Spatiotemporal characteristics of seed rain and soil seed bank of artificial Caragana korshinskii Kom. forest in the Tengger Desert, China

Vegetation restoration and reconstruction are effective approaches to desertification control and achieving social and economic sustainability in desert areas.However,the self-succession ability of native plants during the later periods of vegetation restoration remains unclear.Therefore,this study was conducted to bridge the knowledge gap by investigating the regeneration dynamics of artificial forest under natural conditions.The information of seed rain and soil seed bank was collected and quantified from an artificial Caragana korshinskii Kom.forest in the Tengger Desert,China.The germination tests were conducted in a laboratory setting.The analysis of species quantity and diversity in seed rain and soil seed bank was conducted to assess the impact of different durations of sand fixation(60,40,and 20 a)on the progress of vegetation restoration and ecological conditions in artificial C.korshinskii forest.The results showed that the top three dominant plant species in seed rain were Echinops gmelinii Turcz.,Eragrostis minor Host.,and Agropyron mongolicum Keng.,and the top three dominant plant species in soil seed bank were E.minor,Chloris virgata Sw.,and E.gmelinii.As restoration period increased,the density of seed rain and soil seed bank increased first and then decreased.While for species richness,as restoration period increased,it gradually increased in seed rain but decreased in soil seed bank.There was a positive correlation between seed rain density and soil seed bank density among all the three restoration periods.The species similarity between seed rain or soil seed bank and aboveground vegetation decreased with the extension of restoration period.The shape of the seeds,specifically those with external appendages such as spines and crown hair,clearly had an effect on their dispersal,then resulting in lower seed density in soil seed bank.In addition,precipitation was a crucial factor in promoting rapid germination,also resulting in lower seed density in soil seed bank.Our findings provide valuable insights for guiding future interventions during the later periods of artificial C.korshinskii forest,such as sowing and restoration efforts using unmanned aerial vehicles.

Soil Seed Bank of the Marantaceae Forests of Ouesso Forest Industry (IFO), Republic of Congo

The soil seed bank is a key indicator of natural regeneration and/or forests resilience after disturbances. This study evaluates the soil seed bank characteristics in two Marantaceae forests plots of Ouesso Forest Industry (IFO) in north of the Republic of Congo. In each plot, 12 samples were taken per soil layers (0 - 5 cm, 5 - 10 cm, 10 - 15 cm and 15 - 20 cm deep). Diversity and abundance seed were estimated after germination of soil samples. The results revealed 101 seedlings belonging to 17 species for plot 1 and 129 seedlings belonging to 15 species for plot 2. The average densities of germinated seeds were respectively 281 seedling/m2 and 358 seedling/m2. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between the mean densities of the two plots. Herbaceous species dominated with percentages of 71% and 73%, respectively in plot 1 and plot 2. Both plots showed potential of regeneration from the soil seed bank. However, this potential seems higher in plot 2. Pioneer taxa were more abundant in the soil seed bank of plot 1 (4 woody pioneer species) than in plot 2 (1 woody pioneer species). The highest species richness was obtained in the first two soil layers (0 - 5 cm and 5 - 10 cm depth) while 25% of species were exclusively found in the deepest layer (15 - 20 cm) in plot 2. The study suggests silvicultural interventions based on planting or enrichment techniques for contribute to sustainable management of Marantaceae forests that could prevent the growth and development of seedlings.

Effect of Slash Burning on Nutrient Removal and Soil Fertility in Chinese Fir and Evergreen Broadleaved Forests of Mid-Subtropical China

A Chinese fir forest (Cunninghamia lanceolata, CF) and an evergreen broadleaved forest (EB) located inFujian Province, southeastern China, were examined following slash burning to compare nutrient capital andtopsoil properties with pre-burn levels. After fire, nutrient (N, P and K) removal from burning residues wasestimated at 302.5 kg ha-1 in the CF and 644.8 kg ha-1 in the EB. Fire reduced the topsoil capitals of totalN and P by about 20% and 10%, respectively, in both forests, while K capital was increased in the topsoils ofboth forests following fire. Total site nutrient loss through surface erosion was 28.4 kg (N) ha-1, 8.4 kg (P)ha-1 and 328.7 kg (K) ha-1 in the CF. In the EB, the losses of total N, P and K were 58.5, 10.5 and 396.3kg ha-1, respectively. Improvement of soil structure and increase in mineralization of nutrients associatedwith increased microbe number and enzyme activities and elevated soil respiration occurred 5 days after fire.However, organic matter and available nutrient contents and most of other soil parameters declined one yearafter fire on the burned CF and EB topsoils. These results suggest that short-term site productivity canbe stimulated immediately, but reduced subsequently by soil and water losses, especially in South China,where high-intensity precipitation, steep slopes and fragile soil can be expected. Therefore, the silviculturalmeasurements should be developed in plantation management.

