Ecological Evaluation Models for Environmental Engineering in Taiwan

This study is aimed to investigate and analyze the ecological technology around ecological environment resources of engineering in Taiwan. In Taiwan, the natural and artificial material applied in the ecological technology in internal currently, usually lack of evaluation for applicative conditions. Hence, this study carried on the whole research and identifications to draft the eco-materials of ecological technology. The evaluation models of applied materials for ecological technology were proposed. The quantitative score were obtained by expert＇s person evaluation. Three models were proposed to quantify the effects of applied materials on the ecological environment. The statistical procedures were adopted to compare the performance of these materials for ecological technology. The results indicated that the comparison of applied materials can be treated by quantitative analysis. For the further analysis, more evaluated data from expert＇s experience need to be collected then the bias of person subject can be reduced. In addition to reach the benefits in the respects of ecosystem, society, economy and function, also practice the comprehensive effects in ecological technology.

Development and Innovation of College English Curriculum Evaluation Models

Teaching evaluation is an important and essential part of teaching, is an important means of detecting teaching effect. The traditional way of teaching evaluation only concerned with results of student learning, which is not conducive to reforms of English teaching methods and content. Our school s implemented English curriculum evaluation method combining formative assessment and summative assessment, which reflects the times, openness and flexibility of English teaching, but help to improve the overall quality of students, greatly promoting the reform of English teaching and development.

Research Progress of Evaluation Models of Cosmetic Anti-Allergy Safety

YiwenAbstractThe aim of this study was to explore the mechanism of skin allergic reactions,and the role of skin allergic mediators in different types of allergic reactions.Further,we reviewed and classified anti-allergic safety evaluation models of cosmetics based on skin allergic media.In addition,the study explored in vitro experiments,cell experiments and animal experiments performed using anti-allergic safety evaluation model.The findings of this study provide information on the importance of anti-allergic safety evaluation models in cosmetics industry,and guides on selection of anti-allergic raw materials.Moreover,the findings of this study provide a basis for further research on development of mild cosmetics.

Evaluation of Arctic Sea Ice Drift and its Relationship with Near-surface Wind and Ocean Current in Nine CMIP6 Models from China

The simulated Arctic sea ice drift and its relationship with the near-surface wind and surface ocean current during 1979-2014 in nine models from China that participated in the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP6)are examined by comparison with observational and reanalysis datasets.Most of the models reasonably represent the Beaufort Gyre(BG)and Transpolar Drift Stream(TDS)in the spatial patterns of their long-term mean sea ice drift,while the detailed location,extent,and strength of the BG and TDS vary among the models.About two-thirds of the models agree with the observation/reanalysis in the sense that the sea ice drift pattern is consistent with the near-surface wind pattern.About the same proportion of models shows that the sea ice drift pattern is consistent with the surface ocean current pattern.In the observation/reanalysis,however,the sea ice drift pattern does not match well with the surface ocean current pattern.All nine models missed the observational widespread sea ice drift speed acceleration across the Arctic.For the Arctic basin-wide spatial average,five of the nine models overestimate the Arctic long-term(1979-2014)mean sea ice drift speed in all months.Only FGOALS-g3 captures a significant sea ice drift speed increase from 1979 to 2014 both in spring and autumn.The increases are weaker than those in the observation.This evaluation helps assess the performance of the Arctic sea ice drift simulations in these CMIP6 models from China.

Evaluation of direct intramural injection to the bladder wall as a method for developing orthotopic tumor models

Background:Bladder cancer poses a great burden on society and its high rate of recurrence and treatment failure necessitates use of appropriate animal models to study its pathogenesis and test novel treatments.Orthotopic models are superior to other types since they provide a normal microenvironment.Four methods are described for developing bladder cancer models inside the animal’s bladder.Direct intramural injection is one of these methods and is widely used.However,its efficacy in model development has not yet been studied.We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and success rate of the direct intramural injection method of developing an orthotopic model for the study of bladder cancer.Method:Tumor cell lines were prepared in four microtubes.Aliquots of 200×10^(3) cells were injected through a 27 gauge needle into the ventral wall of the bladders of 4male and 4 female BALB/c mice following a midline 1 cm laparotomy incision.In addition,1 million cells from each microtube were injected into the flanks of control mice.To prevent infection and alleviate pain,5 mg/kg enrofloxacin and 2.5 mg/kg flunixin meglumine,respectively,were injected subcutaneously.Results:Tumors formed in all mice,resulting in 100% take rate and zero post-operation mortality.Surgery time was≤15 min per mouse.In two mice,tumors were found in the peritoneal space as well.Conclusion:Direct intramural injection is a rapid,reliable,and reproducible method for developing orthotopic models of bladder cancer.It can be done on both male and female mice and only requires readily available surgical tools.However,needle track can result in cell spillage and peritoneal tumors.

