An Empirical Study on the Effectiveness of Adversarial Examples in Malware Detection

Antivirus vendors and the research community employ Machine Learning(ML)or Deep Learning(DL)-based static analysis techniques for efficient identification of new threats,given the continual emergence of novel malware variants.On the other hand,numerous researchers have reported that Adversarial Examples(AEs),generated by manipulating previously detected malware,can successfully evade ML/DL-based classifiers.Commercial antivirus systems,in particular,have been identified as vulnerable to such AEs.This paper firstly focuses on conducting black-box attacks to circumvent ML/DL-based malware classifiers.Our attack method utilizes seven different perturbations,including Overlay Append,Section Append,and Break Checksum,capitalizing on the ambiguities present in the PE format,as previously employed in evasion attack research.By directly applying the perturbation techniques to PE binaries,our attack method eliminates the need to grapple with the problem-feature space dilemma,a persistent challenge in many evasion attack studies.Being a black-box attack,our method can generate AEs that successfully evade both DL-based and ML-based classifiers.Also,AEs generated by the attack method retain their executability and malicious behavior,eliminating the need for functionality verification.Through thorogh evaluations,we confirmed that the attack method achieves an evasion rate of 65.6%against well-known ML-based malware detectors and can reach a remarkable 99%evasion rate against well-known DL-based malware detectors.Furthermore,our AEs demonstrated the capability to bypass detection by 17%of vendors out of the 64 on VirusTotal(VT).In addition,we propose a defensive approach that utilizes Trend Locality Sensitive Hashing(TLSH)to construct a similarity-based defense model.Through several experiments on the approach,we verified that our defense model can effectively counter AEs generated by the perturbation techniques.In conclusion,our defense model alleviates the limitation of the most promising defense method,adversarial training,which is only effective against the AEs that are included in the training classifiers.

微探仁爱版初中英语教材中“Example”部分的教学策略

仁爱版初中英语教材中的“Example”部分是听说课教学的重要内容之一,也是学生在语言实践中迁移和运用知识的集中体现。如何提高“Example”部分教学内容的指导性、针对性和有效性是一线教师关注的焦点。文章分析了“Example”部分内容教学存在的问题,提出以主题意义为导向、深度融合教学与评价、合理分配教学时间和巩固教学成果等教学策略,以期提升“Example”部分的教学成效,逐步培养学生的英语学科核心素养。

An Intelligent Secure Adversarial Examples Detection Scheme in Heterogeneous Complex Environments

Image-denoising techniques are widely used to defend against Adversarial Examples(AEs).However,denoising alone cannot completely eliminate adversarial perturbations.The remaining perturbations tend to amplify as they propagate through deeper layers of the network,leading to misclassifications.Moreover,image denoising compromises the classification accuracy of original examples.To address these challenges in AE defense through image denoising,this paper proposes a novel AE detection technique.The proposed technique combines multiple traditional image-denoising algorithms and Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)network structures.The used detector model integrates the classification results of different models as the input to the detector and calculates the final output of the detector based on a machine-learning voting algorithm.By analyzing the discrepancy between predictions made by the model on original examples and denoised examples,AEs are detected effectively.This technique reduces computational overhead without modifying the model structure or parameters,effectively avoiding the error amplification caused by denoising.The proposed approach demonstrates excellent detection performance against mainstream AE attacks.Experimental results show outstanding detection performance in well-known AE attacks,including Fast Gradient Sign Method(FGSM),Basic Iteration Method(BIM),DeepFool,and Carlini&Wagner(C&W),achieving a 94%success rate in FGSM detection,while only reducing the accuracy of clean examples by 4%.

A new method of constructing adversarial examplesfor quantum variational circuits

A quantum variational circuit is a quantum machine learning model similar to a neural network.A crafted adversarial example can lead to incorrect results for the model.Using adversarial examples to train the model will greatly improve its robustness.The existing method is to use automatic differentials or finite difference to obtain a gradient and use it to construct adversarial examples.This paper proposes an innovative method for constructing adversarial examples of quantum variational circuits.In this method,the gradient can be obtained by measuring the expected value of a quantum bit respectively in a series quantum circuit.This method can be used to construct the adversarial examples for a quantum variational circuit classifier.The implementation results prove the effectiveness of the proposed method.Compared with the existing method,our method requires fewer resources and is more efficient.

Adversarial Examples Protect Your Privacy on Speech Enhancement System

Speech is easily leaked imperceptibly.When people use their phones,the personal voice assistant is constantly listening and waiting to be activated.Private content in speech may be maliciously extracted through automatic speech recognition(ASR)technology by some applications on phone devices.To guarantee that the recognized speech content is accurate,speech enhancement technology is used to denoise the input speech.Speech enhancement technology has developed rapidly along with deep neural networks(DNNs),but adversarial examples can cause DNNs to fail.Considering that the vulnerability of DNN can be used to protect the privacy in speech.In this work,we propose an adversarial method to degrade speech enhancement systems,which can prevent the malicious extraction of private information in speech.Experimental results show that the generated enhanced adversarial examples can be removed most content of the target speech or replaced with target speech content by speech enhancement.The word error rate(WER)between the enhanced original example and enhanced adversarial example recognition result can reach 89.0%.WER of target attack between enhanced adversarial example and target example is low at 33.75%.The adversarial perturbation in the adversarial example can bring much more change than itself.The rate of difference between two enhanced examples and adversarial perturbation can reach more than 1.4430.Meanwhile,the transferability between different speech enhancement models is also investigated.The low transferability of the method can be used to ensure the content in the adversarial example is not damaged,the useful information can be extracted by the friendly ASR.This work can prevent the malicious extraction of speech.