Soil seed banks along elevational gradients in tropical, subtropical and subalpine forests in Yunnan Province, southwest China

Soil seed banks are a vital part of ecosystems and influence community dynamics and regeneration.Although soil seed banks in different habitats have been reported, how soil seed banks vary with elevational gradients in different climatic zones is still unknown. This paper investigates seed density,species composition and nonconstituent species of forest soil seed banks in Yunnan Province, southwest China. Similarity between the soil seed bank and standing vegetation was also examined. We collected soil samples from sites spanning 12 elevations in tropical rain forests, subtropical evergreen broadleaved forests and subalpine coniferous forests, and transported them to a glasshouse for germination trials for species identification. The soil seed banks of tropical and subtropical forests had much higher seed densities and species richness than those of subalpine forests. Seeds of woody species dominated the soil seed banks of tropical and subtropical forests, while herbs dominated those of subalpine forests.The nonconstituent species in the soil seed banks were all herbs and were most abundant in tropical forests, followed by subtropical forests but were completely absent from subalpine forests.

Impact of Cardamom Cultivation on the Composition and Dynamics of Soil Seed Banks in a Conservation Forest in Sri Lanka: Implications for Conservation

Cultivation of cash crops, such as cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) in the forest understorey is a common practice in many tropical forests. Over time, cultivation may change forest structure and species composition, leading to gradual degradation of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Effective conservation of these forests requires an enhanced understanding of the demographic processes such as soil seed bank that may greatly influence future forest composition. We examined how the soil seed bank structure and composition responds to cardamom cultivation in a high conservation value Sri Lankan montane rain forest. Soil samples from natural forest with abandoned cardamom plantations (CP) and adjacent natural forest (NF) patches without cardamom were collected in dry and wet seasons. Soil samples were spread out in trays in a shade house and germination was recorded weekly for 19 weeks. The density of seeds in the soil seed bank was much higher in CP than NF. While grasses and forbs contributed the highest number and percentage of seeds in soils of both forest types, their densities in the soil seed bank were 9 and 2 times greater in the CP than the NF, respectively. Seeds of the non-native herbs Ageratina riparia and E. cardamomum were 4 and 20 times greater in the soil of CP, respectively. Seeds of light demanding tree species such as Macaranga indica were restricted to soils of CPs. Overstorey tree community of each forest type was poorly represented in their respective soil seed banks. The high density of seeds of pioneer trees and non-native herbs in the soil of CPs, combined with higher light transmission to the ground floor may exacerbate competition for resources with the seedlings of late successional trees of high conservation value. To overcome this barrier and enhance conservation value of the forest, restoration strategies may need to focus on transplanting seedlings of these species into forest with abandoned cardamom plantations.

Distribution and quantification of Pb in an evergreen broadleaved forest in three hydrological years

The distribution,quantification and fluxes of Pb were examined in an evergreen broadleaved forest in western Greece for three hydrological years.More specifically,concentrations and annual fluxes of Pb were determined in bulk and throughfall deposition as well as litterfall.The Pb concentrations were also measured in forest floor and mineral soil up to 80 cm and the isotopic ratios of 206Pb/207Pb were determined in soil layers and the parent rock material.High variability in the fluxes of the metal among the three hydrological years were found,evidence of the variability of Pb deposition in time.Litterfall fractions with a large surface area,like holm oak flowers,had high Pb concentrations.Applying a steady state model and considering the Pb amounts in throughfall and litterfall as inputs on the forest floor,the mean residence time of Pb in the forest floor was 94 years with a coefficient of variation equal to 41%.More observations are needed to lower the variability of the mean residence time.The isotopic ratio in the rock material was defined as the lithogenic ratio.The statistical tests showed that the petrol derived Pb migrated to the depth of 20 cm and its percentages in the soil pedon was in the range of 62%in the L horizon to 11%in the 10–20cm layer.In higher depths(>40 cm)preindustrial anthropogenic Pb affected the isotopic ratio.As the forest under consideration is remote from industrial activities,the results can serve as a baseline for future studies on Pb distribution and quantification.

