Genome-wide Identification and Analysis of MVD Gene Family in Euphorbiaceae Plants

The mevalonate diphosphate deearboxylase （MVD） is an essential enzyme in mevalonate （MVA） pathway that catalyzes the irreversible Mg2＋ -ATP de- pendent decarboxylation of 6-carben compound mevalonate-5-diphosphate （MVAPP） into 5-carbon isopentenyl diphosphate （ IPP）, the building block of sterol and isoprenoid biosynthesis. In this study, based on the published geanme sequences and ESTs, a genome-wide search was carried out for the first time to identify MVD gene family in four genome-sequenced Euphorbiaceae plants, i.e. castor bean （ Ricinus communis）, physic nut （ Jatropha curcas）, cassava （Manihot esculenta） and rubber tree （Hevea brasiliensis）, and to analyze the gene structure and phylogenetic characteristics. According to the experimental results, 1, 1,2 and 2 MVD genes, which all contain 9 introns, were identh＇ied from castor bean, physic nut, cassava and rubber tree, respectively. Homology analysis indicates that MVD genes are widely distributed in eukaryotes, some archaea and eubacteria, which suggests an early origin of this gerte family. Although MVD genes were identified in most green plants, no homologous genes were found in unicellular green algae. In most genome-sequenced plants including castor bean and physic nut, a single copy of MVD gene was found; however, in cassava and rubber tree, two copies were identified just like that in moss, maize, Arabidopsis and poplar. ＂In castor bean, digital expression profiling suggests that in five examined tissues, i.e. leaf, flower, II/III stage endosperm, V/VI stage endosperm and seed, RcPMK was expressed strongly in flower and II/III stage endosperm, moderately in V/VI stage endosperm and leaf, and weakly in seed.

Investigation and Landscape Application of Euphorbiaceae Plant Resources in Sanling Mountain Forest Park

This study was conducted to investigate and analyze Euphorbiaceae plant resources in Sanling Mountain Forest Park in Zhanjiang City,Guangdong Province.A plant resource development and utilization value evaluation system was established by analytic hierarchy process(AHP)and used to comprehensively evaluate the development and utilization value of Euphorbiaceae plant resources in the area.The results showed that the comprehensive evaluation values of Sapium discolor,Sapium sebiferum,Flueggea virosa,Baccaurea ramiflora,Aleurites moluccana,Antidesma ghaesembilla,Phyllanthus emblica and Pedilanthus tithymaloides were greater than 2.65,performing well;the comprehensive evaluation values of Bridelia tomentosa,Glochidion puberum,Breynia fruticosa,Mallotus paniculatus,Mallotus repandus,Mallotus apelta and Alchornea trewioides were in the range of 1.9622-2.5964,performing ordinary;and the comprehensive evaluation values of Phyllanthus reticulatus,Ricinus communis,Croton crassifolius,and Sebastiania chamaelea were smaller than 1.96,which were relatively lower.S.discolor,S.sebiferum,F.virosa,B.ramiflora,A.moluccana,A.ghaesembilla,P.emblica and P.tithymaloides have great development value and can be developed and used in a planned and step-by-step manner,and Aporosa dioica and Euphorbia tirucalli with a lower comprehensive evaluation value but strong stress resistance and adaptability can be applied to the construction of ecological forests and shelter forests.

A Review on Pharmacological Significance of Genus Jatropha(Euphorbiaceae)

A number of herbs belonging to the genus Jatropha of Euphorbiaceae family are noted for their medicinal benefits. The genus Jatropha is one of the prospective biodiesel yielding crops. The plants which have been so far explored include J. curcas, J. gossypifolia, J. glandu/ifera, J. multifida and J. podagrica. Although, the plants of this genus are widely distributed, there is an exiguity of scientific literature proclaiming the medicinal benefits of the plants belonging to genus Jatropha. The present paper is a pragmatic approach to accrue the findings on this very significant genus.

Two Novel Myrinsol Diterpenes from Euphorbia prolifera

Two novel diterpenes, Euphorprolitherin A (1) and Euphorprolitherin B (2), were isolated from the roots of Euphorbia prolifera. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods.

A New Antimicrobial Flavonol Glycoside from Alchornea davidii

A new flavonol glycoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-b-D-xyloside, was isolated from the extract of leaves and twigs of Alchornea davidii (Euphorbiaceae). Its structure was established on the basis of the spectral analysis and chemical degradation. Antimicrobial assay showed that it moderately inhibited the growth of test bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens) and fungi (Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Trichophyton rubrum) with MICs at 50 g/mL.

