Anesthesia and perioperative management for giant adrenal Ewing’s sarcoma with inferior vena cava and right atrium tumor thrombus:A case report

BACKGROUND Ewing’s sarcoma of the adrenal gland with inferior vena cava(IVC)and right atrium thrombus is extremely rare.Here,we report a case of giant adrenal Ewing’s sarcoma with IVC and right atrium tumor thrombus and summarize the anesthesia and perioperative management.CASE SUMMARY A young female was admitted to the Department of Urology with intermittent pain under the right costal arch for four months.Enhanced abdominal computed tomography revealed a large retroperitoneal mass(22 cm in diameter),which may have originated from the right adrenal gland and was closely related to the liver.Transthoracic echocardiography showed a strong echogenic filling measuring 70 mm extended from the IVC into the right atrium and ventricle.After preoperative preparation with cardiopulmonary bypass,sufficient blood products,transesophageal echocardiography and multiple monitoring,tumor and thrombus resection by IVC exploration and right atriotomy were successfully performed by a multidisciplinary team.Intraoperative hemodynamic stability was the major concern of anesthesiologists and the status of tumor thrombus and pulmonary embolism were monitored continuously.During transfer of the patient to the intensive care unit(ICU),cardiac arrest occurred without external stimulus.Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was performed immediately and cardiac function was restored after 1 min.In the ICU,extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(ECMO)and continuous renal replacement therapy(CRRT)were provided to maintain cardiac,liver and kidney function.Histopathologic examination confirmed the diagnosis of Ewing’s sarcoma.After postoperative treatments and rehabilitation,the patient was discharged from the urology ward.CONCLUSION An adrenal Ewing’s sarcoma with IVC and right atrium thrombus is extremely rare,and its anesthesia and perioperative management have not been reported.Thus,this report provides significant insights in the perioperative management of patients with adrenal Ewing’s sarcoma and IVC tumor thrombus.Intraoperative circulation fluctuations and sudden cardiovascular events are the major challenges during surgery.In addition,postoperative treatments including ECMO and CRRT provide essential support in critically ill patients.Moreover,this case report also highlights the importance of multidisciplinary cooperation during treatment of the disease.

A Case of Ewing’s Sarcoma Arising in the Cervical Spine with an Elevation of Serum ProGRP

We experienced a case of small, round-cell malignant neoplasm diagnosed by touch smear cytology and histopathology when an open biopsy was performed in a 50-year-old Japanese woman. She was suspected of having a cervical spine tumor after surgery for cervical spine foraminal stenosis. After consent, the cervical spine tumor histologically diagnosed by an open biopsy was confirmed to be Ewing sarcoma (EWS) by genetic testing. EWS belongs to a group of small, round-cell tumors that are morphologically similar and often difficult to differentiate. After the open biopsy, the present patient received radiotherapy, and her plasma level of Pro-Gastrin-Releasing-Peptide was decreased (217.2 pg/ml before surgery to 30.3 pg/ml;reference value: 0 - 80 pg/ml). We herein report the process for making the final diagnosis by focusing on the intraoperative cytology, histopathology, and immunohistochemical findings. Our diagnosis was validated by karyotyping and a fluorescence in-situ hybridization analysis.

Huge peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the small bowel mesentery at nonage:A case report and review of the literature

Extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma/peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor(E-EWS/pP NET) is a rare aggressive malignant small round cell tumor. In this report, we present the case of a 15-year-old boy who suffered from acute abdominal pain accompanied by hematemesis and melena, and was eventually diagnosed with E-EWS/p PNET. To date, there have been only five reported cases of E-EWS/pP NET of the small bowel including the patient in this report. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documentation of a pP NET of the small bowel mesentery at nonage. All these have made this report rare and significant.

