latex of E. neriifolia is used as laxative,purgative,rubefacient,carminative and expectorant as well as in treatment of whooping cough,gonorrhea,leprosy,asthma,dyspepsia,jaundice,enlargement of the spleen,tumors,stone in the bladder,abdominal troubles and leucoderma. Leaves are brittle,heating,carminative,and good for improving the appetite and treatment of tumors,pains,inflammations,abdominal swellings and bronchial infections. Roots are used as symptomatic treatment of snake bite,scorpion sting and antispasmodic. Various plant parts or whole E. neriifolia extract and its isolates have been reported scientifically using various in-vivo and in-vitro experimental methods for anaesthetic,analgesic,anti-anxiety,anti-convulsant,anti-psychotic,anti-arthritis,anti-carcinogenic,antidiabetic,anti-diarrhoeal,anti-inflammatory,anti-thrombotic,antimicrobial,antioxidant,antiulcer,cytotoxic,death-receptor expression enhancing,dermal irritation,diuretic,hemolytic,immunomodulatory,radioprotective,scorpion venom and wound healing properties. It is reported to have chemical constituents like,neriifolin-S,neriifolin,neriifoliene,euphol,neriifolione,cycloartenol,nerifoliol,lectin,euphonerins A–G,3-O-acetyl-8-O-tigloylingol,taraxerol,antiquorin,etc. Identified chemical constituents are still required to be explored for their advanced isolation techniques and biological activities.

小飞扬草(Euphorbia thymifolia L.)中镉的亚细胞分布及化学形态

采用差速离心法和逐步提取法,分析Cd超积累植物小飞扬草根、茎、叶中Cd的亚细胞分布和化学形态。培养液中Cd浓度5mg/L和10mg/L条件下,在小飞扬草根、茎、叶中,细胞壁和细胞膜是Cd主要的结合场所,含量分别占总量的47.1%～49.0%、39.7%～41.4%、42.9%～56.2%,其次是胞液组分,含量分别占37.5%～41.4%、28.2%～40.7%、35.2%～46.8%,细胞器组分中Cd含量较少。Cd在小飞扬草根、茎、叶中均以氯化钠提取态为主,含量分别占70.5%～84.8%、72.4%～83.0%、50.0%～74.8%。根部各提取态含量依次为CNaCl>CHAC>CEtOH>CHCl>CW>CR,茎、叶中各提取态含量依次为CNaCl>CHCl>CHAC>CEtOH>CW>CR。在小飞扬草中,Cd与细胞壁和细胞膜中的果胶酸和蛋白质等物质结合固定,而进入细胞的Cd大部分与有机酸络合而隔离于液泡内,这可能是小飞扬草忍耐并超积累Cd的机制。

Antioxidant activity and phytochemical screening of the methanol extracts of Euphorbia hirta L

Objective:To assess antioxidant activities of different parts of Euphorbia hirta（E.hirta）,and to search for new sources of safe and inexpensive antioxidants.Methods:Samples of leaves,stems, flowers and roots from E.hirta were tested for total phenolic content,and flavonoids content and in vitro antioxidant activity by diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl（DPPH） assay and reducing power was measured using cyanoferrate method.Results:The leaves extract exhibited a maximum DPPH scavenging activity of（72.96±0.78）%followed by the flowers,roots and stems whose scavenging activities were（52.45±0.66）%,（48.59±0.97）%,and（44.42±0.94）%,respectively.The standard butylated hydroxytoluene（BHT） was（75.13±0.75）%.The IC50,for leaves,flowers,roots,stems and BHT were 0.803,0.972,0.989,1.358 and 0.794 mg/mL,respectively.The reducing power of the leaves extract was comparable with that of ascorbic acid and found to be dose dependent. Leaves extract had the highest total phenolic content[（206.17±1.95） mg GAE/g],followed by flowers,roots and stems extracts which were（117.08±3.10） mg GAE/g,（83.15±1.19） mg GAE/g,and （65.70±1.72） mg GAE/g,respectively.On the other hand,total flavonoids content also from leave had the highest value[（37.970±0.003） mg CEQ/g],followed by flowers,roots and stems extracts which were（35.200±0.002） mg CEQ/g,（24.350±0.006） mg CEQ/g,and（24.120±0.004） mg CEQ/ g,respectively.HPTLC bioautography analysis of phenolic and antioxidant substance revealed phenolic compounds.Phytochemical screening of E.hirta leaf extract revealed the presence of reducing sugars,terpenoids,alkaloids,steroids,tannins,flavanoids and phenolic compounds. Conclusions:These results suggeste that E.hirta have strong antioxidant potential.Further study is necessary for isolation and characterization of the active antioxidant agents,which can be used to treat various oxidative stress-related diseases.

