Methodology Construction of Euro-American Sinology and Parallel Study of Comparative Literature

During the 1950 s and 60 s, the concept of parallel study of comparative literature was initiated by US scholars, yet they ignored the construction of methodology. As a methodological paradigm to compare and study cultural relations between heterogeneous literary works without factual links, parallel study has always been under criticism. This paper, however, holds that whether it is on the history of modern cross-cultural literary exchanges, or it is on the sprouting practices of Eastern-Western literary comparison, parallel study has wielded an ineradicable and unavoidable influence. This paper, after a brief review of and reflection upon the methodology of parallel study, enumerates several Euro-American sinologists, and classifies their parallel study methodologies into three categories after in-depth exploration and discussion. It then points out that parallel study is by no means a field that overlooks methodology, but rather, its methodology is complicated and boasts diverse possibilities;the study of the methodology of parallel study is also of great theoretical importance to the advancement of disciplinary construction of comparative literature and the Eastern-Western literary comparison.

Gu Jiegang’s “Discussion of Ancient History” Movement and It Relationship with Developments in Western Sinology

The scholarship in modern China is closely related to Western sinology in terms of school ties.Gu Jiegang’s launching of the"Discussion of Ancient History"movement centered on the"theory of the accumulated creation of Chinese ancient history"was a representative example.At the beginning of the movement Hu Shi and Gu Jiegang proposed the notion that,"there was no history before the Eastern Zhou Dynasty"which was indebted to the historical skepticism by Philip Van Ness Myers(American scholar)and Friedrich Hirth(German sinologist)of the same period.The idea that"the Shang Dynasty is still in the late Stone Age"advocated by Hu and Gu was also directly influenced by J.G.Andersson’s An Early Chinese Culture.Conversely,American sinologist Arthur W.Hummel Sr played a key role in introducing and evaluating the first volume of Discussion of Ancient History to Western academia.Paradoxically,while Swedish sinologis Bernhard Karlgren wrote On the Authenticity and Nature of the Tso Chuan to refute Kang Youwei’s reinterpretation of Confucian Classics(The Forged Classics of the Wang Mang Period),his work however became of value for Chinese historic doubt scholars to reaffirm the value of New Text Confucianism and advance the"Discussion of Ancient History"movement.If we would like to choose a saying to describe the relationship between the"Discussion of Ancien History"movement and Western Sinology,the Chinese proverb,"Stones from other hills may serve to polish jade of this one,"may be an appropriate choice.

Sinology in Seattle: The University of Washington and its Influence on the Study of Chinese Medicine

The University of Washington has played a pivotal role in the field of sinology with faculty and alumni producing major publications in Chinese history,literature,phonetics,and linguistics.These contributions have been instrumental in the development of sinology as a field and have both directly and indirectly influenced the study of Chinese Medicine.By tracing the history of the Department of Asian Languages and Literature and examining several major figures,we can better understand how these individuals shaped the development of Chinese Medicine and contributed to its spread worldwide.

Spread of Traditional Chinese Medicine to the West and the Development of Sinology: A Case Study Based on the Translation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Literature by German Doctor Gottlieb Olpp

German doctor Gottlieb Olpp played an important role in Sino-German medical exchanges during the late Qing dynasty.During his stay in China for more than 9 years,he wrote a large number of texts related to local Chinese medical and hygienic conditions.In these works,he introduced traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)and its situation at that time but also translated TCM literature.His translations and his achievements facilitated the development of sinology in Germany.Not only was he responsible for the development of the method used by German sinologists in translating TCM literature,but also his work gave an impetus to the combination of academic goals and current considerations in sinology studies.In this way,the study of TCM is the internal force driving the development of sinology.

Boym and Rémusat: Communication of Traditional Chinese Medicine and the Rise of Western Sinology

This article provides an introduction to Michel Boym(1612-1659)and Jean Pierre Abel Rémusat(1788-1832)and examines the research on traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)conducted by the two prominent sinologists.This work points out that Michel Boym introduced TCM to the West and Rémusat was the first to write a doctoral thesis on TCM.A historical overview of the translation,communication and impact of TCM in Europe at that time reveals that this communication of TCM to the West played a significant role in the rise of the study of Sinology in Europe.

“Literature”in the 19th-Century Sinological Works:The History of a Concept

In the 19th century,the English term"literature"and its Chinese equivalent"文学"(wenxue)had their respective connotations and prehistories and did not belong to the same discursive genealogy,although the two concepts later mixed together and have since been inter-translated by scholars.This paper attempts to examine literature as an independent system of representation by analyzing historical materials of English sinology to identify their special meanings in the 19th-century English context.To ensure the wholeness of the examination,this paper divides the collected materials into three categories;annotations in English-Chinese dictionaries,denotations in works with the word"literature"in their titles,and explanations in articles and chapters(of works)with the word"literature"in their titles.Such an examination inevitably involves some key issues related to semantics,history of translation and cross-cultural studies.It is hoped that this study can help further a general understanding of the dissemination history of literature as a concept.

