Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction Diagnostics:Impact of a Repeated Exercise Challenge Test

Exercise-Induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is related to increased ventilation (VE) during exercise and describes the transient airway narrowing following exercise. A reliable diagnosis is essential for optimal treatment. The impact of a repeated exercise challenge test (ECT) in a clinical setting is not well established and conducting a repeated ECT with the possibility to adjust the exercise intensity on an individual basis may give more information. The aim of the study was to evaluate the test-retest reliability of an ECT for EIB and its association with exercise intensity. Methods: After examination by a pulmonologist, 20 referred subjects with symptoms strong indications of Exercise-Induced bronchoconstriction performed two consecutive exercise challenge tests on a treadmill. The exercise intensity of the repeated test was adjusted. Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) was measured before and 1, 3, 6, 10, and 15 minutes after exercise. EIB was defined as a reduction of ≥ 10% in FEV1. Ventilation and heart rate were measured during exercise. Results: Five subjects tested positive in both tests, and ten subjects tested negative in both tests. Three subjects tested positive in the first test only, while two subjects tested positive in the second test only. The exercise intensity was not significantly different between the two tests for any of the subjects. Conclusion: There were 25% divergences in the diagnostic results of two consecutive exercise challenge tests. The difference in the test results was not explained by a difference in the exercise intensity.

Dupilumab for Treatment of Food-Dependent, Exercise-Induced Anaphylaxis: Report of One Case

Food-dependent,exercise-induced anaphylaxis(FDEIA)is a potentially life-threatening disorder that often occurs with exercise,and patients typically have eaten a specific food within hours before disease onset.This disease is exceedingly rare,with a prevalence of 0.02%.No well-recognized prevention or treatment strategy has been available for FDEIA except avoiding triggers strictly.Here we report an 11-year-old boy with a history of recurrent anaphylaxis of unknown etiology more than 10 times within two years.As the anaphylactic symptoms had not been controlled after traditional treatments,the patient was given subcutaneous injection of dupilumab seven times within 33 weeks.During dupilumab treatments,the patient was exposed to culprit mushrooms plus exercises at least twice a month but without notable anaphylaxis.Thus,dupilumab may improve the allergic reactions in FDEIA patients.

Variations in Inflammatory Cells and IL-6 in Long-Distance Runners Susceptible to Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm and Previously Treated with Salbutamol

Background: Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm (EIB) is an inflammatory condition characterized by severe airway constriction following the mobilization of inflammatory cells and interleukin-6 (IL-6). When severe, EIB can require the use of pressurized salbutamol to treat athletes. This study investigated the nature of the systemic changes in inflammatory cells and post-exercise IL-6 concentrations after salbutamol treatment in EIB-susceptible distance runners. Materials and Methods: This was an experimental study that enrolled 12 long-distance runners. In Session A, the participants completed a treadmill exercise test, and those who had a maximum expiratory volume per second (FEV1) that was decreased by at least 10% compared to their base value were placed in the EIB-susceptible group (EIB+) (n = 6). Those whose FEV1 did not meet this criterion were placed in the nonresponsive (EIB?) group (n = 6). Before the Session B exercise, athletes in the BIE+ group inhaled two puffs of salbutamol (EIB+ Salb), while their EIB? counterparts received no treatment. Spirometry was performed before and after the exercise using a Spirobank G portable spirometer. Blood samples were taken before, immediately after and 2 hours after the stress test. Results: The mean post-exercise FEV1 values were not significantly different (p > 0.05) between the EIB+ Salb group and the EIB? group. The systemic changes in inflammatory cells and IL-6 concentrations in the EIB+ runners after salbutamol treatment were similar to those observed in their EIB? counterparts. Conclusion: Salbutamol pretreatment improved the systemic immune status of EIB-susceptible athletes.