Defending Adversarial Examples by a Clipped Residual U-Net Model

Deep learning-based systems have succeeded in many computer vision tasks.However,it is found that the latest study indicates that these systems are in danger in the presence of adversarial attacks.These attacks can quickly spoil deep learning models,e.g.,different convolutional neural networks(CNNs),used in various computer vision tasks from image classification to object detection.The adversarial examples are carefully designed by injecting a slight perturbation into the clean images.The proposed CRU-Net defense model is inspired by state-of-the-art defense mechanisms such as MagNet defense,Generative Adversarial Net-work Defense,Deep Regret Analytic Generative Adversarial Networks Defense,Deep Denoising Sparse Autoencoder Defense,and Condtional Generattive Adversarial Network Defense.We have experimentally proved that our approach is better than previous defensive techniques.Our proposed CRU-Net model maps the adversarial image examples into clean images by eliminating the adversarial perturbation.The proposed defensive approach is based on residual and U-Net learning.Many experiments are done on the datasets MNIST and CIFAR10 to prove that our proposed CRU-Net defense model prevents adversarial example attacks in WhiteBox and BlackBox settings and improves the robustness of the deep learning algorithms especially in the computer visionfield.We have also reported similarity(SSIM and PSNR)between the original and restored clean image examples by the proposed CRU-Net defense model.

Eye Movement Modeling Examples as a Teaching Tool for Epidural Block

Introduction: Video examples with task demonstrations by experts, with the expert’s eye movements superimposed on the task, are known as “eye movement modeling examples” (EMME). We performed this study to evaluate if there were improvements in the performance of anesthesia novice trainees when executing the epidural technique after an EMME of epidural block procedure. Methods: We developed an eye movement modeling example (EMME) from eye tracking recordings made by experienced anesthesiologists with more than 20 years of experience. Forty-two PGY3 anesthesia trainees who had never previously performed an epidural block were randomized to receive (study group) or not receive (control group) the EMME video before their institutional training. All the trainees were evaluated every 10 epidural blocks until the end of the rotation period, by an independent, blinded observer using the Global Rating Scale for Epidural Anesthesia (GRS). Results: Trainees who received the EMME training exhibited more respect for the patient’s tissues (P Discussion: This is the first study that has used the EMME for a practical, clinical teaching purpose on real patients and that has used it as an aid in teaching epidural anesthesia. We demonstrated that inexperienced trainees who received the EMME training improved their proficiency at epidural blocks as compared to those who had no EMME training beforehand. Given this result, we welcome further studies to investigate the impact and the role of EMME on clinical teaching in the field of anesthesia.

Selection of Example Varieties Used in the DUS Test Guideline of Tagetes L.

[Objective] Taking the characteristic of flower diameter of Tagetes L.as an example,this study aimed to select example varieties used in the DUS Test Guideline of Tagetes L.[Method] Two continuous years of measurements of flower diameter of 25 varieties were collected and then analyzed by using the box plot to illustrate the uniformity and stability of flower diameter of each variety.[Result] According to the information of variability,distribution symmetry of measurements and outliers of flower diameter of varieties provided by box plots,variety 16,2 and 4 were selected as the example varieties for the three expression states with respective flower diameter of 3.0-4.4,6.0-7.4 and 9.0-10.4 cm.[Conclusion] The box plot is an efficient method for the general analysis of varieties,which provides information covering the actual and possible expression range,median and outliers of measurements of flower diameter of each variety.It also provides references for selecting example varieties for other quantitative characteristics and evaluating the quality of varieties.

基于语料库的学习者例证词“for example”对比研究

基于英美大学生作文语料库(LOCNESS)和中国英语学习者语料库(CLEC)调查中国英语学习者在写作中使用例证词"for example"的特点,研究发现,中国英语学习者无论在使用频数还是在用法上都具有明显区别于本族语者的特征。

Auto-expanded multi query examples technology in content-based image retrieval

In order to narrow the semantic gap existing in content-based image retrieval （CBIR）,a novel retrieval technology called auto-extended multi query examples （AMQE） is proposed.It expands the single one query image used in traditional image retrieval into multi query examples so as to include more image features related with semantics.Retrieving images for each of the multi query examples and integrating the retrieval results,more relevant images can be obtained.The property of the recall-precision curve of a general retrieval algorithm and the K-means clustering method are used to realize the expansion according to the distance of image features of the initially retrieved images.The experimental results demonstrate that the AMQE technology can greatly improve the recall and precision of the original algorithms.

