Evergreens的红叶

门外的小树映入我的眼帘,满树红叶,我不由想到其他同学,想到不久后又会和弘烨相聚在北京,心情突然好了起来,毕竟我们每个人都是一片红叶,有了我们,Evergreens的秋天才会更加美好!

Seasonal patterns of light availability and light use of broadleaf evergreens in a deciduous forest understory: Potential mechanisms for expansion

In recent years, expansion of native and exotic evergreen shrubs into forest understories has been documented worldwide. Dense shrub thickets may interfere with tree establishment, suppress herbaceous cover, and contribute substantially to total standing crop of leaf biomass. Expansion may occur because evergreen shrubs exploit seasonal variations in irradiance and temperature that are characteristic of temperate understory environments. We quantified leaf-level light environment and photosynthetic activity of three sympatric broadleaf evergreens (Ilex opaca, Kalmia latifolia, and Myrica cerifera) in a deciduous forest understory in Charles City County,Virginia,USAin order to understand seasonal intra- and interspecific ranges of broadleaf evergreen physiology. Two species (K. latifolia and M. cerifera) represent a diverse taxonomic range within broadleaf evergreens, and often form expansive thickets. We measured parameters related to canopy structure (e.g., bifurcation ratio, leaf angle) and photosynthetic performance (e.g., electron transport rate or ETR, chlorophyll content), to identify potential mechanisms facilitating expansion. ETR varied both seasonally and among species. In summer, M. cerifera ETR was nearly double that ofI. opaca or K. latifolia. Additionally, leaf temperature enhanced photosynthetic capacity of expansive species. Evergreen species, though capable of fixing carbon throughout the year, often exhibit slow growth rates and low physiological activity. Yet, we observed that the range of evergreen physiological activity may be broader than previously recognized. Furthermore, our results indicate potential for changes in composition and expansion of the evergreen shrub layer by species that exhibit structural and physiological mechanisms advantageous for future rises in temperature.

The storage and utilization of carbohydrates in response to elevation mediated by tree organs in subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests

Global climate change can affect tree growth and carbon sink function by influencing plant carbohydrate synthesis and utilization,while elevation can be used as an ideal setting under natural conditions to simulate climate change effects.The effect of elevation on tree growth may depend on organ type.However,the allocation patterns of nonstructural and structural carbohydrates(NSCs and SCs,respectively)in different tree organs and their response to elevation remain unclear.We selected four dominant tree species,Schima superba,Castanopsis eyrei,Castanopsis fargesii and Michelia maudiae,along an elevation gradient from 609 to 1,207 m in subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests and analyzed leaf,trunk,and fine root NSCs,carbon(C),nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)concentrations and the relative abundance of SCs.Leaf NSCs increased initially and then decreased,and trunk NSCs increased with increasing elevation.However,root NSCs decreased with increasing elevation.The relative abundance of SCs in leaves and trunks decreased,while the relative abundance of root SCs increased with increasing elevation.No significant correlations between SCs and NSCs in leaves were detected,while there were negative correlations between SCs and NSCs in trunks,roots,and all organs.Hierarchical partitioning analysis indicated that plant C/N and C/P were the main predictors of changes in SCs and NSCs.Our results suggest that tree organs have divergent responses to elevation and that increasing elevation will inhibit the aboveground part growth and enhance the root growth of trees.A tradeoff between the C distribution used for growth and storage was confirmed along the elevation gradient,which is mainly manifested in the"sink"organs of NSCs.Our results provide insight into tree growth in the context of global climate change scenarios in subtropical forest ecosystems.

Study on the Establishment of Demonstration Site for Peatland Conservation through Integrated Management and Sustainable Utilization of Non-timber Forest Products(NTFPs)