Study on Mechanism of Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo in Preventing and Treating Exercise-induced Muscle Damage(EIMD)in Rats

[Objectives]This study was conducted to observe the mechanism of Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo on gastrocnemius muscle in rats with exercise-induced muscle damage(EIMD).[Methods]The micro-injury model of skeletal muscle was established by treadmill training.Forty two SD rats were randomly divided into a control group,1,12 and 24 h exercise groups,D.officinale 2 ml+1 h exercise group,D.officinale 2 ml+12 h exercise group,and D.officinale 2 ml+24 h exercise group,with 6 rats in each group.Various D.officinale groups were given the drug once in the morning and once in the evening at a dose of 2 ml/time,a week in advance.Except for the quiet group,the samples were collected from the 1,12 and 24 h exercise groups after anesthesia following 1,12 and 24 h of exercise for the last time,respectively,and the D.officinale 2 ml+1 h exercise group,D.officinale 2 ml+12 h exercise group and D.officinale 2 ml+24 h exercise group were also sampled after anesthesia following 1,12 and 24 h of exercise for the last time,respectively.The contents of ATP,CK-MM and CK in rat serum were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).The histopathological changes of gastrocnemius muscle were observed by HE staining.PCR and Western-blot detection were carried out to analyze the effects of D.officinale on IGF-1 mRNA and protein expression in gastrocnemius muscle.[Results]Compared with the quiet group,the ATP contents in the serum of rats in the 1,12 and 24 h exercise groups significantly decreased(P<0.01),while the CK and CK-MM contents significantly increased(P<0.01).The expression of IGF-1 mRNA and protein in the gastrocnemius muscle tissue significantly increased(P<0.01).Compared with the 1 h exercise group,the ATP content and IGF-1 protein expression in the gastrocnemius muscle tissue of the D.officinale liquid+1 h exercise group significantly increased(P<0.05),while the CK and CK-MM contents significantly decreased(P<0.01).Compared with the 12 h exercise group,the D.officinale liquid+12 h exercise group showed a significant increase in ATP content(P<0.01),significant increases in IGF-1 mRNA and protein expression in the gastrocnemius muscle tissue(P<0.01),and significant decreases in CK and CK-MM contents(P<0.01).Compared with the 24 h exercise group,the ATP content and IGF-1 mRNA and protein expression in the gastrocnemius muscle tissue of the D.officinale liquid+24 h exercise group significantly increased(P<0.01),while the CK and CK-MM contents significantly decreased(P<0.01).From the pathological tissue morphology of the gastrocnemius muscle in rats with EIMD treated with D.officinale,it could be concluded that the gastrocnemius muscle of each exercise group was significantly damaged,and the damage was significantly alleviated after administration of D.officinale liquid.[Conclusions]The effects and mechanism of D.officinale on prevention and treatment of EIMD in rats might be related to the promotion of IGF-1 mRNA and protein expression in injured tissues by reducing ATP energy consumption,CK-MM and CK activity.

Exercise-induced irisin in bone and systemic irisin administration reveal new regulatory mechanisms of bone metabolism

Irisin is a polypeptide hormone derived from the proteolytic cleavage of fibronectin-type III domain- containing 5 （FNDC5） protein. Once released to circulation upon exercise or cold exposure, irisin stimulates browning of white adipose tissue （WAT） and uncoupling protein I （UCP1） expression, leading to an increase in total body energy expenditure by augmented UCPl-mediated thermogenesis. It is currently unknown whether irisin is secreted by bone upon exercise or whether it regulates bone metabolism in vivo. In this study, we found that 2 weeks of voluntary wheel-running exercise induced high levels of FNDC5 messenger RNA as well as FNDC5/irisin protein expression in murine bone tissues. Increased immunoreactivity due to exercise-induced FNDC5/irisin expression was detected in different regions of exercised femoral bones, including growth plate, trabecular bone, cortical bone, articular cartilage, and bone-tendon interface. Exercise also increased expression of osteogenic markers in bone and that of UCP1 in WAT, and led to bodyweight loss. Irisin intraperitoneal （IP） administration resulted in increased trabecular and cortical bone thickness and osteoblasts numbers, and concurrently induced UCP1 expression in subcutaneous WAT. Lentiviral FNDC5 IP administration increased cortical bone thickness. In vitro studies in bone cells revealed irisin increases osteoblastogenesis and mineralization, and inhibits receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand （RANKL）- induced osteoclastogenesis. Taken together, our findings show that voluntary exercise increases irisin production in bone, and that an increase in circulating irisin levels enhances osteogenesis in mice.

