Research on Corporate Social Responsibility Evaluation Based on Improved CRITIC-TOPSIS—A Case Study of Listed Companies in China’s Pharmaceutical Distribution Industry

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has garnered considerable attention from countries, institutions, enterprises and social groups. However, the lack of research on CSR evaluation system for industries has impeded its development and construction across various industries. Therefore, given the close association of pharmaceutical distribution enterprises with personal health, there exists a pressing need to explore the CSR in this domain. This paper establishes a CSR evaluation index system for pharmaceutical distribution enterprises, employing a combination of documentary analysis and in-depth interviews. This index system comprises 7 CSR criterion layers (e.g., responsible governance and employee responsibility) and 56 index layers. 25 listed companies in China’s pharmaceutical distribution industry are chosen as research objects, and this study also establishes an evaluation model for the CSR of pharmaceutical distribution companies through the improved Criteria Importance Though Intercrieria Correlation (CRITIC) method combined with The Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method. The empirical analysis reveals that the responsible governance criterion layer and the social development criterion layer demonstrate the best performance, while the supplier, customer and patient responsibility criterion layer exhibit the worst performance.

Research on Problems and Countermeasures of Patent Evaluation System in Pharmaceutical Enterprises

Objective To provide some suggestions and countermeasures for improving the patent evaluation system in pharmaceutical enterprises.Methods Literature research method was used to collect the relevant documents of pharmaceutical enterprises and patent evaluation system,and then the problems of traditional patent evaluation methods for pharmaceutical patents were studied.Results and Conclusion The evaluation of pharmaceutical patents plays an important role for pharmaceutical enterprises.However,it is urgent to improve the pharmaceutical patent evaluation system because there are many difficulties in evaluating pharmaceutical patents,such as large fluctuation of patent value,strong subjective interference,the incomplete pharmaceutical information,unapplicable traditional evaluation method,and the insufficient role of evaluation agencies.Therefore,some suggestions are put forward:(1)The application of the real option method;(2)Developing evaluation institutions and training evaluation personnel;(3)Improving the laws and policies related to the evaluation of pharmaceutical patents;(4)Building a pharmaceutical patent evaluation database.

The Impact of Generic Drug Consistency Evaluation Policy on Pharmaceutical Enterprises

Objective To study the impact of consistency evaluation policy on pharmaceutical enterprises from four aspects:reference preparations,evaluation methods,input costs,and market competitions,and government incentives for generic drug manufacturers,so as to put forward relevant suggestions.Methods Literature research method and statistical analysis method were used to provide data support for paper writing,making suggestions,and enhancing the predictability of policy.Results and Conclusion Some pharmaceutical enterprises faced difficulties in obtaining reference preparations,high input costs for exploring evaluation methods,and greater market competition.Consistency evaluation is a key measure to comprehensively improve the quality and efficacy of generic drugs.However,difficulties in obtaining reference preparations,high input costs and complex evaluation methods all affect the enthusiasm of companies.Therefore,national and local regulatory agencies have issued some supporting policies,which should be improved to assist enterprises in conducting consistency evaluations.

Empirical Analysis on Performance Evaluation of A Pharmaceutical Company Based on Economic Value Added

Objective To establish an economic value added(EVA)performance evaluation system to maintain the competitiveness of pharmaceutical company A under the environment of fierce competition in the pharmaceutical industry.Methods An EVA performance evaluation model was established by adjusting the items of EVA performance evaluation index,such as after-tax profits,total invested capital and weighted average cost of capital rate.Results and Conclusion EVA values of pharmaceutical company A from 2014 to 2018 were calculated and compared with the traditional performance evaluation method,it was found that EVA performance evaluation model reflected the real performance of pharmaceutical company A.Therefore,pharmaceutical company A is doing well,but its growth rate is unstable.

Under the narrative medicine theory to establish the evidence-based medical record written by doctors and patients through integrated therapy of traditional Chinese and western on digestive system diseases

Objective:The aim of this article was to discuss the theory of doctor-patient co-operated evidence-based medical record and set up the preliminary frame of the doctor-patient co-operated evidence-based medical record following the concept of narrative evidence-based medicine.Methods:The information was searched from Pubmed,Embase,CBMdisc,CNKI.A preliminary agreement was reached by referring to the principles of narrative medicine and advises given by experts of digestive system and evidence-based medicine in both Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine.Result:This research is a useful attempt to discuss the establishment of doctor-patient co-operated evidence-based medical record guided by the direction of narrative evidence-based medicine.Reflection and outlook:Doctor-patient co-operated medical record can be a key factor of the curative effect evaluation methodology system of integrated therapy of Tradition Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine on spleen and stomach diseases.

