Euxinia as a dominant process during OAEla(Early Aptian)on the Eastern Russian Platform and during OAElb(Early Albian)in the Middle Caspian

A detailed study of the mineral composition and microstructure of the black shales associated with OAEla(Eastern Russian Platform),OAElb(Middle Caspian),and the host rocks has been carried out using X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscopic,and microprobe analyses.The results provide important constraints for depositional environments in the sedimentary basins.Black shales with pyrite framboids imply euxinic(sulfidic)conditions with increased organic matter preservation.Disintegrating framboids suggest partial or complete dissolution of the organic matter inside the framboids due to increasing water oxygenation.OAEla on the Eastern Russian Platform is heterogeneous as it includes thin interbeds of concretionary coccolith limestones within the interval of bituminous shales,and correlates with the Lower Aptian Rhagodiscus angustus nannofossil zone.The coccolith limestones indicate short intermittent episodes of interrupted stagnation,rapid oxygenation,and restoration of normal marine conditions.The presence of montmorillonite,albite,microcline,and diopside in the bituminous siltstones and in the host siltstones of OAEla on the Eastern Russian Platform,as well as a high content of titanium in the black siltstones correlated with OAElb in the Middle Caspian allow proposing significant input of pyroclastic material into the extant sea.

准噶尔盆地渐新世安集海河组类胡萝卜素的发现及古环境意义

作为一类天然色素,类胡萝卜素在自然界中广泛分布。在沉积记录中,类胡萝卜素多以结构稳定的衍生物形式赋存。部分具有芳香基的结构的组分与光合硫细菌的活动有关,因而这些特定生物来源的组分为恢复古水体环境提供了一个重要的依据。通常光合硫细菌多生存在缺氧且富硫的透光层,地质记录中的芳香基类胡萝卜素往往反映了古水体中发育硫化透光带。类胡萝卜素衍生物的组合差异与硫细菌群落的相关性为古水深、微生物优势群落以及营养元素利用与循环等方面的研究提供了线索和证据。因此,类胡萝卜素衍生物在油源对比、生命起源、生物灭绝事件以及大洋缺氧事件等诸多地质过程的研究中起到至关重要的指示作用。本文主要通过探讨准噶尔盆地南缘安集海河组有机质中的类胡萝卜素的结构,分析其成因类型和特定来源,阐释古环境与古气候演化,进而恢复与重建渐新世时期准噶尔盆地南缘古湖泊的水体条件与微生物群落。从结果来看,准噶尔盆地安集海组中发育绿硫细菌来源的绿硫菌烷、异海绵烷等芳香基类胡萝卜素,可以推测这一时期湖泊水体存在硫化透光带现象;同时以叶黄素为来源的叶黄烷指示了蓝细菌是古湖泊中生物群落的重要组成部分。古湖泊发育硫化透光带往往与水体分层有关,而准噶尔盆地渐新世晚期的古气候由湿润转变为干旱似乎对湖泊盐度分层提供有利条件。与此同时,绿硫细菌中出现较高含量的棕色绿硫细菌菌株反映了安集海河组古湖泊的水深较深,且分布范围广阔。通过对安集海河组类胡萝卜素研究,认为渐新世时期准噶尔盆地南缘原始湖泊分布范围向南延伸较广,与构造研究结果吻合。

富有机质页岩和石油中马来酰亚胺类化合物的分布与意义

马来酰亚胺或1H-吡咯-2,5-二酮来源于叶绿素或细菌叶绿素的降解,是沉积有机质和石油中一类新型生物标志化合物。通过对国内外几个含油气盆地富有机质页岩的可溶有机质(EOM)和原油进行精细分离,在目标馏分F2中发现了丰富的马来酰亚胺类化合物,尤其是主要由光合绿硫细菌生成的2-甲基-3-异丁基(Me,i-Bu)和2-甲基-3-正丙基(Me,n-Pr)马来酰亚胺。研究表明,2-甲基-3-异丁基和2-甲基-3-正丙基马来酰亚胺在海相和咸化湖盆中十分发育,表明透光滞水带(PZE)发生在松辽盆地嫩江组微咸水环境、渤海湾盆地沙河街组咸水—半咸水环境和奥连特盆地Napo组海相环境,指示强还原的保存条件。北部湾盆地2-甲基-3-异丁基和2-甲基-3-正丙基马来酰亚胺的出现反映流沙港组二段油页岩形成过程中存在PZE,同样反映还原环境以及微咸水水体。可见,PZE是有机质富集和优质烃源层发育的有利因素。进一步分析发现,(Me,i-Bu)/(Me,Et)(甲基,乙基)和(Me,n-Pr)/(Me,Et)参数可以区分海相、半咸水—咸水湖相和微咸水湖相环境。

Rogoznica Lake(Croatia),a Unique Euxinic Seawater System on the Adriatic Coast

1 Introduction Rogoznica Lake is a typical example of euxinic saline lake,situated on the eastern Adriatic coast(43o32’N15o58’E).It is a karstic depression filled with seawater,