Single dose of intra-muscular platelet rich plasma reverses the increase in plasma iron levels in exercise-induced muscle damage:A pilot study

Background:Platelet rich plasma(PRP) therapy is widely used in enhancing the recovery of skeletal muscle from injury.However,the impact of intramuscular delivery of PRP on hematologic and biochemical responses has not been fully elucidated in exercise-induced muscle damage.The purpose of this investigation the effects of intramuscular delivery of PRP on hematologic and biochemical responses and recovery strategy muscle damage induced by high intensity muscle exercise(exercise-induced muscle damage,EIMD).Methods:Moderately active male volunteers participated in this study and were assigned to a control group(control,n = 6) and PRP administration group(PRP,n = 6).The subjects performed exercise with a load of 80% one repetition maximum(1RM) maximal voluntary contraction of the elbow flexors until point of exhaustion of the non-dominant arm was reached.The arms were treated with saline or autologous PRP post-24 h EIMD.Venous blood samples were obtained in the morning to establish a baseline value and 1–4 days post-exercise and were analyzed for serum ferritin,iron,iron binding capacity(IBC),creatinine kinase(CK),lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),aspartate aminotransferase(AST),and alanine aminotransferase(ALT).Results:The baseline levels of plasma iron,ferritin,IBC,CK,LDH,AST,and ALT were similar in both the control and PRP groups.However,24-h following exercise a significant increase in these parameters was observed in both groups between 1 and 4 days during the recovery period.Interestingly,PRP administration decreased plasma iron levels compared to the control on the second day post-exercise.Plasma IBC increased in PRP group from Days 2 to 4 post-exercise compared to the control group whilst PRP administration had no effect on plasma ferritin,CK,AST,ALT,or LDH.Conclusion:Acute exhaustive exercise increased muscle damage markers,including plasma iron,IBC,and ferritin levels,indicating muscle damage induced by exercise.PRP administration improves inflammation by reversing the increase in the iron levels post-exercise without displaying any myotoxicity and may have a role to play in the recovery of exercise-induced muscle damage.

Exercise-induced anaphylaxis with an Ayurvedic drug as cofactor:A case report

BACKGROUND The practice of Indian Ayurvedic medicine is spreading in Western countries and Shilajit is one of the most used drugs, for its antioxidant activities and immunomodulatory effects. Albeit Shilajit has showed a high degree of safety, it can act as cofactor of anaphylaxis, especially in condition at high risk, such as mast cell activation syndrome(MCAS). We reported this case to sensitize practitioners to investigate to the use of complementary and alternative medicine,in case of exercise-induced anaphylaxis(EIAn).CASE SUMMARY A 43-year-old woman, working as a dance teacher, developed urticaria after ingestion of rice, tuna and Shilajit, which did not respond to intramuscular corticosteroids. Subsequently, she developed dyspnoea and hypotension with loss of consciousness that arose 1 h after sexual activity. The patient did not refer personal history of atopy. Specific IgE for main food allergens resulted negative,with total IgE levels of 14 IU/L. Oral provocation test with Shilajit was not perfomed because the patient refused, but we performed prick-by-prick and patch test that resulted negative. Serum tryptase at the time of anaphylaxis was 20.6 μg/L that fell down to of 10.6 μg/L after therapy, but has remained at the high value after two days and during the follow-up. We performed an analysis of the c-KIT gene in peripheral blood, which was negative. We felt the diagnosis consistent with EIAn in a patient with a possible MCAS.CONCLUSION In Western countries the use of drugs from Ayurvedic medicine is more common than in the past. These substances can be cofactors of anaphylaxis in patients with risk factors.