A participatory action research was conducted in 2022,with the“Establishment of Demonstration Site for Peatland Conservation through Integrated Management and Sustainable Utilization of Non-Timber Forest Products(NTFPs)”to give recommendation on the development of guidelines on Sustainable Utilization of Non-Timber Forest Products(NTFPs)and peatland conservation.According to the peat soil assessment,it was found that peat soil content was very low and top soil was thin under the mangrove forest,and Payena paralleloneura-Kan Zaw bearing forest in March 2022.Organic material might be pressed by trespasser to collect Kan Zaw seed,to conduct horticulture and mining near the Kan Zaw bearing forest,or organic material might be damaged by burning with controlled fire in the previous years,under Kan Zaw trees to collect seeds.Organic material might have been carried to the downwards with running water due to the heavy rainfall,with 4,700 mm/year.Mangrove forest and Kan Zaw bearing evergreen forest can be assumed as“the major source of coastal peatland formation,with peat deposits eroded seawards”.It is assumed that the organic material will accumulate on top of the sands and it will lead to the formation of the peatland at coastal zone.It can be assumed that the accumulation of organic material found in mangrove forest and evergreen forests will promote the soil carbon storage,if we can adopt the ASEAN Policy on Zero Burning,which reflect ASEAN's commitment to controlling fires and haze,offering techniques,benefits,requirements,and challenges for implementing zero burning practices[1].Sustainable utilization of NTFP including peat and Kan Zaw-Payena paralleloneura Kurz seed was studied at demonstration sites,and it is recommended to make a trial on silvicultural system at mangrove forest and apply suitable silvicultural system such as Clear-Felling(in blocks or in alternate strips)system,Selection System,and Shelter Wood System to ensure the sustainable utilization of NTFP from mangrove forest[2].Gap planting and assisted natural regeneration are also recommended for mangrove forest and Kan Zaw-bearing forest.

The Process of Tiger Disappearance in Guizhou

In this paper,the authors collected officially published literature on the South China tiger(Panthera tigris amoyensis)in Guizhou from 1900 to 1980,from which we extracted information on its historical distribution and population size,and collected data on the tiger skin trade after 1950,the change in subtropical broad-leaved evergreen forest cover,and demographic data in the relevant databases.GIS mapping was used to visualize the distribution range of the South China tiger in Guizhou Province during the period 1900–1980 and to discuss the history of its disappearance in Guizhou and its driving factors.The results show that in 1900,the South China tiger was distributed throughout 82 cities and counties in nine prefectures and municipalities in the province;the number of documented South China tiger distribution sites in 1900–1950 decreased to 48 compared to 1900;the number of counties with South China tigers in 1950–1980 further decreased and became extinct in some areas;and in the 1990s,the South China tiger became extinct in the wild in Guizhou.The main reasons for the extinction of the South China tiger in the wild in Guizhou are:on the one hand,with the socio-economic development of Guizhou Province,the population has increased dramatically,the magnitude of the demand for natural resources has increased,and in order to satisfy this demand,human activities,such as coal mining and clearing of mountains for planting,have been intensified,resulting in the reduction of the coverage rate of the subtropical broad-leaved evergreen forests,which has resulted in the extreme loss of the habitat of the South China tiger;on the other hand,the insufficient protection efforts and protection measures for this species in the country before the 1980s,which were subjected to anthropogenic hunting,were also factors leading to the extinction of this species in the wild in Guizhou Province.As a big cat at the top of the food chain,the distribution of the South China tiger can reflect the history of the natural environment in the region.By analyzing and discussing the distribution history of the South China tiger population in Guizhou Province,the significance of this case is to provide a scientific basis for the future conservation of biodiversity and the development of ecological restoration measures in the karst mountains of southern China.

Suzano以1.1亿美元收购Pactiv Evergreen的液包纸板厂及配套挤压设施厂

7月12日,Suzano与Pactiv Evergreen签署最终协议,以1.1亿美元(约合人民币7.88亿元)现金收购位于Arkansas州PineBluff的液包纸板厂和North Carolina州Waynesville的挤压设施厂。Pine Bluff主要生产液体包装板和纸杯用纸板。

国外开源图书馆集成系统的成功经验和启示

开源图书馆集成系统成为越来越多图书馆的选择。纵观其历史,开源之路并非一帆风顺,有成功也有失败。文章在综合考察开源图书馆自动化市场现状的基础上,对五个主要的国外开源图书馆集成进行详细介绍,从开源、外部支持、社区运作、版本与功能、软件发展路线等方面总结了它们能够获得成功的关键要素。结合国内目前应用开源图书馆系统的现状,提出了一些建议。

Forest structure,productivity and soil properties in a subtropical ever-green broad-leaved forest in Okinawa,Japan