A new aryl glycoside from Euphorbia helioscopia L.

A new aryl glycoside, 3″-O-galloyl-benzyl-O-α-L-rharnnopyranosyl-（1 → 6）-β-D-glucopyranoside, was isolated from Euphorbia helioscopia L., and its structure was elucidated on the basis of various spectroscopic data analysis.

A transmission electron microscopy study of the diversity of Candida albicans cells induced by Euphorbia hirta L.leaf extract in vitro

Objective:To determine the major changes in the microstructure of Candida albicans(C. albicans) after treatment with Euphorbia hirta(E.hirta) L.leaf extract.Methods:Transmission electron microscopy was used to study the ultrastructural changes caused by E.hirta extract on C. albicans cells al various exposure time.Results:It was found that the main abnormalities were the alterations in morphology,lysis and complete collapse of the yeast cells after 36 h of exposure to the extract.Whereas the control cultures showed a typical morphology of Candida with a uniform central density,typically structured nucleus,and a cytoplasm with several elements of endomembrane system and enveloped by a regular,intact cell wall.Conclusions:The significant antifungal activity shown by this methanol extract of E.hirta L.suggests its potential against infections caused by C.albicans.The extract may be developed as an anticandidal agent.

Acid Value Determination and Pre-Esterification of Crude Euphorbia lathyris L. Oil

There were various problems in the determination of oil acid value of the national standard method, and this paper developed a low cost, simple and effective way to determine the acid value of oil and grease. Furthermore, the esterification of high acid Euphorbia lathyris L. oil (ELO) with methanol could be efficiently catalyzed by hydrochloric acid to produce biodiesel, and the influencing factors such as the amount of catalyst, reaction time, reaction temperature and molar ratio of oil to methanol were also studied. Under the optimized conditions with the oil to methanol molar ratio of 1:30 and a reaction temperature of 70℃, 95.8% oil conversion was obtained within 40 min in the presence of only 2.0 wt% of catalyst. Therefore, the low-cost non-edible Euphorbia lathyris L. oil as a raw material had good potential for the synthesis of biodiesel in industry.

Pharmacognostic Identification of Euphorbia maculata L.and Its Related Species

[Objectives]To make pharmacognostic identification of Euphorbia maculata L.and its related species.[Methods]The classical pharmacognostic identification method was adopted.[Results]The four main medicinal materials are very similar,the fluff can be seen in E.maculata and Euphorbia thymifolia L.,but not in Euphorbia prostrata Ait.and Euphorbia taihsiensis(Chaw et Koutnik)Oudejians;the tissue structure is basically the same;except for E.taihsiensis without non-glandular hairs,the powder has secretory cells,laticifers,cells,calcium oxalate crystals,fibers,vessels,and seed coat fragments.Through ultrasonic extraction with 80%ethanol,extraction with isobutanol,extending with chloroform∶ethyl acetate∶formic acid(5∶3∶0.3),developing color with 3%aluminum trichloride ethanol solution,under ultraviolet light(365 nm),the fluorescent spots of the same color appeared on the corresponding position of the chromatogram of the reference substance(quercetin,kaempferol).[Conclusions]It is not easy to distinguish the four medicinal materials by character identification and microscopic identification,while the thin-layer chromatography(TLC)is more reliable.