Real-time surface electromyography in Parkinson's disease patients during exercise-induced muscle fatigue

To explore the mechanisms underlying exercise-induced local muscle fatigue in patients with idiopathic Parkinson＇s disease （PD）,we used surface electromyography to record myoelectric signals from the tibialis anterior muscle during isometric contraction-induced fatigue until exhaustion.The results revealed no significant differences between patients with idiopathic PD and healthy controls in maximum voluntary contraction of the tibialis anterior muscle.The basic characteristics of surface electromyography were also similar between the two groups.The duration of isometric contraction at 50% maximum voluntary contraction was shortened in PD patients.In addition,PD patients exhibited a stronger increase in mean square amplitude,but a weaker decrease in median frequency and mean power frequency compared with healthy controls during isometric contraction.The skeletal muscles of PD patients revealed specificity of surface electromyography findings,indicating increased fatigability compared with healthy controls.

EFFICACY OF ANTIHISTAMINE AGENTS ON MODEL FOR EXERCISE-INDUCED ASTHMA IN GUINEA PIGS

Objective To investigate the effects of antihistamine agents, loratadine and ketotifen, on the model of exercise-induced asthma in guinea pigs with lipopolysaccharide （LPS） and metyapone. Methods Nineteen guinea pigs were injected peritoneolly with LPS （ 1mg/kg, i. p. ） and metyapone （ 50mg/kg, i. p. ）. Then they were randomized into 3 groups. The control group （ n = 7） did not take any drug, ketotifen group （ n = 6） administered orally ketotifen （ Img·kg^-1· d^-1 ） and loratadine group （ n = 6） administered orally loratadine （ 2mg·kg^-1·d^-1 ） for 4 days. On thefifth day, lung resistance （RL） and dynamic compliance of respiratory system （Cdyn） of 3 groups were measured before and after exercise challenge. The total number of leukocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid （BALF） from 3 groups was counted and differentiated cell type count was measured. Morphometric examination of the animal lungs was performed. Results In control group, RLincreased and Cdyn decreased significantly after exercise challenge. In ketotifen group and loratadine group with no change. There was a significant increase in the number of neutrophils, macrophages and eosinophils in BALF from control group. The infiltration of neutrophils in the bronchial mucosa was shown in control group in the morphometric study. Conclusion Loratadine and ketotifen can inhibit the exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs pretreated with LPS and metyrapone. Inhibiting the formation of inflammation in airway may be the therapeutic mechanism of these H-I receptor antagonists.

Exercise-induced hypoalgesia in chronic neck pain: A narrative review

Chronic neck pain(CNP)is a worldwide health problem with several risk factors.One of the most widely used treatments for managing this condition is therapeutic exercise,which could generate a response called exerciseinduced hypoalgesia(EIH).There is no consensus on the best exercise modality to induce hypoalgesia.Therefore,this review aims to analyze and synthesize the state-of-the-art about the hypoalgesic effect of exercise in subjects with CNP.We included articles on EIH and CNP in patients older than 18 years,with pain for more than three months,where the EIH response was measured.Articles that studied CNP associated with comorbidities or measured the response to treatments other than exercise were excluded.The studies reviewed reported variable results.Exercise in healthy subjects has been shown to reduce indicators of pain sensitivity;however,in people with chronic pain,the response is variable.Some investigations reported adverse effects with increased pain intensity and decreased pain sensitivity,others found no clinical response,and some even reported EIH with decreased pain and increased sensitivity.EIH is an identifiable,stimulable,and helpful therapeutic response in people with pain.More research is still needed on subjects with CNP to clarify the protocols and therapeutic variables that facilitate the EIH phenomenon.In addition,it is necessary to deepen the knowledge of the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence EIH in people with CNP.