Structure, species composition, and soil properties of a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in Okinawa, Japan, were examined by establishment of plots at thirty sites. The forest was characterized by a relatively low canopy and a large number of small-diameter trees. Mean canopy height for this forest was 10 m and stands contained an average of 5400 stems-ha^-1 （ -〉 3.0 cm DBH）; 64% of those stems were smaller than 10 cm DBH. The total basal area was 54.4 m^2-ha^-1, of which Castanopsis sieboldii contributed 48%. The forest showed high species diversity of trees. 80 tree species （≥ 3.0 cm DBH） from 31 families was identified in the thirty sampling plots. C. sieboldii and Schima wallichii were the dominant and subdominant species in terms of importance value. The mean tree species diversity indices for the plots were, 3.36 for Diversity index （H＇）, 0.71 for Equitability index （J＇） and 4.72 for Species richness index （S＇）, all of which strongly declined with the increase of importance value of the dominant, C. sieboldii. Measures of soil nutrients indicated low fertility, extreme heterogeneity and possible A1 toxicity. Regression analysis showed that stem density and the dominant tree height were significantly correlated with soil pH. There was a significant positive relationship between species diversity index and soil exchangeable K^＋, Ca^2＋, and Ca^2＋/Al^3- ratio （all p values 〈0.001） and a negative relationship with N, C and P. The results suggest that soil property is a major factor influencing forest composition and structure within the subtropical forest in Okinawa.

田林老山中山两类森林凋落物研究

田林老山中山两类森林凋落物研究梁宏温（广西农学院林学分院，南宁５３０００１）ＳｔｕｄｉｅｓｏｎｔｈｅＬｉｔｔｅｒｆａｌｌｏｆＴｗｏＦｏｒｅｓｔＴｙｐｃｓｉｎＭｉｄ—ＡｌｔｉｔｕｄｅｏｆＬａｏｓｈａｎＭｏｕｎｔａｉｎｉｎＴｉａｎｌｉｎＣｏｕｎｔｙ．￥Ｌ...

美国图书馆开源自动化系统的比较分析

通过对图书馆网站目录数据库(lib-web-cat)数据的整理和分析发现,美国图书馆主要使用3种开源自动化系统:Koha系统、Evergreen系统和OPALS系统。这3种系统在基本技术特点、支持的标准协议、功能特点及维护服务等方面各具优势。经对比分析发现,Koha和Evergreen的系统功能相对完善,能够满足各种类型图书馆的需求,也能为我国图书馆自动化系统的设计和开发提供借鉴。

NDM-1基因新型染料EverGreen实时荧光PCR检测方法的建立

研究初步建立了NDM-1基因的实时荧光PCR快速检测鉴定方法。研究根据超级细菌NDM-1序列,设计并合成了检测引物(ND-E-F和ND-E-R),对NDM-1质粒DNA和其他11个标准菌株进行了EVERGREEN实时荧光PCR检测。结果表明,携有NDM-1基因的质粒DNA模板都出现了很强的特异信号,而其他对照病菌均未出现特异荧光信号,证明这套引物及探针具有NDM-1基因检测的特异性。灵敏度测定结果,此体系可检出10fg/μL质粒DNA模板。研究表明,EverGreen实时荧光PCR方法是一种特异、灵敏、快速的NDM-1基因检测方法。

Understanding the Benefits from Green Areas in Rome: The Role of Evergreen and Deciduous Species in Carbon Dioxide Sequestration Capability

Urban areas are a major source of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions because of road traffic and local heating with natural gas, oil or coal. Rome is among the largest European cities (129,000 ha) with a large volume of green areas (69.6% of the total Municipality area). The CO2 sequestration (CS) capability for the greenery extending for about 300 km2 inside the area delimited by the Great Ring Road (GRA) in Rome was calculated combining satellite data with CS data measured in the field. Data from Sentinel-2 were collected and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was computed on a pixel-base. Three plant classes homogeneous in terms of annual NDVI profile were identified: deciduous trees (DT), evergreen trees (ET) and meadows (M) covering an area of 14,142.027 ha within the GRA, of which M had the highest percentage (48%), followed by DT (27%) and ET (25%). CS ranged from 428,241,492.9 Tons CO2 year-1 (ET) to 263,072,460.6 Tons CO2 year-1 (M). The total CS of the greenery inside the GRA was 1049,490,355.4 Tons CO2 year-1 resulting in an annual economic value of $772,424,901.6/ha. The CO2 sequestration capability of the considered plant classes could be incorporated into the national greenhouse gas emission budget to calculate the contribution of CO2 sequestration to the economy of Rome.