Evaluation of CMIP5 Climate Models in Simulating 1979–2005 Oceanic Latent Heat Flux over the Pacific

The climatological mean state, seasonal variation and long-term upward trend of 1979-2005 latent heat flux （LHF） in historical runs of 14 coupled general circulation models from CMIP5 （Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5） are evaluated against OAFlux （Objectively Analyzed air-sea Fluxes） data. Inter-model diversity of these models in simulating the annual mean climatological LHF is discussed. Results show that the models can capture the climatological LHF fairly well, but the amplitudes are generally overestimated. Model-simulated seasonal variations of LHF match well with observations with overestimated amplitudes. The possible origins of these biases are wind speed biases in the CMIP5 models. Inter-model diversity analysis shows that the overall stronger or weaker LHF over the tropical and subtropical Pacific region, and the meridional variability of LHF, are the two most notable diversities of the CMIP5 models. Regression analysis indicates that the inter-model diversity may come from the diversity of simulated SST and near-surface atmospheric specific humidity. Comparing the observed long-term upward trend, the trends of LHF and wind speed are largely underestimated, while trends of SST and air specific humidity are grossly overestimated, which may be the origins of the model biases in reproducing the trend of LHF.

An evaluation of the simulations of the Arctic Intermediate Water in climate models and reanalyses

The simulations of the Arctic Intermediate Water in four datasets of climate models and reanalyses, CCSM3, CCSM4, SODA and GLORYS, are analyzed and evaluated. The climatological core temperatures and depths in both CCSM models exhibit deviations over 0.5°C and 200 m from the PHC. SODA reanalysis reproduces relatively reasonable spatial patterns of core temperature and depth, while GLORYS, another reanalysis, shows a remarkable cooling and deepening drift compared with the result at the beginning of the dataset especially in the Eurasian Basin （about 2°C）. The heat contents at the depth of intermediate water in the CCSM models are overestimated with large positive errors nearly twice of that in the PHC. To the contrary, the GLORYS in 2009 show a negative error with a similar magnitude, which means the characteristic of the water mass is totally lost. The circulations in the two reanalyses at the depth of intermediate water are more energetic and realistic than those in the CCSMs, which is attributed to the horizontal eddy-permitting reso-lution. The velocity fields and the transports in the Fram Strait are also investigated. The necessity of finer horizontal resolution is concluded again. The northward volume transports are much larger in the two re-analyses, although they are still weak comparing with mooring observations. Finally, an investigation of the impact of assimilation is done with an evidence of the heat input from assimilation. It is thought to be a reason for the good performance in the SODA, while the GLORYS drifts dramatically without assimilation data in the Arctic Ocean.

Assessing the Performance of CMIP6 Models in Simulating Droughts across Global Drylands

Both the attribution of historical change and future projections of droughts rely heavily on climate modeling. However,reasonable drought simulations have remained a challenge, and the related performances of the current state-of-the-art Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6(CMIP6) models remain unknown. Here, both the strengths and weaknesses of CMIP6 models in simulating droughts and corresponding hydrothermal conditions in drylands are assessed.While the general patterns of simulated meteorological elements in drylands resemble the observations, the annual precipitation is overestimated by ~33%(with a model spread of 2.3%–77.2%), along with an underestimation of potential evapotranspiration(PET) by ~32%(17.5%–47.2%). The water deficit condition, measured by the difference between precipitation and PET, is 50%(29.1%–71.7%) weaker than observations. The CMIP6 models show weaknesses in capturing the climate mean drought characteristics in drylands, particularly with the occurrence and duration largely underestimated in the hyperarid Afro-Asian areas. Nonetheless, the drought-associated meteorological anomalies, including reduced precipitation, warmer temperatures, higher evaporative demand, and increased water deficit conditions, are reasonably reproduced. The simulated magnitude of precipitation(water deficit) associated with dryland droughts is overestimated by 28%(24%) compared to observations. The observed increasing trends in drought fractional area,occurrence, and corresponding meteorological anomalies during 1980–2014 are reasonably reproduced. Still, the increase in drought characteristics, associated precipitation and water deficit are obviously underestimated after the late 1990s,especially for mild and moderate droughts, indicative of a weaker response of dryland drought changes to global warming in CMIP6 models. Our results suggest that it is imperative to employ bias correction approaches in drought-related studies over drylands by using CMIP6 outputs.