橘皮素补剂对优秀运动员运动诱发性支气管痉挛的治疗效果研究

目的:探讨橘皮素对运动诱发性支气管痉挛(exercise-induced bronchoconstriction,EIB)发病的关键临床指标(呼吸道炎症、肺通气功能等)以及相关辅助指标(运动呼吸不适症状等)的影响,评估橘皮素对EIB的治疗效果。方法:招募30名EIB运动员(女14名,男16名)作为受试者,配对、随机分为橘皮素组(n=15)和安慰剂组(n=15),采用双盲营养干预、问卷调查、支气管运动激发试验、血液样本采集分析等方法,分析29天橘皮素干预(200 mg/d)对EIB运动员的呼吸道炎症指标如中性粒细胞计数、嗜酸性粒细胞计数以及白介素-5(interleukin-5,IL-5)、白介素-8(interleukin-8,IL-8)、克拉拉细胞16、免疫球蛋白E(immunoglobulin E,IgE)水平等,肺通气功能指标如第1 s用力呼气容积(forced expiratory volume in one second,FEV_(1))、用力肺活量(forced vital capacity,FVC)、FEV_(1)下降率、最高呼气流量(peak expiratory flow,PEF)等,以及运动呼吸不适症状(呼吸困难、咳嗽等)的影响。采用卡方检验、独立样本t检验或重复测量方差分析对结果进行统计学检验。结果:干预后(T_(5)时),橘皮素组的嗜酸性粒细胞计数(P=0.049)、中性粒细胞计数(P=0.039)及IL-5(P=0.037)、IL-8(P=0.003)、IgE(P=0.011)水平较初始值(T_(1))显著下降,且IL-5(P=0.022)、IL-8(P=0.012)显著低于同期安慰剂组;橘皮素组的FEV_(1)(P<0.01)、FVC(P<0.01)、PEF(P=0.047)及MMF(P=0.039)显著高于首次支气管运动激发试验时(E_(1))的对应值,其中有6名EIB运动员在第2次支气管运动激发试验时(E_(3))转为EIB阴性,EIB整体转阴率为40%。另外,橘皮素组的咳嗽症状数量由9人降至3人,呼吸困难症状由4人降至2人。结论:橘皮素能有效抑制EIB运动员的呼吸道炎症,缓解运动呼吸不适症状,显著改善FEV_(1)、FVC等关键肺通气功能指标,使部分运动员由EIB阳性转为EIB阴性,具有良好的EIB治疗效果以及推广应用潜力。

非药物性干预策略在运动诱发性支气管痉挛防治中的应用进展

通过梳理国内外相关文献报道,对自我防护措施、营养膳食干预及运动环境调整等三大类运动诱发性支气管痉挛(exercise-induced bronchoconstriction,EIB)非药物性干预策略进行了整理、分析与归纳。结果表明,剧烈运动前进行适应性热身活动(高强度间歇或递增负荷运动等),运动中佩戴热湿交换防护面罩,运动后进行针对性的呼吸节奏练习,可有效降低运动员的EIB发病风险。在目前现有的营养膳食干预措施中,橘皮素、Omega-3脂肪酸及咖啡因等,均被证实可有效改善EIB运动员的多项肺通气功能指标,并使部分EIB阳性运动员转为阴性。在采用上述策略的同时,减少寒冷环境暴露,降低游泳馆池水和空气中氯化物的含量,尽量远离户外空气污染源等,也是降低运动员EIB发病风险的有效手段。建议深入探讨和分析不同专项特征、运动环境及膳食习惯运动员的EIB发病特点,并为其针对性地选择和使用非药物性干预策略,提供科学合理的建议。

High-intensity swimming alleviates nociception and neuroinflammation in a mouse model of chronic postischemia pain by activating the resolvin E1-chemerin receptor 23 axis in the spinal cord

Physical exe rcise effectively alleviates chronic pain associated with complex regional pain syndrome type-Ⅰ.However,the mechanism of exe rcise-induced analgesia has not been clarified.Recent studies have shown that the specialized pro-resolving lipid mediator resolvin E1 promotes relief of pathologic pain by binding to chemerin receptor 23 in the nervous system.However,whether the resolvin E1-chemerin receptor 23 axis is involved in exercise-induced analgesia in complex regional pain syndrome type-Ⅰ has not been demonstrated.In the present study,a mouse model of chronic post-ischemia pain was established to mimic complex regional pain syndrome type-Ⅰ and subjected to an intervention involving swimming at different intensities.Chronic pain was reduced only in mice that engaged in high-intensity swimming.The resolvin E1-chemerin receptor 23 axis was clearly downregulated in the spinal cord of mice with chronic pain,while high-intensity swimming restored expression of resolvin E1 and chemerin receptor 23.Finally,shRNA-mediated silencing of chemerin receptor 23in the spinal cord reve rsed the analgesic effect of high-intensity swimming exercise on chronic post-ischemic pain and the anti-inflammato ry pola rization of microglia in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.These findings suggest that high-intensity swimming can decrease chronic pain via the endogenous resolvin E1-chemerin receptor 23 axis in the spinal cord.