从破解“知识之谜”到主动译介:北欧的中国文学翻译演进历程

在北欧地区,随着传统汉学从语言学、哲学转向对当代经济、政治、宗教、文化、文学的全方位研究,中国文学翻译已逐渐成为一种汉学研究的新形态,对提升中国文化的影响力和中国文学的世界声誉发挥了重要作用。历时地看,北欧对中国文学的翻译演进大致经历了三个阶段。第一阶段为20世纪70年代之前的翻译。这一阶段以传教士群体对先秦散文翻译为主,其目的在于探索中国文化“知识之谜”。第二个阶段是20世纪后30年的翻译。在汉学转型背景下,中国文学作品翻译成为“文化的相互渗透”的重要方式,出现了马悦然等倾力翻译中国文学的大师。第三阶段是新世纪以来的翻译。这一阶段的显著特点是古典与现代文学翻译并重,翻译模式更为商业化,译者与出版社合作主动推介中国文学作品。从社会学视角看,汉学大师的引领、汉学家个体的研究兴趣,以及中国社会的发展变革共同塑造了北欧中国文学翻译的“场域”。

辜鸿铭与卫礼贤:西方汉学、汉学家及汉学批评

辜鸿铭对19世纪西方汉学的批评,集中体现在其《中国学》一文中,亦散见于他的一些西方批评文章,包括与同时代一些西方汉学家的往来信札。在1910—1914年间致德国汉学家卫礼贤的20余封信札中,辜鸿铭坚持并捍卫了他的儒家思想和中华文化立场,以及他对西方汉学的批评态度,同时较为充分地表现他与西方汉学家进行思想交往与学术讨论的基本方式和关注重点。更引人瞩目的是,在这些信札中,辜鸿铭较为随意地传递出与个人处境、私密情感以及日常生活相关且一般不大示人的那一部分“自我”。这些无论是对辜鸿铭的研究还是对同时期的中西思想学术交流研究都多有裨益。

基于国学与文献学融合的文献学教学改革探讨

2020年11月《新文科建设宣言》发布之后,各高校教学改革如火如荼,许多课程都结合当下的社会发展实情和就业态势做出了一定调整,其中重要的趋势之一就是学科之间加强了彼此的融合与交叉教学。文献学是一门系统梳理和学习中国古代文献的课程,而中国古代文献是传统国学的最主要载体,文献学与传统国学有着密切的联系。文章分析了国学与文献学融合教学的理论基础,并从教学目标、教材教参、教学方法、考核方式等方面分析了如何有效融合国学文化开展文献学教学以提高文献学教学效率与效果。

汤姆斯的中国小说翻译与19世纪英国浪漫主义文学

英国汉学家汤姆斯于1818-1824年间翻译的三部中国通俗小说,受到了19世纪早期英国浪漫主义文学和汉学的双重影响,采用了“正文+注释”的翻译方法,在传达中国文学韵味的同时,介绍了大量的中国文化知识,同时又分别借鉴英国浪漫主义文学中的爱情罗曼斯、历史罗曼斯文类和诗体小说的模式对原文本进行了部分调适、改写和重构,使之便于西方读者所接受。汤姆斯的中国小说翻译,具有一定的方法论意义,可以为中外文学交流互鉴提供参考。

绕道而行:1913—1914年华尔纳的中国考察

20世纪初,随着美国经济实力的增强以及与中国关系的拉近,美国学界对中国问题产生了浓厚兴趣。1913—1914年,华尔纳受收藏家弗利尔的派遣,代表史密森研究院等机构,前往中国调查考古发掘的前景与建立考古学校的可能性。专攻日本艺术史的华尔纳非常倚重欧洲汉学与日本学界,长时间逗留于欧洲及中国周边区域,在中国内地调查的时间反而极短。考古学校终未建立,乃美国汉学尝试进一步发展时遭遇的一次挫折。

论徽州“三洪”对乾嘉汉学的守成与开拓

文章在深究徽州“三洪”即洪榜、洪朴、洪梧的生平与学行的基础上,展示其弘扬“戴学”与推动乾嘉汉学发展的历史功绩,对彰显“皖派”学风及其通经致用的思想,具有重要的实证价值和启示意义。