Establishment and validation of psoriasis evaluation models

Psoriasis is a common inflammatory skin disease that seriously affects the patient's quality of life.The diagnosis of psoriasis is mainly based on clinical and pathological features,and the assessment depends on the psoriasis area and severity index(PASI).However,there are few reliable and accurate evaluation methods to assess lesion severity and therapeutic effects.This work identified 17 model genes from GEO datasets and established 6 psoriasis evaluation models by LASSO regression,linear regression,and random forest separately.Models were trained and evaluated in different GEO datasets.All 6 models accurately classified psoriatic lesions and non-lesional skin in training and testing data,and showed good AUC.In biologics-treated samples,the model scores were positively correlated with the severity of lesions and negatively correlated with treatment length.Thus,models have the potential to assess the therapeutic effects.In addition,the expression of model genes was examined in keratinocytes,skin of IMQ-induced psoriatic mice,and lesions of psoriasis patients.The RNA and protein levels of model genes increased in cytokine-stimulated keratinocytes and psoriatic lesions as expected.This work provides new methods to assess the lesion severity and therapeutic effects of biologies in psoriasis.

Evaluation of Some Stem Taper Models for Camellia japonica in Mount Halla, Korea

This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of the four stem taper models on Camellia japonica in Jeju Island, Korea using fit statistics and lack-of-fit statistics. The five statistical criteria that were used in this study were standard error of estimate(SEE), mean bias( E), absolute mean difference(AMD), coefficient of determination(R2), and root mean square error(RMSE). Results showed that the Kozak model 02 stem taper had the best performance in all fit statistics(SEE: 3.4708, E : 0.0040 cm, AMD : 0.9060 cm, R2 : 0.9870, and RMSE : 1.2545). On the other hand, Max and Burkhart stem taper model had the poorest performance in each statistical criterion(SEE: 4.2121, E : 0.2520 cm, AMD : 1.1300 cm, R2 : 0.9805, and RMSE: 1.5317). For the lack-of-fit statistics, the Kozak model 02 also provided the best performance having the best AMD in most of the relative height classes for diameter outside bark prediction and in most of the DBH classes for total volume prediction while Max and Burkhart had the poorest performance. These stem taper equations could help forest managers to better estimate the diameter outside bark at any given height, merchantable stem volumes and total stem volumes of the standing trees of Camellia japonica in the forests of Jeju Island, Korea.

Evaluation of the Eta Simulations Nested in Three Global Climate Models

To provide long-term simulations of climate change at higher resolution, Regional Climate Models (RCMs) are nested in global climate models (GCMs). The objective of this work is to evaluate the Eta RCM simulations driven by three global models, the HadGEM2-ES, BESM, and MIROC5, for the present period, 1961-1990. The RCM domain covers South America, Central America, and Caribbean. These simulations will be used for assessment of climate change projections in the region. Maximum temperatures are generally underestimated in the domain, in particular by MIROC5 driven simulations, in summer and winter seasons. Larger spread among the simulations was found in the minimum temperatures, which showed mixed signs of errors. The spatial correlations of temperature simulations against the CRU observations show better agreement for the MIROC5 driven simulations. The nested simulations underestimate precipitation in large areas over the continent in austral summer, whereas in winter overestimate occurs in southern Amazonia, and underestimate in southern Brazil and eastern coast of Northeast Brazil. The annual cycle of the near-surface temperature is underestimated in all model simulations, in all regions in Brazil, and in most of the year. The temperature and precipitation frequency distributions reveal that the RCM and GCM simulations contain more extreme values than the CRU observations. Evaluations of the climatic extreme indicators show that in general hot days, warm nights, and heat waves are increasing in the period, in agreement with observations. The Eta simulations driven by HadGEM2-ES show wet trends in the period, whereas the Eta driven by BESM and by MIROC5 show trends for drier conditions.