Diagnostic Strategies and Treatment for Ewing’s Sarcoma

Ewing’s sarcoma is an enigmatic malignancy of progenitor cell origin, driven by transcription factor oncogenic fusions. About 85% of ESFT cases harbor the t(11;22) translocation and express the fusion protein EWS-FLI. Both bone marrow-derived human Mesenchymal stem cells and Neural crest stem cells are permissive for EWS-FLI1 expression that initiates transition to ESFT-like cellular phenotype. Diagnosis of Ewing’s tumor is based on pathologic and molecular findings. The hypoxia enhances the malignancy of ESFT invasive capacity. An ALDHhigh subpopulation of Ewing’s sarcoma cells, capable of self-renewal, tumor initiation and resistant to chemotherapy in vitro, are not resistant to YK-4-279. Intensive high-dose chemotherapy followed by stem-cell reconstitution was used for ESFT patients in second remission. Plerixafor in combination with G-CSF is an effective enhance stem cell mobilization regimen for stem cell collection with lowest success rate in patients with neuroblastoma. The ESFT-derived antigens EZH2(666) and CHM1(319) are suitable targets for protective allo-restricted human CD8(+) T-cell responses against non-immunogenic ESFT. Primitive neuroectodermal features and MSC origin are both compatible with G(D2) aberrant expression and explore G(D2) immune targeting in ESFT.

The Origination and Reality of Askin Tumor

Objective\ To study the origination and reality of Askin tumor. Methods\ Twenty two cases of these lesions have been studied by clinical pathologic observation, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and cytogenics in this paper. Results\ The results revealed the positiveness of MIC2(CD99), NSE, Chromogranin A(CgA) by immunohistochemistry, neurosecretory granules by electron microscopy, and the specific genotypic translocation of t (11∶22) (q24∶q12) by cytogenetic analysis, which were identical to the malignant primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET). Conclusion\ We conclude that this lesion is actually the one member of the PNET/Ewing′s sarcoma family, except the special location. Differential diagnoses between this tumor and other small round cell sarcomas such as lymphoma, embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, rhabdoid tumor, round cell liposarcoma and desmoplastic small round cell tumor were also discussed in this article.

Peripheral Primary Neuroectodermal Tumour of the Ileum: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Background: Ewing’s Sarcoma (ES)/peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor (pPNET) is a rare aggressive malignant small round cell tumour. Most of them arise in bony sites, and they represent the second commonest primary osseous malignancy in adolescence and young adults. The localization of the small bowel is very rare, to our knowledge only 35 cases of ES/pPNET of the small bowel have been reported in the literature. Case Presentation: We report a case of pPNET of the ileum in a 26-year-old female, presented abdominal pain with a transit disorder. The clinical examination was unremarkable. The histological and immunohistochemical study confirmed the diagnosis of peripheral primary neuroectodermal tumours. The patient was treated by tumor resection followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. The evolution was good, without recurrence with a follow-up of 12 months. Conclusion: PNET of the ileum is very rare. We report this case to enrich the database of this rare clinical entity and to improve the management of patients with PNET of the ileum.

Clinical Case Report: Renal Ewing Sarcoma in Pregnant Patient: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Approach and Bibliographical Review

The case report presents the clinical case of a pregnant patient with renal Ewing’s sarcoma, an extremely rare tumor. Renal tumors during pregnancy are uncommon, with renal cell carcinoma being the most frequent. The diagnosis of cancer during pregnancy has increased due to the use of non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) and advanced maternal age. Renal tumors, such as Ewing’s sarcoma, present a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge due to the physiological changes during pregnancy. Renal Ewing’s sarcoma is aggressive and tends to manifest with abdominal pain, a palpable mass, and severe hematuria. However, its symptoms often go unnoticed, leading to late diagnosis with distant metastasis and poor prognosis. This type of tumor is diagnosed through histopathological studies, as imaging alone is insufficient for its characterization. In the presented case, multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MP-MRI) was used to assess the renal mass due to the limitations of using computed tomography in pregnant women. MRI provides both morphological and behavioral information about the tumor and is particularly useful in patients where radiation exposure is contraindicated. In this case, the MRI revealed a large tumor in the left kidney, with extension to adjacent structures, thrombosis in the vena cava, and hepatic and bone metastases. The article concludes that this is the largest renal Ewing’s sarcoma tumor described in a pregnant patient in the literature. It highlights the importance of early diagnosis and appropriate intervention to improve the prognosis in these rare but aggressive cases.