Antimicrobial activity of Tunisian Euphorbia paralias L.

Objective: To examine the potential antimicrobial activity of Euphorbia paralias L.(Euphorbiaeae) leaves and stems extracts.Methods: The antimicrobial activity was tested against six microbial strains: Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Salmonella enterica CIP 8039, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 and Candida albicans ATCC 90028 by two different methods, the disk method and the dilution method.Results: Our results showed the important antimicrobial activity of the chloroform extract of the stems towards the majority of the strains by using both methods. Bacillus subtilis was the most sensitive strain(MIC = MBC = 15 mg/mL).Conclusion: Thus, some extracts of Euphorbia paralias can be used in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by microbes.

金刚纂内生真菌Irpex sp.的次生代谢产物研究

通过硅胶柱层析和半制备型高效液相色谱等分析方法对金刚纂(Euphorbia neriifolia L.)内生真菌Irpex sp.的液体发酵产物进行提取与分离,共得到9个化合物,分别为IrpexIacteC(1)、IrpexIacteD(2)、5-(4-Oxopentyl)furan-2-carbaldehyde(3)、22-tetraen-3-one(4)、IrlactinL(5)、IrlactinK(6)、IrlactinI(7)、Davotremulane B(8)、(+)-(1R,6S,7S)-Tremul-2-ene-12(11)-lactone(9),其中,3个为呋喃衍生物,5个为倍半萜化合物,1个为甾醇类化合物;化合物3,4,8,9为首次从耙齿菌属Irpex sp.中分离得到.

狼毒化学成分基于Mpro靶点的虚拟筛选及抗SARS-CoV-2活性分析

目的 对瑞香狼毒和狼毒大戟中的化学成分进行基于新型冠状病毒(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-coronavirus-2,SARS-CoV-2)3CL水解酶(Mpro)的抑制剂虚拟筛选以及体外活性验证以为发现抗新型冠状病毒疾病(Corona Virus Disease 2019,COVID-19)治疗药物提供参考。方法 以瑞香狼毒和狼毒大戟中的天然产物为研究对象,以Mpro为靶点,以Mpro晶体结构(PDB ID:6LU7)中的配体小分子N3为阳性对照,采用AutoDock Vina进行分子对接,对结合亲和力和结合构象进行分析并进行基于SARS-CoV-2 Mpro蛋白的体外抑制活性测试。结果 与N3(亲和力为-7.7 kcal/Mol)相比,双黄酮类化合物狼毒素和异狼毒素呈现了最高的Mpro靶点亲和力(-9.7 kcal/Mol),且优于利托那韦、更昔洛韦、利巴韦林、氯喹、达芦那韦、阿巴卡韦等已知抗病毒药物以及其他天然产物的亲和力。对接构象分析发现二者均能有效占据Mpro蛋白结合位点并形成若干重要的氢键结合,其中以异狼毒素为最优,这对于二者与Mpro靶点的结合以及Mpro靶点抑制构象的稳定起着重要作用。异狼毒素在50μM浓度下显示出优于狼毒素的较好的Mpro体外抑制活性。结论 狼毒素和异狼毒素具有基于Mpro靶点抑制SARS-CoV-2病毒的潜在活性,可作为结构优化和抗SARS-CoV-2体内外活性研究的先导化合物。

NaCl胁迫对续随子离子吸收及荧光特性的影响

以续随子为材料采用温室盆栽法,研究了NaCl胁迫处理对其生长发育、离子分布和叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明:(1)25mmol.L-1NaCl胁迫时续随子幼苗的鲜重、干重和株高比对照略有下降,但不显著;随着NaCl浓度的继续增加,三指标均显著降低。(2)盐胁迫影响植物组织的离子分布,Na+浓度增加时,K+、Ca2+和Mg2+浓度均持续下降,K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+、Mg2+/Na+也急剧下降。(3)NaCl胁迫下,续随子幼苗叶片的初始荧光(Fo)、最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率均降低。但在0～25mmol.L-1NaCl浓度下,Fo、Fm与对照差异不显著。