实践转向视域中的伦理学知识重建

沉思传统的解构引发了西方学界对伦理学知识合法性的质疑。沉思传统以思辨逻辑建立起关于终极真相的世界观,强调理论的至上地位,承认真正有德性的生活在于理性地沉思。从理论的演进来看,沉思传统遭遇来自自然科学的挑战,使古典哲学时期建构的伦理学知识丧失了其存在论的根基。因此,重建伦理学知识必须构建一种新的世界图景和价值秩序。后形而上学的实践转向,突破了西方中心主义的封闭体系,将伦理学知识的重建置于多元文明传统对话之中。海外汉学的研究为重建伦理学知识提供了多元文明的借鉴,但这仍是以西方的核心议题观照中国伦理传统,因而有必要唤醒中国伦理传统中的标识性概念,为回应全球化时代的伦理挑战、推动伦理学知识的转型创新提供中国智慧和中国经验。

“皖学”入黔:程恩泽对郑珍的学术影响

郑珍是清代嘉、道时期的著名学者,精于六书,明于三礼,为“西南巨儒”,跻身清代朴学大师之林。究其学术思想渊源,乃在于徽州人程恩泽督学贵州之时,教之以“皖派”江、戴之学。后郑珍与当地莫友芝、黎庶昌等一众学者,追慕乾嘉,崇尚汉学,共同开创了晚清“黔学”繁荣兴盛的新局面,对乾嘉汉学后期的守成与开拓,对传统儒学的赓续与坚守,做出重要贡献。通过梳理程恩泽与郑珍之间学术思想的具体影响,可考见“皖学”传入西南地区的轨迹,也可理清乾嘉后期以郑珍为代表的“黔学”对以江永、戴震为代表的“皖学”的继承与发展,探究中华“道统”与地域“学统”之间的相互促进与交流互动。要之,从“区域”学术来考量儒家“学统”的发展脉络,不仅可以展示地域文化的深刻性和丰富性,为乾嘉时代的“皖学”在嘉道时期的持续辉煌做一实录,更是为弘扬民族文化自信提供确切的学术实证。

骆鸿凯楚辞研究述论

骆鸿凯的楚辞研究继承了章黄学派推尊王逸《楚辞章句》的传统,批评明代以来楚辞解释穿凿附会的风气。其著作常常附录后世论著补充论证,或是加按语于后,对之进行辨析和阐释;又发扬乾嘉朴学讲究实证的传统,结合楚辞作品和前人相关评论,通过对楚辞的文本、体制等所进行的简要分析,对《楚辞》源于《诗经》的观点进行精细阐释,其论多宏通准确;其研究又贴近时代,注重论著的教材特性,讲究论述框架系统的严谨,语言精当,句式、韵式研究较前人更加细密,其楚辞学意识更加鲜明。在传统学术向现代转型的清末民初时期,骆鸿凯的楚辞研究内容丰富,体系完整,断制清晰,具有较为重要的楚辞学史意义。

全球化叙事与汉学的问题意识

自20世纪90年代初全球史研究于国际学界兴起之后,当代汉学与中国研究领域便对之做出了迅速的回应,并以独特的问题意识与叙事方式嵌入这场事关“总局”的研究进程中,不仅重构了人们对中国与世界关系的认知,也为全景式的全球史研究提供了一颇具分量的侧角。为对这些持续呈现的论述做一系统化的梳理,有必要将之解析与提炼为两个有所分化的视角,即以西方全球化为主导的普遍主义叙述及带有泛亚化特征且“以中国为中心”的区域主义叙述,就此可以见到,尽管后者也构成了与前者的某种互补与抵消关系,但也证明了在对待全球化与中国关系时人们持有的多重立场与态度。在此基础上,也需对一些新近出现的扩充性态势做出补充描述与评述。

人类学家许小丽的中医学术思想初探

概述人类学家许小丽的中医学术观点,总结其中医学术思想及研究方法。许小丽书写了秘密传承、个人化传承和规范化传承三种中医传承模式,通过分析各种社会情境中中医关键术语的学习方式和认知风格,解释中医知识在不同传承模式中的变化。从翻译和阐释淳于意诊籍入手,重新勾勒了战国末期至汉代早期的中医身体,提出用身体生态和情感身体去理解人体气、脏、脉、情感之间的关系。并从西方视角深入剖析了中医作为异域医药融入东非人民生活日常这一跨文化现象,揭示了医患与诊疗空间的三元关系如何让传统医学在全球互联的时代创造自我的整体感。许小丽将人类学、语言学和汉学的研究方法有机融合于对中医问题的探索中,丰富和助推了海外中医人文研究。

从“可归化思想”到重要参考:道家思想西传的生态转向

本文通过梳理并分析道家思想在西方传播历程,阐述西方道家思想研究实现跨文化、跨学科的生态转向的过程。总体而言,道家思想传播在西方共经历三个发展阶段,分别为“归化思想”阶段、“替代智慧”阶段,以及作为生态主义理论建构重要参考的阶段。研究认为,道家思想在西方逐步摆脱了早期的基督教中心主义的研究桎梏后,其关联性思维和非二元思想的特质得到了广泛关注,因而与生态主义的联系随研究发展而愈发紧密,并成为当代生态主义建构的重要理论来源。