Levels of Fine Particle Concentrations in Schools and Postexercise Pulmonary Function Disorders in Schoolchildren in Brazzaville

Context: Fine particles (PM2.5 and PM10) can accumulate in classrooms and in schoolyards located near urban roads. PM2.5 and PM10 can initiate, develop and exacerbate exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB). This study aimed to assess the concentration levels of PM2.5 and PM10 in schools and to determine the rate of sensitivity to EIB among schoolchildren. Methods: A total of 128 students (67 girls and 61 boys) with an average age of 11 participated in this study. An ISAAC II questionnaire on respiratory symptoms was administered. PM2.5 and PM10 were measured. A 6-minute stress test was performed. Spirometry was performed. The ratio (I/O) of the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 recorded inside (I) the classrooms to those obtained outside (O) the classrooms was equal to 1 (I/O = 1). Results: The concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 recorded inside the classrooms and those obtained outside the classrooms were higher than the values recommended by the WHO. 29 students out of 128 were diagnosed as sensitive to EIB [EIB (+)], i.e., a rate of sensitivity to EIB of 22.66%. A drop in postexercise PEF of 17.396% was observed among EIB (+) students. Conclusion: Schoolchildren in schools located near highways are exposed to high levels of PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations. Exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 played an important role in the initiation and exacerbation of exercise-induced bronchospasm in schoolchildren from schools located near highways. Effective programs for improving air quality in schools must be put in place to reduce the effects of particulate pollution on the respiratory health of school children.

8周高原训练对竞走运动员运动诱发性支气管痉挛发病风险的影响

目的:探讨8周高原训练对竞走运动员运动诱发性支气管痉挛(EIB)发病风险的影响。方法:以43名专业竞走运动员为受试者,分别测试其在低海拔地区(T1)、8周高原训练初期(T2)以及末期(T3)3个阶段的肺功能、呼吸道炎症因子及上皮细胞损伤标记物等指标。结果:8周高原训练末期,(1)竞走运动员EIB的阳性率由高原训练初期的16.3%增至34.9%;(2)运动员整体的第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)下降率显著升高(T1(4.08±5.79)%vs T3(8.25±6.38)%,P=0.007),但是,男性运动员的变化不显著(T1(5.42±5.06)%vs T3(7.85±5.88)%,P=0.250),女性运动员的FEV1下降趋势更明显(T1(3.26±6.54)%vs T3(8.73±6.91)%,P=0.003);(3)嗜碱性粒细胞(P=0.002)、中性粒细胞(P<0.001)以及血清IL-6(P<0.001)等炎症因子水平显著升高,上皮细胞损伤标记物CC16(P=0.001)也显著增加。结论:高原训练会刺激呼吸道炎症产生,加剧气道上皮细胞损伤,导致FEV1下降率和EIB阳性率增加,增加了运动员EIB的发病风险;相比男性运动员,高原训练可能对女性运动员的影响更大,使其面临更高的EIB发病风险。