A strategy for population pharmaceutical quality assessment based on quality by design

From a regulatory perspective,drug quality consistency evaluation must concern different processes used for the same drug.In this study,an assessment strategy based on quality by design(QbD)was developed for population pharmaceutical quality evaluation.A descriptive analysis method based on QbD concept was first established to characterize the process by critical evaluation attributes(CEAs).Then quantitative analysis method based on an improved statistical process control(SPC)method was established to investigate the process indicators(PIs)in the process population,such as mean distribution,batch-to-batch difference and abnormal quality probability.After that rules for risk assessment were established based on the SPC limitations and parameters.Both the SPC parameters of the CEAs and the risk of PIs were visualized according to the interaction test results to obtain a better understanding of the population pharmaceutical quality.Finally,an assessment strategy was built and applied to generic drug consistency assessment,process risk assessment and quality trend tracking.The strategy demonstrated in this study could help reveal quality consistency from the perspective of process control and process risk,and further show the recent development status of domestic pharmaceutical production processes.In addition,a process risk assessment and population quality trend tracking provide databased information for approval.Not only can this information serve as a further basis for decisionmaking by the regulatory authority regarding early warnings,but it can also reduce some avoidable adverse reactions.With continuous addition of data,dynamic population pharmaceutical quality is meaningful for emergencies and decision-making regarding drug regulation.

Factor Analytical Examination of the Evidence-Based Practice Beliefs Scale: Indications of a Two-Factor Structure

Background: Promotion of Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) in nursing appears to be developing slowly. Research indicates that nurses’ beliefs in EBP may play an even more significant role than knowledge and resources in making implementation feasible. To address this issue, measurement of nurses’ beliefs regarding EBP is paramount. Aims and objectives: This study explores the internal consistency reliability and the construct factor structure of the Norwegian version of the original Evidence-Based Practice Beliefs Scale (EBP-BS). Methods: The study has a Non-experimental exploratory survey design. A Norwegian translation of the EBP-BS was tested in a convenience sample of 118 healthcare professionals (95% nurses) attending a continuing education program at a University College in Norway. The response rate was 95% (n = 112). The internal consistency of the scale was measured by Cronbach’s alpha, and an explorative Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to explore the construct structure. Results: The overall internal consistency of the EBP-BS was acceptable. The PCA indicated a four-factor structure. The psychometric properties of two of the factors were too weak for expanding to a four-factor model. Based on our investigation of the EBP-BS, we suggest a two-factor structure model. The factors were named 1) General knowledge and confidence concerning EBP and 2) Task specific beliefs in EBP. This finding differs from previous results that indicated a unidimensional structure. Conclusion: As a starting point, reliable and valid measurement of nurses’ beliefs about EBP is required in order to identify possible obstacles and to optimize implementation in the individual clinical setting. Our results indicate that the EBP-BS has a two-factor structure. Further exploration of the factor structure is needed. Further empirical research may contribute to the resolving of controversies concerning basic understandings of the concept of EBP.

Selection Method of Production Enterprises by Large Pharmaceutical Commercial Companies Based on AHP

Objective To study the policies of integrating medical resources and centralized drug procurement in China from 2018 to 2020,and to provide a reference for large pharmaceutical commercial companies to select partners.Methods Analytic hierarchy process(AHP)and fuzzy synthesis evaluation method were used to establish the index evaluation system and assign values to each index.Results and Conclusion According to the questionnaire survey data,the weight of each evaluation index was determined,and the evaluation results were obtained by using the fuzzy synthesis evaluation method.The selection of production enterprises by large pharmaceutical commercial companies includes five first-level indicators and 11 second-level indicators.They can provide a favorable reference for the selection of production enterprises by large pharmaceutical commercial companies against the background of complex pharmaceutical industry.