Primary Ewing＇s sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the urogenital tract in children

Background Primary Ewing＇s sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor （ES/PNET） of urogenital tract is a rare condition with non-specific clinical presentations, which can make it difficult to diagnose. In this study, we summarize the clinical presentation, pathological features, therapeutic strategies, and prognosis of ES/PNET.

Molecular detection of EWS-Ets fusion transcripts and their clinicopathologic significance in Ewing’s sarcoma/peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor

Background Ewing＇s sarcoma/peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor （ES/pPNET） is often difficuh to distinguish from other small round cell tumors. The EWS-Ets gene fusions that result from chromosomal translocations in this tumor provide potential molecular diagnostic markers. To apply these molecular markers to commonly available archival materials, we evaluated the feasibility of detecting EWS-Ets including EWS-Flil and EWS-ERG fusion transcripts in paraffin-embedded tissues and its diagnostic value for detecting ES/pPNET. Methods Thirteen paraffin-embedded samples of ES/pPNETs were retrieved from archives. Thirteen cases of other tumors with small round cell features （including rhabdomyosarcoma, neuroblastoma, lymphoma, small ceil carcinoma, and desmoplastic small round cell tumor ） were used as negative controls. β-actin and β2- microglobulin were used as internal controls. A nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction （RT- PCR）-based assay was performed to detect the EWS-Flil and EWS-ERG fusion transcripts. Results β-aetin and β2-mieroglobulin were detected in 10/13 and 13/13 ES/pPNETs, respectively. EWS- Flil fusion transcripts were detected in 11 of 13 （85%） ES/pPNETs. Three chimeric transcripts, all EWS-Flil, were detected in ES/pPNET samples. Among 11 EWS-Flil-positive cases, 7 eases had a type Ⅰ fusion transcript involving fusion of EWS exon 7 with Flil exon 6, 2 eases had a type Ⅱ fusion transcript involving EWS exon 7 with Flil exon 5, and 2 eases expressed fusion transcripts involving EWS exon 7 and Flil exon 8. Type Ⅰ EWS- Flil fusion predominated over other types. Fusion types could not be distinguished in the remaining 2 eases. Thirteen negative controls did not show detectable chimeric messages. There was a significant relationship between EWS-Flil fusion transcripts and CD99 expression. Conclusions Molecular detection of EWS-Flil fusion transcripts in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded material by nested RT-PCR is feasible and is useful for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of ES/pPNETs.

Askin瘤的起源及本质

目的 :探讨Askin瘤的本质、起源。方法 :以临床病理观察、免疫组织化学、电子显微镜技术和细胞遗传技术对 2 2例Askin瘤进行研究。结果 :显示瘤细胞免疫组化为MIC2 (CD99) ,NSE、CgA阳性 ;电镜下见神经分泌颗粒 ;细胞遗传分析示特异性基因遗传异位 ,即t(11;2 2 ) (q2 4;q12 )。这些特点与恶性原始神经外胚叶肿瘤 (PNET)相同。 结论 :Askin瘤实际上是PNET/尤文肉瘤家族的一员 ,只是发生部位较特殊 ,预后不良。应与其它小圆细胞肉瘤如淋巴瘤、胚胎型横纹肌肉瘤、横纹肌样瘤、圆形细胞脂肪肉瘤。