呼出气冷凝液标本用于检测运动时气道的健康状况

背景:运动是造成气道高水平氧化应激的重要诱因,精英运动员运动性哮喘和运动性支气管狭窄的发生与气道炎症有关。在运动和运动医学中,准确监测各种心理生理应激后的体内平衡扰动是必不可少的,探索非侵入性收集和分析生物标记物的方法,能够提供关于运动诱发的生理和心理应激的准确信息,显然具有重要的现实意义。目的:梳理总结使用呼出气冷凝液检测识别气道在激烈运动、比赛、过度训练时氧化应激水平、炎症反应程度及酸碱度的变化特征。方法:以“呼出气冷凝液,运动”“气道,氧化应激”“气道,炎症反应”“运动性支气管狭窄”“运动性哮喘”“exhaled breath condensate,exercise”“airway inflammation”“airway oxidative stress”“exercise-induced bronchoconstriction,EIB”“exercise-induced asthma,EIA”等关键词,在中国知网、百度学术、PubMed等数据库,检索1980年6月至2022年9月国内外有关检测健康人和呼吸系统疾病患者运动时气道健康状况的呼出气冷凝液中生物标志物应用的相关文献,进行梳理和总结,为构建运动人群气道健康的无创、便捷监控手段和保障奠定前期基础。结果与结论:(1)适度运动会升高不同人群呼出气冷凝液pH值,而重复剧烈运动可导致气道的酸化,运动导致呼出气冷凝液中促氧化剂水平的升高,且持续时间和强度与促氧化剂的生成有关。(2)特定环境(污染、低温、干燥和高原)下运动会升高气道的氧化应激水平和炎症程度。呼出气冷凝液中的细胞因子、炎症递质的升高和气道酸碱度的急性变化与运动性支气管狭窄的发生相关联。(3)鉴于临床上呼出气冷凝液技术在采样、处理、储存和数据分析方面存在的标准化问题,运动科学领域对这一技术的应用在标准化收集过程和处理过程及确定敏感检测指标时应建立与运动负荷和应激水平相对应的评价标准。

游泳运动员运动诱发支气管痉挛的可复性研究

目的:对比分析短期终止训练和持续大强度训练对游泳运动员气道反应性和肺通气功能的影响,结合分析相关炎性因子的变化,研究游泳运动员运动诱发支气管痉挛的可复性。方法:以36名青少年游泳运动员为研究对象,平均年龄15.97±1.1岁。其中,15名运动员终止训练或低强度恢复性训练为期2周,为实验组;选取同一教练组,正常强度训练的21名运动员为对照组。分别于2周前后进行肺功能测试和支气管激发试验。测试日晨起肘正中静脉采血,测试血常规及血清Ig E、IL-17。结果:1)首次测试,共检出13名运动员EIB阳性(36%),实验组5人(33%)、对照组8人(38%),组间比较无显著性差异;2)首次测试13名EIB阳性运动员中仅有5人出现哮喘类呼吸症状(EIA),实验组2人(13%)、对照组3人(14%),组间比较无显著性差异;3)停训2周后,实验组3名EIB阳性运动员转为阴性,EIB检出率显著低于对照组(20%vs.48%,P<0.05);实验组运动员支气管激发试验FEV1下降百分比显著降低(10.53±8.19 vs.8.35±5.24,P<0.05),而肺功能参数MEF50%显著升高(88.69±27.01 vs.91.13±26.93,P<0.05);4)停训2周后,实验组运动员静脉血中性粒细胞计数(3.47±1.06 vs.3.13±0.97,P<0.05)和中性粒细胞百分比(55.31±7.60 vs.51.25±8.31,P<0.05)均显著降低,静脉血中性粒细胞计数显著低于对照组(3.13±0.97 vs.3.39±0.91,P<0.05);中性粒细胞计数同支气管激发试验FEV1下降百分比之间相关性不显著(r=0.323,P>0.05);实验组运动员血清IL-17含量显著降低(0.98±0.21 vs.0.83±0.10,P<0.05),而血清Ig E未发生显著变化。结论:1)游泳运动员EIB具有可复性,短期终止训练在一定程度上可以促进EIB的恢复;2)EIB阳性运动员多无哮喘类主观症状,支气管激发试验的客观证据是明确诊断的必要条件。

Effects of electroacupuncture on HPA axis in rats with exercise-induced immunosuppression