复方泽漆散对小鼠Lewis肺癌形态学影响

目的:探讨复方泽漆散对小鼠Lewis肺癌的作用。方法:本研究以移植性C57BL/6小鼠Lewis肺癌为动物模型,观察复方泽漆散对小鼠Lewis肺癌的抑制作用,及其对肿瘤细胞病理形态学的影响。结果:复方泽漆散治疗小鼠Lewis肺癌,能够抑制肿瘤细胞生长,稳定病灶;中剂量组能诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡;本方不同浓度组皆可导致肿瘤细胞坏死,线粒体在形态学上皆有明显改变,或肿胀,或空泡变,或消失。结论:复方泽漆散对小鼠Lewis肺癌具有一定治疗作用,其作用机理可能与促进肿瘤细胞坏死和凋亡,影响线粒体形态和功能有关。

黔产千金子HPLC指纹图谱研究

文章采用国家药典委员会《中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统》2004年A版对所得HPLC图谱进行相关分析,建立了黔产千金子药材的指纹图谱并确定了8个特征峰,该方法简便、可靠、重现性好,可用于对黔产千金子药材的质量评价。

HPLC测定飞扬草中槲皮苷的含量

目的:建立飞扬草中槲皮苷的含量测定方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法,ZORBAX SB-Aq(4.6mm×250mm,5μm)色谱柱,柱温25℃;流动相为乙腈-0.2%磷酸溶液(23∶77),检测波长为256nm,流速为0.8mL·min-1。结果:槲皮苷进样量在0.1213～2.426μg呈良好的线性关系,r=0.9999,平均回收率98.25%,RSD=1.21%(n=6)。结论:该方法快速,简便,准确,为飞扬草药材的质量控制提供参考。

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Capacities of Two Medicinal Plants Used against Urinary Infections in Burkina Faso

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial capacities of extracts from Euphorbia hirta L. and Terminalia avicennioides GUILL & PERR. Methodology: The crude hydro-acetonic and aqueous extracts as well their fractionations were prepared. The total phenolic, flavonoids and tannins contents were assessed using the Folin-Ciocalteu, aluminum chloride and vanillin acid methods, respectively. The antioxidant and antibacterial activities were investigated using standard methods. Results: Euphorbia hirta showed significant contents of total phenolic and flavonoids in n-Butanol (145.14 ± 1.37 GAE/100mg extracts) and ethyl acetate (23.56 ± 0.68 mg QE/ 100mg extracts) fractions. Total tannins were high in hydro-acétonique extract (11.18 ± 0.31 mg TAE/100mg extracts) and aqueous fraction (11.12 ± 0.28 mg TAE/100mg extracts) of Terminalia avicennioides stem barks. Extracts and fractions of both plants demonstrated a strongly antioxidant capacity through the free radicals scavenging and the ferric ions reducing. Concerning antimicrobial screening the extracts of Terminalia avicennioides were effective against 16 causative pathogens of urinary tract infections. Bactericidal effect against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Staphylococcus aureus and 2 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus strains was found with aqueous fraction of Terminalia avicennioides leaves. This fraction also highlighted a synergetic effect with some antibiotics used against these bacterial strains. Conclusion: Terminalia avicennioides leaves could be recommended as an herbal drug formulation for the urinary infections management.