Viability of recalcitrant Araucaria angustifolia seeds in storage and in a soil seed bank

Araucaria angustifolia(Bertol.)Kuntze is a representative species of the Mixed Ombrophilous Forest in the Atlantic Forest Biome of Brazil.The development of a germplasm conservation protocol for long-term seed bank storage is compromised for this species,as it is sensitive to desiccation.Furthermore,in situ establishment of a soil seed bank in its natural habitat may be limited.This study evaluates the storability of two provenances of A.angustifolia seeds and their behavior in an artificial soil seed bank in two forest environments(understory and edge).Results show that both seed provenances may be stored at 5C for approximately 12 months,retaining high viability.The subsequent decrease in germination was associated with a reduction and an increase in seed water content,as well as with increased electrical conductivity.In the understory environment,seed viability was above 85%for the first 60 days,and at the end of the experiment(270 days),seedlings emerged.However,at the forest edge,there was a total loss of seed viability after 120 days associated with a reduction in water content and high predation.It is concluded,therefore,that short-term storage of A.angustifolia seeds is possible in a cold room,which is fundamental to supply seed demand outside the production period.Forest cover conservation is important for regeneration and conservation of the species.

西天山野果林准噶尔山楂土壤种子库海拔梯度分布格局

通过野外调查采样和室内实验的方法,对西天山野果林中新疆特有珍稀植物准噶尔山楂(Crataegus songarica K. Koch)土壤种子库组成、空间分布特征及其幼苗更新情况进行分析,并对该物种土壤种子库海拔梯度分布格局进行探讨。结果显示:(1)准噶尔山楂土壤种子库中虫蛀种子、实心种子和饱满种子分别占总种子数的50.83%、46.22%和2.95%;各海拔内饱满种子数量极少,随着海拔上升基本呈现先降后增再降的波动变化趋势,最高密度为(2.36±0.71)粒/m^(2),出现在海拔1400~1500 m处。(2)土壤种子库垂直分布中,各土层内以虫蛀种子居多,其次为实心种子,饱满种子密度极显著低于前二者,且各土层间饱满种子密度差异不显著;水平分布上,随着离母树距离的增加,土壤种子库虫蛀、实心和饱满种子密度基本上呈递减的趋势,约94%的饱满种子分布在距母树3 m冠幅范围内。(3)幼苗为近母树分布(2.5 m内),幼苗数量少,实生苗更少,不足1株/50 m^(2),种苗转化率仅为5‰,趋向于以萌生的无性繁殖为主,实生的有性繁殖为辅。研究结果表明,自然条件下准噶尔山楂种子密度受海拔梯度影响小,种子更新能力差。可以通过调节立地环境因子、改善种子的着地生境,从而提高种苗转化率,促进种群的良好更新。

重庆四面山常绿阔叶林建群种种子雨、种子库研究

对重庆四面山常绿阔叶林建群种种子雨、种子库的研究表明,建群种早期和晚期的种子雨无活力;种子偏早或偏晚成熟及大籽粒的树种,其种子雨被取食的比例大;种子雨、有活力种子雨、种子库三者的数量变化不一致;有活力种子雨量较大的栲、石栎、小叶青冈、扁刺栲、香桂等,其种子库密度在早期以近几何级数的方式增长,元江栲、银木荷种子库小,存在时间短,翌年无一年生萌发苗;种子库数量动态、消减率动态决定于种子被取食的强度、种子衰老的速度以及种子对病菌、逆境的抗性和种子萌发的整齐性.