EWS易位分离探针荧光原位杂交和免疫组织化学抗体(FLI-1和CD99)在尤文肉瘤/原始神经外胚层肿瘤诊断中的价值

目的:评价EWS易位分离探针荧光原位杂交(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)与免疫组化抗体CD99、FLI-1对尤文肉瘤/原始神经外胚层肿瘤(Ewing’s sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor,EWS/PNET)的诊断价值。方法:收集35例EWS/PNET和其他小圆细胞肿瘤24例,应用FISH检测EWS基因易位、免疫组化抗体CD99和FLI-1的表达,进行对比研究,评价各自及联合应用的诊断价值。结果:FISH检测在EWS/PNET的敏感性、特异性、阳性预期值和阴性预期值分别为93.8%(30/32)、81.8%(18/22)、88.2%(30/34)和90%(18/20);CD99分别为100%(35/35)、58.3%(14/24)、77.8%(35/45)和100%(14/14);FLI-1分别为71.4%(25/35)、62.5%(15/24)、73.5%(25/34)和60%(15/25)。不同指标两两联合应用敏感性、特异性和阳性预期值、阴性预期值为:CD99+FLI-1分别为71.4%(25/35)、75%(18/24)、80.6%(25/31)和64.3%(18/28);FLI-1+FISH分别为68.7%(22/32)、86.4%(19/22)、88%(22/25)和65.5%(19/29),CD99+FISH分别为93.8%(30/32)、95.5%(21/22)、96.8%(30/31)和91.3%(21/23)。结论:应用EWS基因易位分离探针FISH检测染色体易位,是辅助诊断EWS/PNET非常敏感和特异的分子指标,与CD99联合应用诊断价值最大。在缺乏FISH结果的情况下,FLI-1和CD99联合应用能够提高诊断的特异性。

骨外Ewing肉瘤/外周原始神经外胚叶肿瘤的临床病理分析

目的探讨骨外Ew ing肉瘤/外周原始神经外胚叶肿瘤的临床病理特征及诊断、鉴别诊断依据。方法18例骨外E-w ing肉瘤/外周原始神经外胚叶肿瘤行常规病理检查及免疫组化染色,其中2例进行电镜检查。结果光镜显示肿瘤组织主要由小圆形或卵圆形细胞组成,免疫组化染色显示肿瘤细胞膜CD99强阳性,电镜显示肿瘤细胞质内有神经内分泌颗粒。结论骨外Ew ing肉瘤/外周原始神经外胚叶肿瘤的诊断依赖病理特征,并需要与其他小细胞恶性肿瘤进行鉴别。

尤文肉瘤肿瘤家族(ESFT)临床循证诊疗指南

尤文肉瘤是常见的原发恶性骨肿瘤,严重危害青少年的身体健康。通过规范的化疗、手术及放疗,很多患者可达到痊愈,但不当的诊疗过程可能造成严重的不良后果。中国医师协会骨科医师分会骨肿瘤专业委员会依据循证医学方法制定了《尤文肉瘤肿瘤家族(ESFT)临床循证诊疗指南》,就诊断流程、化疗、放疗、不同部位的手术方式及挽救性治疗等临床问题进行总结,依据文献证据等级给出相应的推荐等级。旨在为骨肿瘤医师的临床诊疗提供最佳的、有效的意见参考,从而使患者达到最佳的治疗效果。本指南仅为学术性指导意见,具体实施时必须依据患者的个体医疗情况而定。

氨磷汀联合化疗治疗Ewing肉瘤/PNET的临床观察

目的探讨氨磷汀联合化疗治疗Ewing肉瘤/PNET的疗效、不良反应和安全性。方法 32例Ewing肉瘤/PNET患者分为化疗加氨磷汀组(观察组)及单纯化疗组(对照组),观察组12例,对照组20例。行IFO-IFO-DDP-ADM化疗2周期后评价疗效、不良反应。结果观察组完全缓解(CR)及非常好的部分缓解率(VGPR)为91.6%,对照组为90.0%,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。比较两组各种Ⅰ度～Ⅳ度不良反应发生率,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。比较两组发生的Ⅳ度不良反应,观察组Ⅳ度白细胞减少为25.0%,对照组为70.0%;观察组Ⅳ度粒细胞减少25.0%,对照组为75.0%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论氨磷汀联合化疗治疗Ewing肉瘤/PNET不改变化疗疗效,不增加各种常见不良反应发生率;可以明显减少化疗后Ⅳ度白细胞及粒细胞减少的发生率,安全性好。