基于专家咨询法的公立医院门诊药学服务评价体系构建研究

目的:构建门诊药学服务的三级评价指标体系,并确定各级指标的权重。方法:通过文献回顾、运用结构-过程-结果(SPO)模型、德尔菲专家咨询法,研究公立医院门诊药学服务评价指标。结果:最终入选的15名咨询对象均为各自领域的专家,两轮专家咨询结果趋于一致,咨询专家意见集中,结果可信度高,专家积极程度达93.33%(14名专家提出各自的修改意见),权威系数为0.880,指标重要性赋值均数均>3.5分,而变异系数则<0.25。结论:经过两轮专家咨询,建立了公立医院门诊药学服务三级评价指标体系,其中,一级指标3个,二级指标10个,三级指标39个,并赋予各指标权重。

基于形成性评价导向的药剂学理论课考核体系的构建

客观评价学生药剂学课程的学习情况是制药工程专业教学质量保障体系的重要组成部分。文章在分析药剂学理论课考核存在问题的基础上,结合信息化教学平台,融合线上线下混合式教学,将形成性评价引入制药工程本科专业药剂学课程的考核中,构建基于形成性评价导向的药剂学理论课考核体系的指标和权重并应用于教学实践中。该评价体系客观、公正且有效,可为相关课程的考核评价提供参考。

药师参与下的标本评估对万古霉素血药浓度解读的改善性研究

目的评价由药师参与下的血液标本质量评估对万古霉素血药浓度解读的影响。方法回顾性收集2022年1月—12月在武汉市第一医院使用万古霉素抗感染治疗并监测血药浓度的患者资料。以不合格标本分布类型及占比、科室分布、再评估不合格标本复查前后结果差值、血药浓度分布等作为观察指标。结果共纳入92例患者,177个血液标本,涉及20个科室,最终进入谷浓度监测环节的有162个。59个(36.42%)标本合格且浓度达窗(10~20 mg/L),浓度不足10 mg/L占22.84%(37/162个),高于20 mg/L占30.86%(50/162个)。合格标本共115个(64.97%)。不合格标本共62个(占35.03%),初评估不合格15个(8.47%),再评估不合格47个(26.55%)。对再评估不合格的标本在规范宣教后进行复测,其中有44个前后浓度结果具有显著差异(P<0.05),其中“给药后采血”的情况,复测前后差值最大(-16.5 mg/L)。结论以标本为中心的管理模式下,在分析前和分析后分别对标本做合理评估,使得万古霉素TDM数据的可靠性大大提升,临床应用价值得到充分发挥。

SPOC混合教学模式在《制药工程》教学应用中成效评价

以我院2019级中药制药专业107名学生为研究对象,按学习成绩排名奇偶分为实验组和对照组。采用形成性评价和问卷调查评价方法,建立评分标准,学期结束后比较两组教学效果统计分数。实验组的理论考试成绩、形成性评价分数以及调查问卷评分均高于对照组,且差异有统计学意义。

基于柯氏模式的药物分析在线学习效果评估

基于柯氏模式构建反应层、学习层、行为层、结果层4个层级在线学习效果评估模式,在药物分析在线课程教学中进行实践。通过对4个层级的数据进行分析,给予药物分析在线课程建设和提升学生在线学习效果的反馈性意见,为进一步改进职业人才培养模式、调整教学策略提供建议,达到以评促建、以评促学的目的。

医联体高血压患者药物治疗管理模式构建及疗效评价

目的 基于医联系统建立药物治疗管理(MTM)咨询平台,考察平台管理对服药依从性差的高血压患者的疗效。方法 在医联系统设立包含药物治疗管理要素的药学咨询平台。选取住院期间调整过高血压药物治疗方案的依从性差的出院高血压患者80例,随机分为观察组和对照组各40例,对照组接受传统医学服务,观察组额外接受线上药物治疗管理咨询服务。在3个月、6个月后比较两组血压达标患者的百分比,并比较6个月后两组患者在服药依从性、高血压防治知识、安全用药认知度。结果 观察组在3个月和6个月时血压达标的患者百分比高于对照组(χ^(2)=8.531,4.344,均P<0.05)。6个月后,观察组用药依从性、高血压防治知识知晓情况、安全用药认知度均优于对照组(χ^(2)=32.903,9.319,9.319,均P<0.05)。6个月后,观察组BMI[(22.72±3.10) kg·m^(-2) vs (23.99±2.17) kg·m^(-2),t=12.093,P=0.028]、高钠摄入比率[22.50%(9/40) vs 50.00%(20/20),χ^(2)=20.163,P=0.017]、不适当饮酒率[5%(5/40) vs 40%(16/40),χ^(2)=39.904,P<0.001]以及焦虑评分[(2.43±1.00)分vs (3.71±1.03)分,t=4.527,P=0.037]、抑郁评分[(2.14±0.36)分vs (3.89±1.20)分,t=17.793,P<0.001]均低于对照组,观察组中等体力活动率高于对照组[77.50%(31/40) vs 57.50%(23/40),χ^(2)=21.472,P=0.016];观察组生命质量总得分高于对照组[(72.63±10.23)分vs (65.28±9.89)分,t=29.198,P<0.001]。结论 通过在医联系统平台开展药物治疗管理(MTM)咨询服务,能提高依从性差的高血压患者服药依从性、对疾病及安全用药的认知,提高患者血压达标率。