Effect of Slash Burning on Nutrient Removal and Soil Fertility in Chinese Fir and Evergreen Broadleaved Forests of Mid-Subtropical China

A Chinese fir forest (Cunninghamia lanceolata, CF) and an evergreen broadleaved forest (EB) located inFujian Province, southeastern China, were examined following slash burning to compare nutrient capital andtopsoil properties with pre-burn levels. After fire, nutrient (N, P and K) removal from burning residues wasestimated at 302.5 kg ha-1 in the CF and 644.8 kg ha-1 in the EB. Fire reduced the topsoil capitals of totalN and P by about 20% and 10%, respectively, in both forests, while K capital was increased in the topsoils ofboth forests following fire. Total site nutrient loss through surface erosion was 28.4 kg (N) ha-1, 8.4 kg (P)ha-1 and 328.7 kg (K) ha-1 in the CF. In the EB, the losses of total N, P and K were 58.5, 10.5 and 396.3kg ha-1, respectively. Improvement of soil structure and increase in mineralization of nutrients associatedwith increased microbe number and enzyme activities and elevated soil respiration occurred 5 days after fire.However, organic matter and available nutrient contents and most of other soil parameters declined one yearafter fire on the burned CF and EB topsoils. These results suggest that short-term site productivity canbe stimulated immediately, but reduced subsequently by soil and water losses, especially in South China,where high-intensity precipitation, steep slopes and fragile soil can be expected. Therefore, the silviculturalmeasurements should be developed in plantation management.

Soil C and N Pools in Chinese Fir and Evergreen Broadleaf Forests and their Changes with Slash Burning in Mid-Subtropical China

Soil organic carbon （C） and total nitrogen （N） pools of a Chinese fir （Cunninghamia lanceolata （Lamb.） Hook.） （CF） forest, and an evergreen broadleaf （EB） forest located in mid-subtropical, southeastern China, were compared before clearcutting, with the effect of slash burning on organic C and total N in the top 10 cm of soil before and after burning also being evaluated. Prior to clearcutting CF forest had significantly lower （P 〈0.05） organic C and total N in the soil （0-100 cm） compared to EB forest with approximately 60% of the C and N at the two forest sites stored at the 0 to 40 cm soil. In post-burn samples of the 0-10 cm depth at 5 days, 1 year, and 5 years for CF and EB forests, significantly lower levels （P 〈0.05） of organic C and total N than those in the pre-burn samples were observed. Compared to the pre-burn levels, at post-burn year 5, surface soil organic C storage was only 85% in CF forest and 72% in EB forest, while total N storage was 77% for CF forest and 73% for EB forest. Slash burning caused marked long-term changes in surface soil C and N in the two forest types.

Decomposition patterns of leaf litter of seven common canopy species in a subtropical forest： dynamics of mineral nutrients

Dynamical patterns of mineral elements during decomposition processes were investigated for seven common canopy species in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest by means of litterbag technique over 2 years. The species studied are representative for the vegetation in the study area and differed significantly in chemical qualities of their litter. No significant relationships were found between decomposition rate （percentage dry mass remaining and decomposition constant k） and initial element cuncentrations.However, there were significant correlations betweeu the percentage of dry mass remaining and the mineral element concentrations in the remaining litter for most cases. The rank of the element mobility in decomposition process was as follows： Na = K 〉 Mg ≥ Ca 〉 N ≥ Mn ≥ Zn ≥ P 〉 Cu 〉〉 Al 〉〉 Fe. Concentrations of K and Na decreased in all species as decomposition proceeded. Calcium and Mg also decreased in concentrntion but with a temporal increase in the initial phase of decomposition, while the concentrations of other elements （Zn, Cu, AL and Fei increased for all species with exception of Mn which revealed a different pattern in different species. In most species, microelements （Cu, Al, and Fe） significantly increased in absolute amounts at the end of the litterbag incubation, which could be ascribed to a lange extent to the mechanism of abiotic fixation to humic substances rather than biological immobilization.