Imaging Findings of Hepatic Ewing’s Sarcoma on Computed Tomography and Gadobenate Dimeglumine-enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Case Report and Literature Review

Ewing’s sarcoma(ES)is a tumor that often occurs in the long bones and rarely arises from visceral organs primarily.Here,we report a case of primary hepatic ES,discuss its computed tomography(CT)and gadobenate dimeglumineenhanced magnetic resonance(MRI)features.This is the first Chinese and fifth primary hepatic ES case reported,based on a literature review.Imaging examinations showed that the tumor was solid,with necrosis and hemorrhage.Contrast-enhanced images showed that the tumor was hypervascular and especially had heterogeneous signal intensity on hepatobiliary phase MRI images.Intratumoral vessels and vascular invasion were also present.

A case report on retroperitoneal PNET/EWS

Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) and Ewing’s sarcoma (EWS) are small round cell tumors occurring mainly in children and adolescents, rarely in adults. It can occur in multiple tissues and organs including kidney, adrenal, bladder, liver, small intestine, colon and rectum, with a preferred location within the chest area, in the limbs and around the spine, but with rare cases of abdominal, pelvic or retroperitoneal. Here we present a case of the retroperitoneal PENT/EWS in a 38-year-old man and we discuss the clinical features, histopathological characteristics, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.

92例初治尤文氏肉瘤家族肿瘤综合治疗疗效和生存分析

背景和目的:尤文氏肉瘤家族肿瘤(Ewing's sarcoma family of tumor,ESFT)恶性度高、进展快,其最佳治疗方法目前仍在探讨中。本研究旨在分析ESFT的临床特点和探讨其治疗方法。方法:回顾性分析1995年1月至2008年4月中山大学肿瘤防治中心收治的92例初治ESFT。结果:骨尤文氏肉瘤(Ewing's sarcoma of bone,ETB)23例,骨外尤文氏肉瘤(extraosseous Ewing'ssarcoma,EOE)21例,外周性原始神经外胚叶瘤(peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor,PNET)43例,Askin瘤5例。中位随访时间31.5个月(10～137个月)。局限期综合治疗38例,单一治疗19例,两组3年生存(overall survival,OS)率分别为63%、20%,3年无事件生存(events-free survival,EFS)率分别为46%、18%,两组间生存差异具有统计学意义(P均<0.001)。局限期综合治疗患者在全身化疗的基础上加用手术加或不加放疗组远期生存均优于化疗+放疗组(χ2=7.591、9.212,P=0.006、0.002)。CAV/IE交替方案对局限期接受综合治疗患者延长了无事件生存期,但其总生存时间差异无统计学意义(χ2=6.950、3.530,P=0.008、0.06)。多因素生存分析显示治疗模式以及疗效是独立的预后因素。结论:综合治疗能明显改善局限期ESFT患者疗效和生存,手术加化疗加或不加放疗的治疗模式在疗效和生存方面优于化疗加放疗治疗模式。治疗模式和近期疗效是独立的预后因素。