土壤微生物量碳作为林地土壤肥力指标

分析了杉木林、常绿阔叶林和灌木林的土壤微生物量碳和养分含量。结果表明 :3种林地土壤微生物量碳和养分含量均呈现出灌木林 >常绿阔叶林 >杉木林的排序。灌木林和杉木林土壤微生物量碳与土壤养分含量都有很好的相关性 ,灌木林土壤微生物量碳与土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、水解氮含量和阳离子交换量的相关系数分别为 0 6 80 2 ,0 6 73 4 ,0 5 891 ,0 7485 和 0 5 4 1 8 ;杉木林土壤微生物量碳与土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、水解氮、有效磷含量和阳离子交换量的相关系数分别为 0 5 4 5 6 ,0 6 0 6 3 ,0 70 47 ,0 471 4 ,0 445 5 ,0 4988 和 0 5 1 2 5 。土壤微生物量碳可以作为林地土壤肥力指标。图 1表 1参 1

重庆四面山亚热带常绿阔叶林种子库研究

对重庆四面山亚热带常绿阔叶林不同海拔、不同类型、不同土层的种子库中种子种类、数量、分布特征进行了研究。结果如下：1）种子库中种子种类和数量随海拔升高而减小；2）低海拔的种子库生态优势度最高，高海拔次之，中等海拔最低。生态优势度高的种子库物种多样性指数和群落均匀度都低；3）种子密度随土层加深而减小；4）山脊林窗种子库数量和种数最少，但损耗率最低．萌发率最高。

井冈山重要森林生态系统碳密度对比

采用生物量模型与实际测量相结合的方法,从植被层(包括乔木与林下植被)、枯落层和土壤层(表层1 m)比较了井冈山5种重要森林生态系统碳密度.结果表明:①森林生态系统平均碳密度为29.047 kg/m2,常绿阔叶林>针阔混交林>人工杉木林>落叶阔叶林>毛竹林;②土壤碳密度平均值为22.453 kg/m2,占森林总碳密度的77.3%,5种森林类型土壤碳密度排序与总碳密度相同,且差异较小;③植被层碳密度差异最大,针阔混交林碳密度最大(12.039 kg/m2),是碳密度最小的落叶阔叶林(1.322 kg/m2)的9.1倍;④乔木层碳密度排序为针阔混交林>常绿阔叶林>人工杉木林>毛竹林>落叶阔叶林,乔木地上碳密度占乔木总碳密度的61.4%(人工杉木林)～75.8%(落叶阔叶林);⑤灌木层总碳密度差异大,常绿阔叶林和落叶阔叶林的灌木总碳密度分别为最大(0.153 kg/m2)和最小(0.027 kg/m2),前者是后者的5.6倍,灌木地上碳密度占灌木总碳密度的78.3%(针阔混交林)～81.0%(常绿阔叶林);⑥草本层总碳密度差异较小,在0.074 kg/m2(人工杉木林)～0.108 kg/m2(毛竹林)之间,地下碳密度略高于地上;⑦枯落层碳密度最低,不同森林类型间枯落层碳密度差异不大,在0.064～0.084 kg/m2之间.

石栎-青冈常绿阔叶林土壤有机碳和全氮空间变异特征

在1hm2(100 m×100 m)石栎(Lithocarpus glaber)-青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)常绿阔叶林内100个10 m×10 m小样方的中心位置,按0—10 cm、10—20 cm和20—30 cm土层采集土壤样品,测定土壤有机碳(C)和全氮(N)含量。基于区域化变量理论和地质统计软件(GS+Version 9)的空间分析功能,应用地统计学的半方差函数定量研究该常绿阔叶林土壤有机C和全N的空间变异特征。结果表明:该林地土壤有机C含量平均值为18.61 g/kg,变化范围为9.53—39.40 g/kg,全N含量平均值为1.63g/kg,变化范围为0.73—3.32 g/kg。土壤有机C半方差函数的理论模型符合球状模型,全N半方差函数的理论模型符合高斯模型。土壤有机C和全N的空间异质性主要是由结构性因素引起的,且空间自相关程度均为中等程度。分形维数反映了有机C和全N空间格局差异及尺度依赖特征,有机C分形维数较大,空间格局比全N略为复杂。采用Kriging插值方法,1hm2森林内土壤有机C和全N具有相似的空间分布格局,呈现明显的条带状和斑块状的梯度变化。土壤有机C含量与海拔、凹凸度呈负相关,但相关性不显著,与林地凋落物量呈极显著正相关。土壤全N含量与海拔、凹凸度呈显著负相关,与林地凋落物量呈正相关,反映出土壤N的淋溶特性。