Soil Microbial Population Dynamics along a Chronosequence of Moist Evergreen Broad-leaved Forest Succession in Southwestern China

Little is known about whether soil microbial population dynamics are correlated with forest succession.To test the hypotheses that(1) soil microbial composition changes over successional stages,and(2) soil microbial diversity is positively correlated with plant species diversity,we determined the soil microbial populations,community composition,and microflora diversity in evergreen broad-leaved forests along a chronosequence of vegetation succession from 5 to 300 years in southwestern China.The soil microbial community was mainly composed of bacteria(87.1-98.7% of the total microorganisms and 10 genera identified),fungi(0.3-4.0%,7 genera),and actinomycetes(2.1-9.1%,8 species and 1 genus).There were significant differences in soil microbial populations among different successional stages and within the four seasons.The seasonal variations of the soil microbial community may be associated with the seasonal changes in environmental conditions.The changes in soil microbial diversity(Shannon-Wiener index) with successional time followed one-humped,convex curves peaked at-100 years since restoration,which is identical with the trends of the aboveground plant diversity.Higher plant diversity resulting in enhanced nutrient flow and root exudation may contribute to positive relationships between the soil microbial diversity and plant diversity.Hence,decreases in soil microbial diversity in the late-successional stages appear to be related to the net loss in species richness that occurs after 100 years since restoration.Our findings confirm the intermediate disturbance hypothesis that suggests diversity peaks at midsuccessional stages.

Forest vegetation of Xishuangbanna,south China

Xishuangbanna of southern Yunnan is biogeographically located at a transitional zone from tropical southeast （SE） Asia to subtropical east Asia and is at the junction of the Indian and Burmese plates of Gondwana and the Eurasian plate of Laurasia. The region, though surprisingly far from the equator and at a relatively high altitude, has a rich tropical flora and a typical tropical rain forest in the lowland areas. Based on physiognomic and ecological characteristics, floristic composition and habitats combined, the primary vegetation in Xishuangbanna can be organized into four main vegetation types： tropical rain forest, tropical seasonal moist forest, tropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forest and tropical monsoon forest. The tropical rain forest can be classified into two subtypes, i.e. a tropical seasonal rain forest in the lowlands and a tropical montane rain forest at higher elevations. The tropical seasonal rain forest has almost the same forest profile and physiognomic characteristics as equatorial lowland rain forests and is a type of truly tropical rain forest. Because of conspicuous similarity on ecological and floristic characteristics, the tropical rain forest in Xishuangbanna is a type of tropical Asian rain forest. However, since the tropical rain forest of Xishuangbanna occurs at the northern edge of tropical SE Asia, it differs from typical lowland rain forests in equatorial areas in having some deciduous trees in the canopy layer, fewer megaphanerophytes and epiphytes but more abundant lianas and more plants with microphyll. It is a type of semi-evergreen rain forest at the northern edge of the tropical zone. The tropical montane rain forest occurs at wet montane habitats and is similar to the lower montane rain forest in equatorial Asia in floristic composition and physiognomy. It is a type of lower montane rain forests within the broader category of tropical rain forests. The tropical seasonal moist forest occurs on middle and upper limestone slopes. It is similar to the tropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forest in the region in physiognomy, but differs from the latter in floristic composition. It is a vegetation type on limestone at high elevations. The monsoon forest in Xishuangbanna is a tropical deciduous forest under the influence of a strong monsoon climate and is considered to be a transitional vegetation type between a tropical rain forest and savanna in physiognomy and distribution. The tropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forest is the main montane vegetation type in the region. It is dominated largely by the families Fagaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Theaceae and Lauraceae. It differs from tropical lower montane rain forests in its lack of epiphytes and in having more abundant lianas and plants with compound leaves. It is considered to be a distinct vegetation type from the northern margin of mainland southeastern Asia, controlled by a strong seasonal climate, based on its floristic and physiognomic characteristics.