A New Triterpene from Cephalomappa sinensis

A new triterpene 1, 1 beta, 2 alpha, 3 beta -trihydroxylup-20 (29) -ene was isolated from Cephalomappa sinensis. The structure was elucidated mainly on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR spectral means.

Abietane Diterpernoids from the Roots of Euphorbia ebracteolata

A new ent-abietane diterpernoid,named ebracteolata D(1),along with 11 known analogues,was isolated from the roots of Euphorbia ebracteolata Hayata.The structure of 1 was elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and molecular modeling.Cytotoxicity of compounds 1-12 was evaluated as well as the effect on the NF-κB pathway.Among them,compound 12,jolkinolide B,displayed broad inhibitory effects against proliferation of tumor cell lines.Mechanistic studies indicated that the compound 12 can inhibit TNF-αinduced NF-κB activation,thereby inducing tumor cell apoptosis.

Traditional usage,phytochemistry and pharmacology of Croton sylvaticus Hochst.ex C.Krauss

Croton sylvaticus(C. sylvaticus) is widely used as herbal medicine by the indigenous people of tropical Africa. The potential of C. sylvaticus as herbal medicine,the phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of its parts used as herbal medicines are reviewed. The extensive literature survey revealed that C. sylvaticus is traditionally used to treat or manage at least 24 human and animal diseases and ailments. The species is used as herbal medicine for diseases and ailments such as abdominal pains,boils,fever,inflammation,malaria,rheumatism,swellings and tuberculosis and as ethnoveterinary medicine. Multiple classes of phytochemicals such as alkaloids,anthraquinones,essential oils,flavonoids,lignan,phenolics,sterols,tannins and terpenoids have been isolated from the species. Scientific studies on C. sylvaticus indicate that it has a wide range of pharmacological activities which include antibacterial,antifungal,anti-inflammatory,antioxidant,larvicidal and effects on the central nervous system. Although studies have confirmed that C. sylvaticus has a wide range of bioactives,further research on the exact bioactive molecules and mechanisms of action are required.

Two Polyoxygenated Pyrrolylpyridine and Bipyrrole Alkaloids from Speranskia tuberculata

Two novel polyoxygenated pyrrolylpyridine and bipyrrole alkaloids, speranskilatine A 1, and speranberculatine A 2, have been isolated from Speranskia tuberculata. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including 2D NMR techniques and X-ray crystallographic analysis.

Highly Oxygenated Limonoids and Lignans from Phyllanthus flexuosus

Two new highly oxygenated limonoids,flexuosoids A(1)and B(2),and three new arylnaphthalene lignan glycosides,phyllanthusmins D–F(3–5),were isolated from the roots of Phyllanthus flexuosus,in addition to three known lignans,phyllanthusmin C,arabelline,and(?)-diasyringaresinol.Their structures were elucidated on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis and chemical methods.Compounds 1 and 2,two new decaoxygenated limonoids with a C-19/29 lactol bridge and heptaoxygenated substituents at C-1,C-2,C-3,C-7,C-11,C-17,and C-30,represent the second example of limonoids in the Euphorbiaceae family.Most of the isolates were tested for their antifeedant,anti-herpes simplex virus 1,and cytotoxic activities.The new limonoids 1 and 2 showed promising antifeedant activity against the beet army worm(Spodoptera exigua)with EC50 values of 25.1 and 17.3 lg/cm2,respectively.In addition,both of them displayed moderate cytotoxicity against the ECA109 human esophagus cancer cell line,along with the known lignan glycoside,phyllanthusmin C,with the IC50 values of 11.5(1),8.5(2),and 7.8(phyllanthusmin C)lM,respectively.

Two Novel Poly-Oxygen Bipyridine Alkaloids from Speranskia tuberculata

Two novel poly-oxygen bipyridine alkaloids, speranculatines A (1) and B (2) have been isolated from Speranskia tuberculata. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including 2D NMR techniques and X-ray crystallographic analysis.