斑地锦及近缘种的HPLC指纹图谱鉴别研究

为建立斑地锦(Euphorbia maculata L.)的HPLC指纹图谱分析方法并进行鉴别,采用PBONTOSIL KROMAPLUS 100-5-C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);以乙腈-0.1%磷酸系统为流动相,梯度洗脱:流速为0.8 mL/min;检测波长为360 nm;柱温为25℃。结果显示,斑地锦与千根草(Euphorbia thymifolia L.)、匍匐大戟(Euphorbia prostrata Ait.)、台西地锦[Euphorbia taihsiensis(Chaw et Koutnik)Oudejians]的HPLC指纹图谱均存在较显著差异;建立的HPLC指纹图谱方法能有效鉴别斑地锦及其近缘种。

大、小飞扬草的化学成分、药理活性及临床应用进展

目的大飞扬草和小飞扬草的名称相近,但药材原植物来源不同,外观性状具有显著差异。为了解二者异同之处,本文对大飞扬草和小飞扬草的化学成分、药理活性及临床应用进展进行总结综述。方法通过查阅国内外五十余篇相关文献,对大飞扬草和小飞扬草的化学成分、药理活性及临床应用进行归纳总结。结论大飞扬草中主要含有黄酮类、香豆素类、木脂素类、三萜类、甾体类、单宁类、生物碱以及其他化学成分;小飞扬草中主要含有黄酮类、香豆素类、木脂素类、三萜类、甾体类、单宁类、生物碱以及其他化学成分。大飞扬草具有解热、镇痛、抗炎、抗氧化、抗过敏、抗哮喘、抗糖尿病、利尿、降血压、抗焦虑、止泻、抑菌、抗病毒、抗疟、杀虫等药理活性;小飞扬草具有抗炎、镇痛、降血糖、抑菌、抗病毒等药理活性。大飞扬草临床外用可治疗皮肤疾病,内服可以治疗肠胃疾病;小飞扬草除与大飞扬草联合使用外,未见单独使用案例。通过比较二者的化学成分、药理活性及临床应用,发现大飞扬草和小飞扬草的化学成分相似,大飞扬草的药理活性及临床应用较为广泛。据此建议在二者药理活性相同的方面,小飞扬草可作为大飞扬草的药品替代品进行使用。

超高效液相色谱-四级杆静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱/核磁共振技术鉴定泽漆乳汁的化学成分

利用超高效液相色谱-四极杆静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱(UPLC-Orbitrap-Exploris-120)联合核磁共振(NMR)技术鉴定泽漆乳汁的化学成分。对新鲜泽漆乳汁的石油醚萃取部位采用Thermo Hypersil GOLD Vanquish C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.9μm),以乙腈/0.1%甲酸水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,在正负离子模式下检测供试液;根据一级高分辨率质谱精确质荷比、二级高分辨率质谱碎片信息,联合Compound Discoverer 3.2软件分析、标准品比对并参考相关文献报道,鉴定泽漆乳汁的化学成分。首次从泽漆乳汁中分析鉴定了43个化学成分,包括二萜类、三萜类、甾体类、脂肪酸类等。采用NMR技术对从泽漆乳汁中分离得到化合物11、16、22进行结构鉴定,证实为3个二萜类成分,分别是大戟宁G、大戟宁A和大戟宁。

中药泽漆及其复方制剂抗肿瘤药理作用与临床应用研究进展

泽漆(Euphorbia helioscopia L.)是大戟科大戟属多年生草本植物,功效为利水消肿、祛痰退热、杀虫止痒、散结。通过现代科学手段鉴定了泽漆中一系列的药效物质,药理活性研究表明泽漆及其复方在细胞和动物水平具有一定抗肿瘤作用,尤其对肺腺癌、肝癌、胃癌及乳腺癌作用明显,实际临床应用多采用泽漆汤及其加减方或联合化疗等手段辅助治疗肝癌、肺癌、乳腺癌、恶性腹水等疾病。文章就近年来国内外关于泽漆及其复方抗肿瘤方面药理作用与临床治疗研究概况进行梳理与总结,以期为泽漆及其复方实验与临床研究及开发提供思路。