A New Example of Retrograde Solubility Model for Carbonate Rocks

Objective The dissolution and precipitation of carbonate during burial diagenetic process controls the reservoir property in deep buried strata. The geological process related with it has become a research focus during recent years. The most important dissolution fluids to carbonates are probably H2S and CO2 as byproducts of sulfate reduction in deep-buried setting with sulfate minerals, but carbonates are more soluble in relatively low temperature, which is the so-called retrograde solubility. Several geological processes can result in the decrease of temperature, including the upward migration of thermal fluids and tectonic uplift.

Digital image inpainting by example-based image synthesis method

A simple and effective image inpainting method is proposed in this paper, which is proved to be suitable for different kinds of target regions with shapes from little scraps to large unseemly objects in a wide range of images. It is an important improvement upon the traditional image inpainting techniques. By introducing a new bijeetive-mapping term into the matching cost function, the artificial repetition problem in the final inpainting image is practically solved. In addition, by adopting an inpainting error map, not only the target pixels are refined gradually during the inpainting process but also the overlapped target patches are combined more seamlessly than previous method. Finally, the inpainting time is dramatically decreased by using a new acceleration method in the matching process.

Characteristics of Authigenic Pyrite and its Sulfur Isotopes Influenced by Methane Seep--Taking the Core A at Site 79 of the Middle Okinawa Trough as an Example

Objective Authigenic pyrite often develops extensively in marine sediments,which is an important product of sulfate reduction in an anoxic environment.It has a specific appearance and complicated sulfur isotopic properties,and acts as important evidence of methane seep in marine sediments.Strong AOM（anaerobic oxidation of methane）activity has developed in the Okinawa Trough.

Patterns of Clay Minerals Transformation in Clay Gouge, with Examples from Revers Fault Rocks in Devonina Niqiuhe Formation in The Dayangshu Basin

The role of authigenic clay growth in clay gouge is increasingly recognized as a key to understanding the mechanics of berittle faulting and fault zone processes,including creep and seismogenesis,and providing new insights into the ongoing debate about the frictional strength of brittle fault(Haines and van der Pluijm,2012).However,neither the conditions nor the processes which

A Survey on Adversarial Examples in Deep Learning

Adversarial examples are hot topics in the field of security in deep learning.The feature,generation methods,attack and defense methods of the adversarial examples are focuses of the current research on adversarial examples.This article explains the key technologies and theories of adversarial examples from the concept of adversarial examples,the occurrences of the adversarial examples,the attacking methods of adversarial examples.This article lists the possible reasons for the adversarial examples.This article also analyzes several typical generation methods of adversarial examples in detail:Limited-memory BFGS(L-BFGS),Fast Gradient Sign Method(FGSM),Basic Iterative Method(BIM),Iterative Least-likely Class Method(LLC),etc.Furthermore,in the perspective of the attack methods and reasons of the adversarial examples,the main defense techniques for the adversarial examples are listed:preprocessing,regularization and adversarial training method,distillation method,etc.,which application scenarios and deficiencies of different defense measures are pointed out.This article further discusses the application of adversarial examples which currently is mainly used in adversarial evaluation and adversarial training.Finally,the overall research direction of the adversarial examples is prospected to completely solve the adversarial attack problem.There are still a lot of practical and theoretical problems that need to be solved.Finding out the characteristics of the adversarial examples,giving a mathematical description of its practical application prospects,exploring the universal method of adversarial example generation and the generation mechanism of the adversarial examples are the main research directions of the adversarial examples in the future.

for example还是such as

高中学生写英语作文时，常需列举事物，如：

DroidEnemy: Battling adversarial example attacks for Android malware detection

In recent years,we have witnessed a surge in mobile devices such as smartphones,tablets,smart watches,etc.,most of which are based on the Android operating system.However,because these Android-based mobile devices are becoming increasingly popular,they are now the primary target of mobile malware,which could lead to both privacy leakage and property loss.To address the rapidly deteriorating security issues caused by mobile malware,various research efforts have been made to develop novel and effective detection mechanisms to identify and combat them.Nevertheless,in order to avoid being caught by these malware detection mechanisms,malware authors are inclined to initiate adversarial example attacks by tampering with mobile applications.In this paper,several types of adversarial example attacks are investigated and a feasible approach is proposed to fight against them.First,we look at adversarial example attacks on the Android system and prior solutions that have been proposed to address these attacks.Then,we specifically focus on the data poisoning attack and evasion attack models,which may mutate various application features,such as API calls,permissions and the class label,to produce adversarial examples.Then,we propose and design a malware detection approach that is resistant to adversarial examples.To observe and investigate how the malware detection system is influenced by the adversarial example attacks,we conduct experiments on some real Android application datasets which are composed of both malware and benign applications.Experimental results clearly indicate that the performance of Android malware detection is severely degraded when facing adversarial example attacks.

Relic Oceanic Crust at Sub-arc Depth: an Example from UHP Eclogites Enclosed in Serpentinites from the Southwestern Tianshan Mountains, China

Ultra-high pressure(UHP)eclogites that derive from subducted oceanic crust are rarely found at the Earth’s surface because they need to be enclosed in a buoyant host rock such as serpentinites that facilitate exhumation