临床药学服务价值评价实践指南(第一版)

目的为评价临床药学服务价值提供较为全面的评估体系,为改进和优化临床药学服务提供指导。方法采用世界卫生组织(WHO)指南制定手册进行指南的研究设计。采用德尔菲法确定临床问题,通过系统检索,秘书组广泛收集相关问题已有的循证证据,完成系统评价、证据分级,撰写证据总结,由写作组根据秘书组的分析报告具体撰写指南。采用澳大利亚Jonana Briggs循证卫生保健中心(JBI)证据级别系统和WHO 2004年推荐分级的评估、制定与评价系统(GRADE)对该指南进行证据质量分级,通过德尔菲法对推荐意见及证据级别达成共识,最终形成《临床药学服务价值评价实践指南》(第一版)。结果通过对100余位专家进行问卷调研,德尔菲法投票,该指南拟纳入临床药学价值评价指标23项。将纳入的指标相关内容按照纳入文献的人群、干预措施、对照和结局原则进行检索,并进行系统评价、Meta分析、网状Meta分析以及相关原始研究。每项检索策略经指南指导委员会审定,确定临床药学价值评价的推荐意见20项。结论该指南提供了一套衡量临床药学服务质量和效益的指标体系,对于改进和提升医疗机构临床药学服务具有重要意义。

企业新型学徒制人才培养模式的探索实践——以技工院校药物制剂专业为例

文章阐述了药物制剂企业新型学徒制的特点,在分析具体药品生产企业岗位的基础上,制订了企业新型学徒制工学一体化人才培养方案,根据培养方案确定了企业新型学徒制的培训课程,并对课程的实施、课程的考核与评价、企业新型学徒制办学成效进行了归纳与总结。

基于AHP-模糊评价法的管理类人才素质校企供需差异分析

目的从高校企业供需双视角探究其对管理人才素质的要求,为高校管理型人才培养提供建议。方法根据管理人才素质设置二级指标问卷,对50位相关专业的高校工作者以及50位医药相关企业的管理者进行线上线下访谈和问卷调查,通过AHP层次法构建管理人才评价体系计算各指标权重,并依据模糊综合评价法以药事管理为例计算管理人才要求的评分,探究两者差异。结果根据AHP层次分析法计算四大素质权重,高校与企业角度一级指标权重分别为:政治道德素质47%、36%,专业素质23%、24%,心理素质18%、25%,身体素质12%、16%。高校与企业二级指标排名前三位及其权重分别为:政治信仰29.14%、14.76%,实践能力17.25%、12.24%,学业道德品行9.40%、13.32%,高校角度第四、五位分别为日常行为品行和机能素质;企业角度第四、五位分别为专业知识和压力耐受能力。根据模糊综合评价结果,高校与企业对药事管理人才的评分分别为78.8与85.8。结论高校与企业在对管理人才素质的评价上存在差异,人才从高校过渡到企业是一个不断成长的过程,高校在管理人才培养中要考虑企业的需求,将实践、理论、心理等素质与政治道德素质培养相结合,培养出既具有较高道德品行,又能够更好满足企业需求的高素质人才。