Isoprenylated Flavonoids with PTP1B Inhibition from Macaranga denticulata

Three new C-methylated and isoprenylated chalcone derivatives,dentichalcones A–C(1–3),together with six known compounds(4–9),were isolated from the twigs and leaves of Macaranga denticulata.Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis,including 1D,2D NMR,and MS data.The known compounds,(2E)-1-(5,7-dihydroxy-2,2,6-trimethyl-2H-benzopyran-8-yl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-propen-1-one(4),(2E)-1-(5,7-dihydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-benzopyran-8-yl)-3-phenyl-2-propen-1-one(5),laxichalcone(6),macarangin(7),bonanniol A(8),and bonannione A(9),showed inhibitory activities against protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B(PTP1B)in vitro.Graphical Abstract Three new C-methylated and isoprenylated chalcone derivatives,dentichalcones A–C(1–3),together with six known compounds,were isolated from the twigs and leaves of Macaranga denticulata.Some compounds showed inhibitory activities against PTP1B in vitro.

Two New Phenolic Constituents from the Stems of Euphorbia griffithii

Phytochemical studies on MeOH extract of stems of Euphorbia griffithii led to the isolation of one new hydrolyzable tannin dimer,corilagiffithiin(1)and one new galloyl-glucoside(2),alongside six known ones(3-8).Their structures and absolute configurations were determined by in depth spectroscopic analyses and comparison of their 1D NMR and MS data with literature reported values.Configurations of sugar moieties were determined by acidic hydrolysis and subsequent GC analysis of their corresponding trimethylsilylated l-cysteine adduct.At a concentration of 50μM,compounds 1-3 showed no anti-inflammatory activities.

Cembrane-Type Diterpenoids and a Phenolic Compound from the Leaves of a Thai Medicinal Plant, <i>Croton sublyratus</i>Kurz

From the leaves of a Thai medicinal plant, Croton sublyratus, collected in Thailand, two new cembrane-type diterpenoids, named sublylactones A and B, and a phenolic compound were isolated from the EtOAc-soluble fraction of a MeOH extract. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic evidence.

Proteomic analysis of differentially abundant proteins in the embryo and endosperm of Givotia moluccana (L.) Sreem

Proteome analysis of embryo and endosperm of Givotia moluccana,a promising angiosperm tree species was carried out using two-dimensional electrophoresis combined with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight to identify differentially abundant proteins and their possible functions.The study revealed the presence of 492 protein spots in the embryo and 432 in the endosperm,and the relative abundance of 44 spots varied significantly between the two.Of the 21 functionally characterized protein spots,14.3%were involved in metabolism and energy,28.6%in protein destination and storage,14.3%in defense and stress and 19%in cell growth and division.The embryo-specific protein ATPdependent zinc metalloprotease FtsH is predicted to be involved in chloroplast biogenesis and the endospermspecific protein hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydratase in fatty acid synthesis.These results suggested that the seeds have proteins required for germination and for stress responses.

A New Diterpene Ester from Euphorbia Aleppica

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Sebiferone,a New Triterpenoid from Stem Bark of Sapium sebiferum (L.)Roxb.

From the stem bark of Sapium sebiferum a new triterpenoid, named sebiferone (1), was isolated. The structure of the new compound was elucidated as 3β-acetoxy-D-friedoolen-14-en -1-one-28-oic acid on the basis of spectral and chemical methods.

Chemical Constituents from the Stems of Manihot esculenta

Two new compounds,maniesculentins A(1)and B(6),together with four known ones were isolated from the stems of Manihot esculenta Crantz.The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods including NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry.The two new compounds(1,6)were assayed for antibacterial activity against four tested bacteria lines.

New jatropholane-type diterpenes from Jatropha curcas cv.Multiflorum CY Yang

Three new jatropholane-type diterpenoids,jatropholones C-E(1-3),along with seven other known compounds,including sikkimenoid B(4),jatrophaldehyde(5),epi-jatrophaldehyde(6),epi-jatrophol(7),jatrophol(8),jatropholone A(9),and jatropholone B(10),were isolated from the roots of a natural cultivar of Jatropha curcas(J.curcas cv.Multiflorum CY Yang).The structural elucidations of 1-3 were accomplished by extensive NMR analysis.Compounds 4,6,and 8 demonstrated inhibition activity against the microorganisms with the MIC values from 0.10 to 0.18 mg/mL.

一种木薯的育苗移栽方法

1、背景技术木薯(Manihot esculenta Crantz)是大戟科(Euphorbiaceae)木薯属(Manihot)植物,原产于南美亚马逊河流域,在16世纪末以后,逐步传播到其他热带和亚热带地区,现已分布到世界南北纬30°以内的地带。