Similarity evaluation model for the internal defect detection of strip steel

An internal defect meter is an instrument to detect the internal inclusion defects of cold-rolled strip steel.The detection accuracy of the equipment can be evaluated based on the similarity of the multiple detection data obtained for the same steel coil.Based on the cosine similarity model and eigenvalue matrix model,a comprehensive evaluation method to calculate the weighted average of similarity is proposed.Results show that the new method is consistent with and can even replace artificial evaluation to realize the automatic evaluation of strip defect detection results.

Scales,methods and technical analysis of China's residential environment evaluation

To improve China＇s residential environment evaluation system and enhance its guiding role, current research results are analyzed and summarized from three aspects including research scales, evaluation methods and applied technology by means of comparison, induction and empirical application. The guiding role of the current macro-scale evaluation system of urban planning and construction is generally not obvious, whereas the guiding role of medium and micro-scale systems to the improvement of residential environments is improving. There are diversified methods for determining the threshold values and the weights of indices in China＇s evaluation system. For instance, the analytic hierarchy process（AHP） method is adopted to determine the weights of indices. The advantages and disadvantages of the method are analyzed on the basis of empirical calculation. In the course of comprehensive analyses, a nonlinear model can reflect interactions among indices more than a linear model; the evaluation model under the ARCGIS platform prevails since it combines space and attribute, and it has intuitive results. So far, the methodological system of China＇s residential environment evaluation has not been established; its subject coverage and research category should be expanded, and its guiding role should be enhanced.

Evaluation Model of Carrying Capacity of Water Resources Based on Standardized Indices of Radial Basis Function

[Objective] The aim was to study on RBF model about evaluation on carrying capacity of water resources based on standardized indices. [Method] The indices were transformed and the averages of standard values in different levels were taken as the standardized values of components of central vectors for basic functions of RBF hidden nodes. Hence, the basic functions are suitable for most indices, simplifying expression and calculation of basic functions. [Result] RBF models concluded through Monkey-king Genetic Algorithm with weights optimization are used in evaluation on water carrying capacity in three districts in Changwu County in Shaanxi Province, which were in consistent with that through fuzzy evaluation. [Conclusion] RBF, simple and practical, is universal and popular.

Evaluation model for freeway incident management system

In order to evaluate the general situation and find special problems of the freeway incident management system, an evaluation model is proposed. First, the expert appraisal approach is used to select the primary evaluation index. As a result, 81 indices and the hierarchical structures of the index such as the object layer, the sub-object layer, the criterion layer and the index layer are determined. Then, based on the fuzzy characteristics of each index layer, the analytical hierarchy process（AHP）and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation are applied to generate the weight and the satisfaction of the index and the criterion layers. When analyzing the relationship between the sub-object layer and the object layer, it is easy to find that the number of sub-objects is too large and sub-objects are significantly redundant. The partial least square （PLS） is proposed to solve the problems. Finally, an application example, whose result has already been accepted and employed as the indication of a new project in improving incident management, is introduced and the result verifies the feasibility and efficiency of the model.

Application of Projection Pursuit Evaluation Model Based on Real-Coded Accelerating Genetic Algorithm in Evaluating Wetland Soil Quality Variations in the Sanjiang Plain, China

A new technique of dimension reduction named projection pursuit is applied to model and evaluatewetland soil quality variations in the Sanjiang Plain, Helongjiang Province, China. By adopting the im-proved real-coded accelerating genetic algorithm (RAGA), the projection direction is optimized and multi-dimensional indexes are converted into low-dimensional space. Classification of wetland soils and evaluationof wetland soil quality variations are realized by pursuing optimum projection direction and projection func-tion value. Therefore, by adopting this new method, any possible human interference can be avoided andsound results can be achieved in researching quality changes and classification of wetland soils.