我国零售药店执业药师药学服务能力自我评价调查研究

目的:为加强我国零售药店执业药师队伍建设、提升执业药师药学服务能力提供参考。方法:构建执业药师药学服务能力评价指标体系,设计《执业药师药学服务能力自我评价调查问卷》,向我国31个省(自治区、直辖市)零售药店的执业药师进行发放。基于问卷结果分析执业药师药学服务能力自我评价情况,并提出建议。结果:本次调研共计收回问卷46845份,其中女性占75.56%,大专及以下学历占61.29%,药学专业占73.60%。药学服务能力自我评价权重得分为(86.06±10.41)。赋值评分中,个人素养得分最高(4.73±0.49),包括诚实守信、认真负责、爱岗敬业等指标;基本知识赋值得分最低为(4.08±0.70),包括计算机知识、临床医学知识、心理学知识等指标。通过差异性分析可知,执业药师年龄、工作年限、专业及学历对药学服务能力得分均有影响,31~39岁、药店工作年限6~10年、医药学专业、本科及以上学历的执业药师得分较高。结论:我国零售药店执业药师队伍学历偏低,虽药学服务能力自评得分较高,但专业水平仍有待提高。不同年龄段、不同学历、不同专业执业药师的药学服务能力存在较大差异。建议监管部门健全执业药师制度体系,明确执业药师岗位职责、提高执业药师准入门槛;建议零售药店建立相关激励机制,有针对性地开展执业药师药学服务能力相关培训。

Evidence-based rehabilitation medicine:definition,foundation,practice and development

To determine the definition,foundation,practice,and development of evidence-based rehabilitation medicine(EBRM)and point out the development direction for EBRM.Retrieve the database of PubMed,Cochrane Library,Embase,China national knowledge infrastructure(CNKI),Wanfang,and China science and technology journal database(CSTJ).The search was conducted from the establishment of the database to June 2023.The key words are“rehabilitation medicine and evidence based”in Chinese and English.After reading the abstract or full text of the literature,a summary analysis is conducted to determine the definition,foundation,practice,and development of EBRM.A total of 127 articles were included.The development of 14 sub majors in EBRM are not balanced,evidence-based musculoskeletal rehabilitation medicine(EBMRM)(31 articles,mainly focuses on osteoarthritis,osteoporosis and musculoskeletal pain),evidence-based neurorehabilitation medicine(EBNM)(34 articles,mainly concentrated in stroke,traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury)and evidencebased education rehabilitation medicine(EBEDRM)(17 articles,mainly focuses on educational methodology),evidence-based nursing rehabilitation medicine(EBNRM)(2 articles),evidence-based engineering rehabilitation medicine(EBENRM)(7 articles),evidence-based traditional Chinese rehabilitation medicine(EBTCRM)(3 articles),evidence-based internal rehabilitation medicine(EBIRM)(11 articles),evidence-based intensive care rehabilitation medicine(EBICRM)(4 articles),evidence-based oncology rehabilitation medicine(EBORM)(6 articles),evidence-based physical therapy medicine(EBPTM)(3 articles),evidencebased cardiopulmonary rehabilitation medicine(EBCRM)(6 articles),evidence-based speech therapy medicine(EBSTM)/evidence-based occupation therapy medicine(EBOTM)/evidence-based geriatric rehabilitation medicine(EBGRM)(1 article).The EBMRM,EBNM and EBEDRM are relatively well developed.The development of EBNRM,EBENRM,EBTCRM,EBIRM,EBICRM,EBGRM,EBORM,EBCRM,EBPTM,EBSTM and EBOTM is relatively slow,indicating these eleven fields should be pay more attention in future.

白簕多糖颗粒剂的制备工艺研究

目的 研究白簕多糖颗粒的制备工艺。方法 采用湿法制粒工艺制备颗粒,以成型率、休止角、溶化性作为颗粒剂制备工艺的考察指标。应用单因素法考察多糖与稀释剂配比、润湿剂浓度与用量、干燥温度、干燥时间对颗粒剂质量的影响;在此基础上,以多糖与稀释剂配比、润湿剂浓度、润湿剂用量为考察因素,采用星点设计-响应面法优化处方,并进行工艺验证,计算综合评分评估制备工艺的可行性。结果 最优制备工艺为:赤藓糖醇与白簕多糖配比为3.22:1、润湿剂乙醇浓度为73.68%、乙醇用量为17.51%,在该条件下制备的白簕多糖颗粒剂的成型率达93.60%,休止角为28.20°,溶化率达98.12%,平均综合评分为97.24。制得的白簕多糖颗粒剂在外观、粒度、水分、总糖含量等方面均符合2020年版《中国药典》颗粒剂项下要求。结论 该制备工艺稳定可行,质量可靠。