Objective To observe modulatory effects of electroacupuncture （EA） on hypothalamus-pituitary adrenal （HPA） axis, thymus-exponent （TE）, γ-IFN and interleukin-2 （IL-2） in rats with exercise-induced immunosuppression. Methods Forty-three SD rats were randomly, by using digits, divided into three groups： group A, B and C. Group A （n=10） was taken as a control group. Rats in group B （n=17） accepted intense swimming exercise for 150 min each time, 6 times each week for 8 weeks. Rats in group C （n=16） accepted EA intervention following each swimming since the second week of swimming exercise with the same duration and times as those in group B. The indices reflecting functional states of the HPA axis such as hypothalamic corticotropin releasing hormone （CRH）, plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone （ACTH）, corticosterone （CORT） etc. and changes in TE, serum γ-IFN, and IL-2 were determined. Results （1） Compared with group A, the values of ACTH and CORT in group B significantly increased （P〈0.01, P〈0.05）, but no significant differences were found in group C （both P〉0.05） though they were somewhat elevated. Compared with group A, CRH values increased by 85.14% in group B and decreased by 64.09% in group C, respectively, but both differences were without statistical significance （both P〉0.05）. Serum IL-2, γ-IFN and TE values in group B were significantly lower than those in group A（P〈0.05, P〈0.01 ）, among which γ-IFN decreased by 32.19%. The values of IL-2, γ-IFN and TE in group C tended to reduce but without significance, compared with group A. （2） Compared with group B, ACTH value in group C was very significantly lowered than that in group B （P〈0.01）, and CRH value was lower while CORT value was higher than those in group B but without significance （both P〉0.05）. The values of TE and γ-IFN in group C were significantly higher than those in group B （P〈0.01, P〈0.05）. Conclusion （1） Long-term of intense exercise induces accentuation of functions of the HPA axis and sustained high level of CORT, resulting in neuroendocrine disturbance and inhibition of immune functions. （2） EA provides favorable modulation on long-term of intense exercise-induced lowering of immune function and on the HPA axis.

Advances of studies on relieving of exercise-induced fatigue by transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation

The occurrence of exercise-induced fatigue can be delayed and exercise endurance can be strengthened by removing lactic acid, decreasing serum creatine kinase, elevating hemoglobin, maintaining blood glucose, eliminating free radical, regulating amino acid metabolism and retaining heart rate with transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation （TEAS）. Problems in the above researching field are generalized in this paper. For instance, the point selection is relatively simple; the selection of wave band, frequency and duration during the application of TEAS apparatus are not unified; and observation indices mainly remained in the aspect of biochemistry. It also prospects the future directions of TEAS relieving exercise-induced fatigue including selecting acupuncture point by differentiation of symptoms and signs, setting uniform standards for TEAS, and studying the mechanisms of TEAS relieving exercise-induced fatigue by testing gonadal axis, adrenal axis, gene and protein .

速激肽受体拮抗剂对白三烯C_4诱导豚鼠气道收缩和微血管渗漏的作用

本实验探讨了内源性速激肽是否参与白三烯Ｃ４（ＬＴＣ４）的气道效应．ＬＴＣ４（０．５μｇｋｇ－１，ｉｖ）可增高豚鼠肺内压（ＩＰＰ）和气道内依文思蓝渗出。速激肽ＮＫ－１受体拮抗剂ＣＰ－９６３４５｛（２Ｓ，３Ｓ）－顺式－２－（二苯甲基）－Ｎ－［（２－甲氧苯）－甲基］－１－杂氮双环［２．２．２］辛烷－３－胺｝１ｍｇｋｇ－１，ｉｖ，可减弱ＬＴＣ４诱导的依文思蓝渗出；ＮＫ－２受体拮抗剂ＳＲ－４８９６８｛（Ｓ）－Ｎ－甲基－Ｎ－［４－（４－乙酰氨基－４－苯基哌啶）－２－（３，４－二氯苯基）丁基］苯甲酰胺｝，１ｍｇｋｇ－１，ｉｖ，可抑制ＩＰＰ的增高．白三烯拮抗剂ＯＮＯ－１０７８（０．０３ｍｇｋｇ－１，ｉｖ）可阻断这两种反应．结果说明内源性速激肽增强ＬＴＣ４的气道作用，其中ＮＫ－１受体介导微血管渗漏，ＮＫ－２受体介导支气管收缩．