外周性原始神经外胚层瘤15例临床分析

目的:分析外周性原始神经外胚层瘤(peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors,pPNET)的特点、治疗及预后。方法:对2006年6月—2011年5月的15例pPNET患者的临床资料进行分析。其中男性7例,女性8例;中位年龄23岁(11～55岁)。原发部位:骨6例,软组织4例,胸壁1例(Askin瘤),纵隔1例,后腹膜1例,肾脏1例,头皮1例。所有病例均采用手术或放疗以及全身化疗。化疗方案有3药联合[异环磷酰胺/环磷酰胺+蒽环类药物(阿霉素/表阿霉素)+顺铂、异环磷酰胺+阿霉素+氮烯米胺、异环磷酰胺/环磷酰胺+阿霉素+长春新碱]或2药联合(异环磷酰胺+依托泊甙、异环磷酰胺+阿霉素)。结果:5例辅助化疗的患者均无复发(随访期6～42个月,中位随访时间21个月)。10例姑息化疗的患者中,完全缓解(complete response,CR)1例、部分缓解(partial response,PR)3例、疾病稳定(stable disease,SD)3例、疾病进展(progressivedisease,PD)3例(其中2例病死),总有效率(CR+PR+SD)达70%;3例PD患者疾病进展时间(time to progression,TTP)分别是2.4、7、8个月。所有病例中位生存期尚未达到。结论:pPNET是一种高度恶性和异质性的肿瘤,预后差,主要依靠病理学诊断;采用合理的综合治疗方案可延长患者生存期,VAC/IE交替方案治疗pPNET是有前景且安全性较好的化疗方案。

缩短疗程化疗治疗儿童青少年局限期尤文氏肉瘤家族肿瘤的研究

目的局限型尤文氏肉瘤家族肿瘤(ESFT)合适的化疗疗程数尚未确定。本研究探讨8个疗程化疗联合局部治疗对儿童青少年局限期ESFT的疗效,并分析局部治疗方式对预后的影响。方法 2002年3月至2010年3月在中山大学肿瘤防治中心收治的46例儿童、青少年局限期ESFT入组。所有患者均接受CDV/IE交替方案8个疗程的化疗,每3周重复。CDV化疗包括环磷酰胺(1000 mg/m^2,d1)、长春新碱(1.5 mg/m^2,d1)、阿霉素(50 mg/m^2,d1);IE化疗包括异环磷酰胺(1.5 g/m^2,d1-5)、足叶乙甙(100 mg/m^2,d1-5)。局部治疗采用手术和(或)放疗。结果 46例患者中位年龄11岁(8个月~19岁)。男34例,女12例。肿瘤位于躯干17例,头颈15例,四肢12例,腹膜后2例。骨尤文氏肉瘤24例,骨外尤文氏肉瘤22例。35例局部晚期患者接受术前化疗,化疗客观有效率为88.6%。11例先行手术完整切除后化疗。局部治疗方式为手术加放疗19例,单纯手术13例和单纯放疗14例。中位随访64个月,全组5年无事件生存率(EFS)和总生存率(OS)分别为67.0%±7.0%和73.6%±6.5%。局部治疗采用手术加放疗、单纯手术和单纯放疗的患者的5年EFS分别为73.7%±10.1%、61.5%±13.5%和62.5%±13.5%(P>0.05)。局部早期和局部晚期患者5年EFS分别为79.5%±13.1%和62.9%±8.2%(P>0.05)。随访结束时,无心脏毒性或第二肿瘤发生。结论 8个疗程化疗联合有效的局部治疗对于局限期儿童青少年ESFT患者可获得较好的生存率。

尤文氏肉瘤平片、MRI诊断价值

目的:探讨平片、MRI对尤文氏肉瘤的诊断价值。材料与方法:回顾分析13例经活检、手术病理证实为尤文氏肉瘤患者的资料。结果:长管骨9例,髂骨2例,头颅1例,L4附件1例。平片:长管骨骨干较大范围骨质破坏4例,骨皮质局部增厚5例,骨膜反应9例,Codman's三角3例。髂骨骨质破坏伴软组织肿块2例。MRI:13例均有骨质破坏,为斑片状稍长T1、稍长T2信号,STIR为高信号。长管骨、髂骨病变处骨髓信号增高(STIR)。软组织肿块9例、5例伴出血坏死,STIR为混杂高信号。病变侵犯长管骨骨骺3例、脑实质1例、脊髓1例。结论:平片与MRI相互补充,可提高尤文氏肉瘤的影像诊断能力。