Residential environment index system and evaluation model established by subjective and objective methods

In this research, the residential environment index system and evaluation model were established by means of subjective and objective methods. The methodology for establishing the evaluation system for residential environment was first analyzed; then the subjective evaluation data-base was established by questionnaire survey; and at the same time, the objective evaluation data-base was constructed by Geographic Information System (GIS); and then the related equation system between subjective and objective system was developed by multiple regression analysis. This research could benefit evaluation of the residential environment quality for various purposes, and also provide important rudimentary data-base for the development and improvement of residential environment for officials. Furthermore, the index system and evaluation model established in this research could construct a strong relation between subjective evaluation and objective data; and thus could provide a comprehensive, efficient and effective methodology for the evaluation of residential environment.

Catastrophe theory-based risk evaluation model for water and mud inrush and its application in karst tunnels

This paper presents a risk evaluation model of water and mud inrush for tunnel excavation in karst areas.The factors affecting the probabilities of water and mud inrush in karst tunnels are investigated to define the dangerousness of this geological disaster.The losses that are caused by water and mud inrush are taken into consideration to account for its harmfulness.Then a risk evaluation model based on the dangerousness-harmfulness evaluation indicator system is constructed,which is more convincing in comparison with the traditional methods.The catastrophe theory is used to evaluate the risk level of water and mud inrush and it has great advantage in handling problems involving discontinuous catastrophe processes.To validate the proposed approach,the Qiyueshan tunnel of Yichang-Wanzhou Railway is taken as an example in which four target segments are evaluated using the risk evaluation model.Finally,the evaluation results are compared with the excavation data,which shows that the risk levels predicted by the proposed approach are in good agreements with that observed in engineering.In conclusion,the catastrophe theory-based risk evaluation model is an efficient and effective approach for water and mud inrush in karst tunnels.

Assessment of Indices of Temperature Extremes Simulated by Multiple CMIP5 Models over China

Given that climate extremes in China might have serious regional and global consequences, an increasing number of studies are examining temperature extremes in China using the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 （CMIP5） models. This paper investigates recent changes in temperature extremes in China using 25 state-of-the-art global climate models participating in CMIP5. Thirteen indices that represent extreme temperature events were chosen and derived by daily maximum and minimum temperatures, including those representing the intensity （absolute indices and threshold indices）, duration （duration indices）, and frequency （percentile indices） of extreme temperature. The overall performance of each model is summarized by a ＂portrait＂ diagram based on relative root-mean-square error, which is the RMSE relative to the median RMSE of all models, revealing the multi-model ensemble simulation to be better than individual model for most indices. Compared with observations, the models are able to capture the main features of the spatial distribution of extreme temperature during 1986-2005. Overall, the CMIP5 models are able to depict the observed indices well, and the spatial structure of the ensemble result is better for threshold indices than frequency indices. The spread amongst the CMIP5 models in different subregions for intensity indices is small and the median CMIP5 is close to observations; however, for the duration and frequency indices there can be wide disagreement regarding the change between models and observations in some regions. The model ensemble also performs well in reproducing the observational trend of temperature extremes. All absolute indices increase over China during 1961-2005.

Evaluation of the Customer Satisfaction Index for Wellhead Blowout Preventers of China’s Petroleum Industry——A new method based on PLS

This paper establishes an evaluation model of the customer satisfaction index for the wellhead blowout preventers of China＇s petroleum industry based on evaluation models of the customer satisfaction index at home and aboard, and by considering the consuming situation in China and the features of the China＇s petroleum industry. For the existence of： （1） multiple correlations among the factors in the model; （2） the variables need to be explained, but that are hard to observe; （3） the customer satisfaction degree of observation variables appears the shape of skewness or two or three peaks, the correlations between the satisfaction index and its factors cannot be described by common multiple regression. This paper uses a partial least squares （PLS） method based on principal components and typical correlative analysis to solve the problem. When PLS is used in the model of the customer satisfaction index of the wellhead blowout preventers, the latent variables and the explanation degree coefficient of the manifest variable to the corresponding latent variables are estimated by PLS path analysis, and the influencing coefficient among the latent variables in the model is estimated by PLS regression analysis. PLS is also be used to calculate and analyze the model and disclose the correlations among the structural variables as well as the correlation between structural variables and its corresponding observation variables, evaluating results of which provide useful information for petroleum industry to improve the product quality and to the enhancement of the customer satisfaction to the product.