塔里木盆地早寒武世风化—热液耦合过程及其地质意义

以塔西北下寒武统玉尔吐斯组黑色页岩为例,利用总有机碳(TOC)、热解、干酪根碳同位素、主量元素、微量元素及稀土元素等测试分析,探讨风化作用、热液活动及其对有机质富集的影响。结果表明:风化—热液耦合过程促进下寒武统富有机质页岩的发育。古风化作用为海洋生物生长提供必需的营养元素(Fe)和丰富的陆源碎屑,前者导致浮游生物的勃发,后者促进水体有机质的吸附和沉降,为有机质富集奠定物质基础;热液活动提供丰富的还原性气体(H_(2)S)和热液硅,前者创造硫化缺氧的沉积环境及透光厌氧带,促进沉积有机质的保存,后者稀释沉积有机质的丰度。当风化作用较强而热液活动较弱时,古生产力勃发,热液硅稀释作用较弱,促进黑色富有机质页岩的发育;当热液活动较强而风化作用较弱时,古生产力受限,热液硅稀释作用较强,导致相对贫有机质硅质页岩的形成。塔西北下寒武统烃源岩的发育模式受风化—热液协同控制。芳基类异戊二烯烃的油源对比显示,风化—热液耦合控制下发育的富有机质烃源岩对塔里木盆地丰富的深层油气资源具有重要贡献。该结果对塔里木盆地深层油气勘探具有参考意义。

东营凹陷沙河街组泥页岩中正丙基胆甾烷与异海绵烷的研究:硫循环对有机质富集的影响

中国东部陆相渤海湾盆地东营凹陷古近系沙河街组油页岩中有机质的富集机制一直是研究热点,但关于异养生物及硫循环对有机质富集过程影响的研究较少.通过有机地球化方法对东营凹陷沙河街组第三、四段富有机质烃源岩进行精细研究,认为伴随着明显的水体分层,藻类勃发进一步加剧了底水缺氧的条件,海水带来了丰富的硫酸盐促进了强烈的细菌硫还原(Bacterial Sulfur Reduction,BSR)作用,将这种缺氧条件进一步扩展到水柱上部形成透光层缺氧(Photic Zone Euxinia,PZE),而PZE有利于光合自养绿硫菌的剧烈活动.强烈的BSR作用及间歇性的PZE控制东营凹陷古湖盆中藻类等水生生物的组成,原核细菌及海相金藻类对有机质富集有一定贡献.通过分析海相藻类生物标志物C3024-正丙基胆甾烷和透光层缺氧生物标志物异海绵烷与有机碳丰度的关系,研究认为在相对丰富的外源硫酸盐输入、厌氧异养细菌作用、光能自养细菌作用和透光层缺氧条件下形成的硫循环,对东营古湖盆沙河街组烃源岩有机质的富集起主要控制作用.

A theoretical prediction of chemical zonation in early oceans(>520 Ma)

Early oceans(>520 Ma) were characterized by widespread water-column anoxia, stratification, and limited oxidant availability, which are comparable to the chemical characteristics of modern marine sedimentary pore-waters in productive continental margins. Based on this similarity and our current understanding of the formation mechanism of early Earth ocean chemistry, we propose an idealized chemical zonation model for early oceans that includes the following redox zones(from shallow nearshore to deep offshore regions): oxic, nitrogenous(NO3?-NO2?-enriched), manganous-ferruginous(Mn2+ or Fe2+-enriched), sulfidic(H2S-enriched), methanic(CH4-enriched), and ferruginous(Fe2+-enriched). These zones were dynamically maintained by a combination of processes including surface-water oxygenation by atmospheric free oxygen, nitrate reduction beneath the chemocline, nearshore manganese-iron reduction, sulfate reduction, methanogenesis, and hydrothermal Fe2+ inputs from the deep ocean. Our modified "euxinic wedge" model expands on previous versions of this model, providing a more complete theoretical framework for the chemical zonation of early Earth oceans that helps to explain observations of unusual Mo-S-C isotope patterns. This model may provide a useful foundation for future studies of ocean chemistry evolution and elemental biogeochemical cycles in early Earth history.

埃迪卡拉纪-寒武纪早期古海洋氧化还原结构及其形成机制

古海洋氧化及其与寒武纪生命大爆发之间的关系是地球生物学的重大前沿科学问题.本文通过对近年来埃迪卡拉纪-寒武纪早期古海洋氧化还原结构模型研究进展的综述,提出陆架海洋的氧化还原高度分层和深部海洋的缺氧是这一时期古海洋化学的基本特征.不断增加的地球化学和模型证据进一步表明这些特征可能与当时较低的大气氧含量和陆架区海水垂直交换速率以及古海洋氧化剂不足有关.这一结果表明如果古海洋氧化确实导致了寒武纪生命大爆发,那么它一定是通过氧化剂增加驱动的陆架氧化模式实现的.该研究为古海洋的氧化及其与寒武纪生命大爆发之间关系研究提供了古海洋化学基本框架和新思路.

The shift of biogeochemical cycles indicative of the progressive marine ecosystem collapse across the Permian-Triassic boundary:An analog to modern oceans

Global warming,the most severe faunal mass extinction and the shift of biogeochemical cycles were observed in the ocean across the Permian-Triassic boundary about 252 million years ago,providing an analog to understanding the modern oceans.Along with the progressive global warming,the biogeochemical cycle was documented to show a shift from the decoupled processes of carbon,nitrogen and sulfur prior to the mass extinction to the coupled biogeochemical processes during faunal mass extinction.The coupled biogeochemical cycle was further observed to shift from the coupled C-N processes during the first episode of the faunal mass extinction to the coupled C-N-S processes during the second episode,diagnostic of the progressive development of more deteriorated marine environmental conditions and the more severe biotic crisis across the Permian-Triassic boundary.The biogeochemical cycles could thus be an indication to the progressive collapse of marine ecosystems triggered by the global warming in Earth history.In modern oceans,the coupled C-N cycle triggered by the global warming was observed in some regions.If these local C-N processes develop and expand to the global oceans,the coupled C-N-S processes might be brought into existence and the marine ecosystems are inevitable to suffer from complete collapse as observed at 252 million years ago.