川南天然常绿阔叶林人工更新后枯落物对土壤的影响

Soil organic carbon mineralization, microbial biomass carbon and metabolic quotient in soils were determined to understand the effects of litter on soils in natural evergreen broadleaved forest, Sassafras tzumu plantation and Cryptomeria fortunei plantation. Soils were collected in the 0～20 cm layer and incubated for 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days in the laboratory at 25 ℃ with natural water content and different litters. The results indicated that organic carbon mineralization rate, microbial biomass carbon and metabolic quotient in soils showed the ranked order of natural evergreen broadleaved forest > Sassafras tzumu plantation > Cryptomeria fortunei plantation when the forest litter was not added to the soil. The added forest litter increased the organic carbon mineralization rate, microbial biomass carbon and metabolic quotient in soils regardless of the forests. Comparing with the litter from the Sassafras tzumu plantation and Cryptomeria fortunei plantation, the litter from the natural evergreen broadleaved forest led to higher organic carbon mineralization rate, microbial biomass carbon and metabolic quotient in soils. The results suggested that the artificial regeneration of the natural evergreen broadleaved forest into the Sassafras tzumu plantation and Cryptomeria fortunei plantation might lead to the low organic carbon mineralization, microbial biomass carbon and metabolic quotient in soils.

都江堰地区三种壳斗科植物的种子库及其影响因素研究

于 2 0 0 0年 9月～ 12月 ,在都江堰地区对原生林和次生林中 3种优势壳斗科 (Fagaceae)植物的种子雨和土壤种子库进行了研究 ,并提出基于种子雨和土壤种子库测定的种子虫蛀率、种子存活率、脊椎动物捕食率和种子发霉率的估计方法。结果表明 :①种子雨持续时间较长 ,3种壳斗科植物种子雨的高峰期在原生林和次生林中略有差异 ;② 3种壳斗科植物的种子产量很低 ,种子雨散落的平均密度不大。在原生林 ,栓皮栎 (Quercusvariabilis)、树Q .serrata)和栲树 (Castanopsisfargesii)种子下落的平均密度分别为 2 .3± 3.85个 /m2 ,6 .5± 17.43个 /m2 和 1.9± 5 .2 1个 /m2 ;而在次生林则分别为 2 .4± 3.47个 /m2 ,6 .5± 13.5 5个 /m2 和 0 .3± 1.35个 /m2 ;③土壤种子库中 ,栓皮栎在原生林中没有存留完好的种子 ,而在次生林的落叶层中存留有少量完好的种子 (0 .15± 0 .37个 /m2 ) ;树在原生林和次生林中都存留有少量完好的种子 (分别为 0 .2 0± 0 .70个 /m2 和 0 .10± 0 .31个 /m2 )和少量萌发种子 (分别为 0 .5 0± 1.82个 /m2 和 0 .2 0± 0 .89个 /m2 ) ;但在土壤中未发现有栲树的种子。绝大部分的种子存留在落叶层 ,而存留在 0～ 2cm和 2～ 10cm土层中的种子极少 ;④定量测定了发霉、虫蛀和脊椎动?

氮磷添加对亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤微生物群落特征的影响

为了探讨氮磷添加对土壤微生物特点的影响,选择安徽省池州仙寓山常绿阔叶老龄林,设定了4个水平的氮磷添加试验,即对照(CK,0 kg N/hm^2)、低氮(LN,50 kg N/hm^2)、高氮(HN,100 kg N/hm^2)、高氮+磷(HN+P,100 kg N/hm^2+50 kg P/hm^2)。利用氯仿熏蒸法和Biolog微平板技术,分析不同水平氮磷添加对不同土层(0-10 cm、10-20 cm和20-30 cm)土壤微生物生物量C(MBC)、N(MBN)和微生物群落功能多样性的影响。结果表明:MBC、MBN随土层加深而降低,且差异性极显著,MBC与MBC/MBN比在氮磷添加后均表现出显著性差异;土壤微生物群落的代谢活性随土层加深而降低,HN与LN处理的土壤微生物活性最高;Mc Intosh、Shannon和Simpson多样性指数在不同土层和不同N、P添加水平上都存在差异,表层土壤微生物多样性指数差异性较为显著。土壤微生物对羧酸类、氨基酸类和碳水类碳源利用率最高;主成分分析显示不同土层的土壤微生物碳源利用上有明显的变化,表层土壤微生物碳源利用在不同N、P添加水平上有明显的空间变异性,其他土层分布较为集中,空间差异性主要表现在对碳水类与羧酸类碳源的利用上。土层与氮、磷添加剂量对土壤微生物生物量C、N及功能多样性都有显著影响,其中高氮处理对表层土壤微生物影响最大。

