Particle collision behavior and heat transfer performance in a Na_(2)SO_(4) circulating fluidized bed evaporator

The particle collision behavior and heat transfer performance are investigated to reveal the heat transfer enhancement and fouling prevention mechanism in a Na_(2)SO_(4) circulating fluidized bed evaporator.The particle collision signals are analyzed with standard deviation by varying the amount of added particles ε(1%–3%),circulation flow velocity u(0.37–1.78 m·s^(-1)),and heat flux q(7.29–12.14 kW·m^(-2)).The results show that the enhancement factor reach up to 14.6%by adding polytetrafluoroethylene particles at ε=3%,u=1.78 m·s^(-1),and q=7.29 kW·m^(-2).Both the standard deviation of the particle collision signal and enhancement factor increase with the increase in the amount of added particles.The standard deviation increases with the increase in circulation flow velocity;however,the enhancement factor initially decreases and then increases.The standard deviation slightly decreases with the increase in heat flux at low circulation flow velocity,but initially increases and then decreases at high circulation flow velocity.The enhancement factor decreases with the increase in heat flux.The enhancement factor in Na_(2)SO_(4) solution is superior to that in water at high amount of added particles.The empirical correlation for heat transfer is established,and the model results agree well with the experimental data.

Pressure Drop of Liquid–Solid Two-Phase Flow in the Vertical Tube Bundle of a Cold-Model Circulating Fluidized Bed Evaporator

A cold-model vertical multi-tube circulating fluidized bed evaporator was designed and built to conduct a visualization study on the pressure drop of a liquid–solid two-phase flow and the corresponding particle distribution.Water and polyformaldehyde particle(POM)were used as the liquid and solid phases,respectively.The effects of operating parameters such as the amount of added particles,circulating flow rate,and particle size were systematically investigated.The results showed that the addition of the particles increased the pressure drop in the vertical tube bundle.The maximum pressure drop ratios were 18.65%,21.15%,18.00%,and 21.15%within the experimental range of the amount of added particles for POM1,POM2,POM3,and POM4,respectively.The pressure drop ratio basically decreased with the increase in the circulating flow rate but fluctuated with the increase in the amount of added particles and particle size.The difference in pressure drop ratio decreased with the increase in the circulating flow rate.As the amount of added particles increased,the difference in pressure drop ratio fluctuated at low circulating flow rate but basically decreased at high circulating flow rate.The pressure drop in the vertical tube bundle accounted for about 70%of the overall pressure drop in the up-flow heating chamber and was the main component of the overall pressure within the experimental range.Three-dimensional phase diagrams were established to display the variation ranges of the pressure drop and pressure drop ratio in the vertical tube bundle corresponding to the operating parameters.The research results can provide some reference for the application of the fluidized bed heat transfer technology in the industry.

THREE-PHASE CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED EVAPORATOR FOR WHEAT STRAW BLACK LIQUOR EVAPORATION

A novel vapor-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed evaporator, meaning for enhancing heat transfer and preventing fouling, is applied to wheat straw black liquor, which is the primary pollutant in China’s papermaking industry. It is treated by alkali recovery, in which evaporation is a key process. The experimental results show that the vapor-liquid-solid three-phase boiling heat transfer coefficient is enhanced by 20%～40% than that of vapor-liquid two-phase boiling flow, also, the novel evaporator exhibits an excellent function of fouling prevention.

Effect of Flow Directions on Multiphase Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Enhanced by Suspending Particles in a Circulating Evaporation System

A circulating fluidized bed evaporator(including down-flow, horizontal, and up-flow beds) was constructed to study the effect of flow directions on multiphase flow boiling heat transfer. A range of experimental investigations were carried out by varying amount of added particles(0-2%), circulation flow rate(2.15-5.16 m^3/h) and heat flux(8-16 kW/m^2). The comparison of heat transfer performance in different vertical heights of the horizontal bed was also discussed. Results reveal that the glass bead particle can enhance heat transfer compared with vapor-liquid two-phase flow for all beds. At a low heat flux(q = 8 kW/m), the heat-transfer-enhancing factor of the horizontal bed is obviously greater than those of the up-flow and down-flow beds. With the increase in the amount of added particles, the heat-transfer-enhancing factors of the up-flow and down-flow beds increase, whereas that of the horizontal bed initially increases and then decreases. However, at a high heat flux(q=16 kW/m), the heat-transfer-enhancing factors of the three beds show an increasing tendency with the increase in the amount of added particles and become closer than those at a low heat flux. For all beds, the heat-transfer-enhancing factor generally increases with the circulation flow rate but decreases with the increase in heat flux.

Na_(2)SO_(4)循环流化床蒸发器中的颗粒碰撞行为和传热性能

将流化床换热防垢节能技术和Na_(2)SO_(4)蒸发过程相结合,设计并构建了1套Na_(2)SO_(4)循环流化床蒸发装置。选用质量分数为20%的Na_(2)SO_(4)溶液作为液相工质,采用聚甲醛(POM)和碳化硅(SiC)颗粒作为惰性固体颗粒,考察了颗粒类型、颗粒加入量(1%~3%)、循环流速(0.37~1.78 m·s^(-1))和热通量(7.29~12.14 kW·m^(-2))等操作参数对于颗粒的碰撞行为和蒸发器传热性能的影响。研究结果表明,POM和SiC颗粒的加入均可以强化传热。实验范围内,POM和SiC颗粒的最大增强因子分别为9.5%和13.4%,所对应的操作参数分别为ε=1%,u=1.78 m·s^(-1),q=7.29 kW·m^(-2)和ε=3%,u=0.37 m·s^(-1),q=12.14 kW·m^(-2)。液相和固相碰撞加速度信号的特征频率范围分别为0~1000 Hz和6000~17000 Hz;汽相的产生可以显著增加其他相的碰撞强度。颗粒加入量增加,POM颗粒的标准偏差增大;SiC颗粒的标准偏差在循环流速较低时先减小、后增大,而在循环流速较高时增大。2种颗粒的流动沸腾传热系数受颗粒加入量的影响较小。循环流速增加,2种颗粒的标准偏差和传热系数均增大。热通量增加,2种颗粒的传热系数均明显减小。颗粒加入量较小时,2种颗粒的标准偏差随热通量的变化不明显。颗粒加入量较大时,POM颗粒的标准偏差随着热通量的增加而增大;SiC颗粒的标准偏差随热通量的变化受循环流速的影响。

新型三相循环流化床蒸发器的实验研究

开发了一种新型三相循环流化床蒸发器。以饱和盐卤为工质 ,研究了其防、除垢性能。结果表明 ,该蒸发器具有优良的防、除垢效果 ,并且有效地强化了传热。工业应用证明这是一种行之有效的在线防。

三相流蒸发防垢节能技术

介绍了三相流蒸发防垢节能技术的原理和技术特点,总结了该技术工业化实验所取得的成果,并提出了采用该技术对现有蒸发器和换热器进行改造所应实施的方案。