Combined community ecology and floristics,a synthetic study on the upper montane evergreen broad-leaved forests in Yunnan,southwestern China

The upper montane evergreen broad-leaved forest in Yunnan occurs mainly in the zone of persistent cloud and has a discontinuous,island-like,distribution.It is diverse,rich in endemic species,and likely to be sensitive to climate change.Six 1-ha sampling plots were established across the main distribution area of the upper montane evergreen broad-leaved forest in Yunnan.All trees with d.b.h.>1 cm in each plot were identified.Patterns of seed plant distributions were quantified at the specific,generic and family levels.The forests are dominated by the families Fagaceae,Lauraceae,Theaceae and Magnoliaceae,but are very diverse with only a few species shared between sites.Floristic similarities at the family and generic level were high,but they were low at the specific level,with species complementarity between plots.Diversity varied greatly among sites,with greater species richness and more rare species in western Yunnan than central Yunnan.The flora is dominated by tropical biogeographical elements,mainly the pantropic and the tropical Asian distributions at the family and genus levels.In contrast,at the species level,the flora is dominated by the southwest or the southeast China distributions,including Yunnan endemics.This suggests that the flora of the upper montane forest in Yunnan could have a tropical floristic origin,and has adapted to cooler temperatures with the uplift of the Himalayas.Due to great sensitivity to climate,high endemism and species complementarity,as well as the discontinuous,island-like,distribution patterns of the upper montane forest in Yunnan,the regional conservation of the forest is especially needed.

Strong controls of daily minimum temperature on the autumn photosynthetic phenology of subtropical vegetation in China

Background:Vegetation phenology research has largely focused on temperate deciduous forests,thus limiting our understanding of the response of evergreen vegetation to climate change in tropical and subtropical regions.Results:Using satellite solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence(SIF)and MODIS enhanced vegetation index(EVI)data,we applied two methods to evaluate temporal and spatial patterns of the end of the growing season(EGS)in subtropical vegetation in China,and analyze the dependence of EGS on preseason maximum and minimum temperatures as well as cumulative precipitation.Our results indicated that the averaged EGS derived from the SIF and EVI based on the two methods(dynamic threshold method and derivative method)was later than that derived from gross primary productivity(GPP)based on the eddy covariance technique,and the time-lag for EGSsif and EGSevi was approximately 2 weeks and 4 weeks,respectively.We found that EGS was positively correlated with preseason minimum temperature and cumulative precipitation(accounting for more than 73%and 62%of the study areas,respectively),but negatively correlated with preseason maximum temperature(accounting for more than 59%of the study areas).In addition,EGS was more sensitive to the changes in the preseason minimum temperature than to other climatic factors,and an increase in the preseason minimum temperature significantly delayed the EGS in evergreen forests,shrub and grassland.Conclusions:Our results indicated that the SIF outperformed traditional vegetation indices in capturing the autumn photosynthetic phenology of evergreen forest in the subtropical region of China.We found that minimum temperature plays a significant role in determining autumn photosynthetic phenology in the study region.These findings contribute to improving our understanding of the response of the EGS to climate change in subtropical vegetation of China,and provide a new perspective for accurately evaluating the role played by evergreen vegetation in the regional carbon budget.

Spatial distributions of tropical tree species in northern Vietnam under environmentally variable site conditions

Ecological interactions of species and thus their spatial pat- terns may differ between homogeneous and heterogeneous forests. To account for this, techniques of point pattern analysis were implemented on mapped locations of tree individuals from two 1-ha tropicalforest plots in Vietnam. We analyzed the effect of environmental heterogeneity on tree distributions; spatial distribution patterns of dominant species; inter-specific associations; and conspecific associations between life stages. Our analyses showed that： environmental conditions were homo- geneous at plot 1 but heterogeneous at plot 2; in both plots, all six domi- nant species were aggregated at various scales up to 30 m, and tree spe- cies were aggregated at larger scales in the homogeneous site than in the heterogeneous site; attraction between pairs of species was remarkably higher at the homogeneous site while negative associations were more frequent in the heterogeneous site; some species, H. kurzii, T. ilicifolia （homogeneous plot） and D. sylvatica, S. wightianum （heterogeneous plot） showed a lack of early life-stage individuals near conspecific adults. Moreover, additional clustering of young individuals was independent from conspecific adults, except D. sylvatica in both sites. These findings are consistent with the Janzen-ConneU hypothesis. Overall, habitat het- erogeneity influences spatial patterns and inter-specific associations of the tree species and evidences of self-thinning are shown in most species.