亚热带常绿阔叶林不同演替阶段土壤种子库的初步研究

本文把四川缙云山亚热带常绿阔叶林的演替系列分成6个阶段:(1)弃耕地;(2)灌草丛;(3)马尾松林;(4)以马尾松为优势的常绿针、阔叶混交林;(5)以常绿阔叶树为优势的针、阔叶混交林;(6)常绿阔叶林。分别从每个阶段分3层采集0.5m^2,10cm厚度的5个小样地的土样,带回实验室,通过萌发法研究土壤种子库。得到如下结论:A、种子数量和物种多样性在演替早期阶段(从弃耕地到马尾松林)一般随演替发展而减少,种子数目随土层加深而降低;后期阶段(马尾松林到常绿阔叶林)种子数则大致随演替发展而增加;同一阶段各土层种子数差异不大。B、各演替阶段土壤种子库的种类组成均以草本植物为主。C、在湿度和光照比较一致的情况下,萌发种子数与温度成正相关。大多数种类的种子80％以上在实验的头六个星期内萌发。D、演替早期阶段的地上植物种类组成与土壤种子库中种类组成基本一致,演替后期阶段相关甚少。本文还讨论了土壤种子库研究的取样体积问题,以及土壤种子库在植被动态中的作用。

西双版纳热带森林土壤种子库与地上植被的关系

通过实验研究探讨了西双版纳几类热带森林的土壤种子库与地上植被的关系．结果表明，在森林演替的初期，土壤种子库与地上植被共有的种类和种子储量较多，随着林龄的增大，外来种子的比例逐渐增加，到季节雨林阶段，土壤种子库中的种子大部分为来自群落外的先锋种类．这些种子在郁闭的林冠下很难萌发，一旦森林受到干扰出现林窗或空旷地，这些潜在的种源将迅速萌发。

川南天然常绿阔叶林人工更新后土壤氮库与微生物的季节变化

对川南天然常绿阔叶林及其人工更新成檫木林、柳杉林和水杉林后土壤不同形态氮素含量、微生物数量和脲酶活性进行研究,并探讨了它们之间的相互关系。结果表明:土壤全氮、微生物量氮、铵态氮和硝态氮含量、细菌、真菌和放线菌数量及脲酶活性,各林分均为秋季>春季>冬季>夏季,各季节均为天然常绿阔叶林>檫木林>水杉林>柳杉林。这说明天然常绿阔叶林人工更新后土壤不同形态氮素含量、微生物数量和脲酶活性下降,土壤保肥和供肥能力降低,而各人工林下降程度不同。土壤不同形态氮素含量与微生物数量和脲酶活性之间呈显著正相关,说明微生物数量及脲酶活性的变化能够表征土壤氮素含量变化。研究结果为保护天然常绿阔叶林、选择适宜的更新树种和天然常绿阔叶林人工更新后林地土壤的科学管理提供依据,也为退耕还林中树种的选择提供参考。

西双版纳白背桐次生林土壤种子库、种子雨研究

本文讨论了西双版纳常见的次生林白背桐（Ｍａｌｏｔｕｓｐａｎｉｃｕｌａｔｕｓ）林的土壤种子库和种子雨的组成及动态。结果表明该林地的种子雨年输入量为７４５粒／ｍ２，土壤种子库储量在雨季末期为３３４５±４３８粒／ｍ２，旱季末期为４５５５±５５４粒／ｍ２，种子雨的输入高峰出现在旱季，导致旱季末期土壤种子库储量大于雨季末期。森林破碎化导致的隔离效应阻碍了种子的传播途径，使土壤种子库储量下降，种子雨和土壤种子库中鸟类传播的种子比例增大。传播成熟林树种的大型动物到达不了该样地，植被的演替受到了阻碍。