废气入射管道参数对缸内EGR分层的影响

为了在某款摩托车汽油机缸内实现废气再循环(exhaust gas recirculation,EGR)分层以减少泵气损失,降低NOx排放,将原有的进气旁通系统改造为EGR系统,使用GT-POWER模型求解出3000 r/min、60 mg进气量工况下废气入射管道以及进排气道的边界条件和初始条件,并将这些条件导入发动机的CONVERGE模型中进行计算,通过对比不同废气入射管径、不同安装角度、不同安装距离条件下的缸内流动特性、缸内速度场以及缸内废气质量分数分布,确定了最佳废气入射管道参数。结果表明:在3000 r/min、60 mg进气量工况下,当废气入射管径为5 mm,入射角度为17.5°,安装距离为22 mm时,气缸内能实现EGR分层。

Effect of exhaust gas recirculation and intake pre-heating on performance and emission characteristics of dual fuel engines at part loads

Achieving simultaneous reduction of NOx,CO and unburned hydrocarbon(UHC) emissions without compromising engine performance at part loads is the current focus of dual fuel engine research.The present work focuses on an experimental investigation conducted on a dual fuel(diesel-natural gas) engine to examine the simultaneous effect of inlet air pre-heating and exhaust gas recirculation(EGR) ratio on performance and emission characteristics at part loads.The use of EGR at high levels seems to be unable to improve the engine performance at part loads.However,it is shown that EGR combined with pre-heating of inlet air can slightly increase thermal efficiency,resulting in reduced levels of both unburned hydrocarbon and NOx emissions.CO and UHC emissions are reduced by 24% and 31%,respectively,The NOx emissions decrease by 21% because of the lower combustion temperature due to the much inert gas brought by EGR and decreased oxygen concentration in the cylinder.

Combustion and emission characteristics of diesel/n-butanol blends with split-injection and exhaust gas recirculation stratification

Oxygen fuels have broad application prospects and great potential for realizing efficient and clean combustion,and hence this study applies diesel/n-butanol blends to explore the influence of split-injection strategy on combustion and emission characteristics.Simultaneously,changing the way of exhaust gas recirculation(EGR)gas introduction forms uneven in-cylinder components distribution,and utilizing EGR stratification optimizes the combustion process and allows better emission results.The results show that the split-injection strategy can reduce the NO_(x)emissions and keep smoke opacity low compared with the single injection,but the rise in accumulation mode particles is noticeable.NO_(x)emissions show an upward trend as the injection interval expands,while soot emissions are significantly reduced.The increase in pre-injection proportion causes the apparent low-temperature heat release,and the two-stage heat release can be observed during the process of main combustion heat release.More pre-injection mass makes NO_(x)gradually increase,but smoke opacity reaches the lowest point at 15%pre-injection proportion.EGR stratification can optimize the emission results under the split injection strategy,especially the considerable suppression of accumulation mode particulate emissions.Above all,fuel stratification coupled with EGR stratification is beneficial for further realizing the in-cylinder purification of pollutants.

Collaborative optimization of exhaust gas recirculation and Miller cycle of two-stage turbocharged marine diesel engines based on particle swarm optimization

To meet increasingly stringent emission standards and lower the brake-specific fuel consumption(BSFC)of marine engines,a collaborative optimization study of exhaust gas recirculation(EGR)and a Miller cycle coupled turbocharging system was carried out.In this study,a one-dimensional numerical model of the EGR,Miller cycle,and adjustable two-stage turbocharged engine based on WeiChai 6170 marine diesel engine was established.The particle swarm optimization algorithm was used to achieve multi-input and multi-objective comprehensive optimization,and the effects of EGR-coupled Miller regulation and high-pressure turbine bypass regulation on NO_(x)and BSFC were investigated.The results showed that a medium EGR rate-coupled medium Miller degree was better for the comprehensive optimization of NO_(x)and BSFC.At medium EGR rate and low turbine bypass rates,NO_(x)and BSFC were relatively balanced and acceptable.Finally,an optimal steady-state control strategy under full loads was proposed.With an increase in loads,the optimized turbine bypass rate and Miller degree gradually increased.Compared with the EGRonly system,the optimal system of EGR and Miller cycle coupled turbine bypass reduced NO_(x)by 0.87 g/(kW·h)and BSFC by 17.19 g/(kW·h)at 100%load.Therefore,the EGR and Miller cycle coupled adjustable two-stage turbocharging achieves NO_(x)and BSFC optimization under full loads.

船用柴油机涡轮辅助EGR系统多参数优化匹配研究

为获得柴油机、排气再循环(EGR)系统和涡轮增压系统的耦合优化匹配运行规律,以SC7H两级增压柴油机为研究对象,在GT-Power软件中搭建并校核原机一维模型,并进一步建立了涡轮辅助EGR两级增压柴油机一维模型。针对涡轮辅助EGR与两级增压耦合系统的匹配问题,提出了基于过量空气系数λ和EGR率需求的三步骤匹配计算流程。匹配规律显示:高/EGR涡轮匹配流量比和高/低压级压比比基本呈线性关系,涡轮辅助EGR进排气压差随压比比增大先增加后减小,在压比比为1附近取最优,比高压EGR高35.35 kPa,涡轮辅助EGR具有更优的泵气过程。建立全连接神经网络优化代理模型并采用NSGAⅡ算法开展耦合系统多参数多目标优化研究。结果显示:涡轮辅助EGR具有更优的BSFC和NOx排放效果,在TierⅢ的加权NOx排放限值条件下,涡轮辅助EGR可调两级增压系统的全负荷加权油耗比传统高压EGR可调两级增压系统低5.20 g/(kW·h)。

EFFECTS OF COOLED EXTERNAL EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION ON DIESEL HOMOGENEOUS CHARGE COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE

The effects of cooled external exhaust gas recirculation （EGR） on the combustion and emission performance of diesel fuel homogeneous charge compression ignition （HCCI） are studied. Homogeneous mixture is formed by injecting fuel in-cylinder in the negative valve overlap （NVO） period. So, the HCCI combustion which has low NOx and smoke emission is achieved. Cooled external EGR can delay the start of combustion effectively, which is very useful for high cetane fuel （diesel） HCCI, because these fuels can easily self-ignition, which makes the start of combustion more early. External EGR can avoid the knock combustion of HCCI at high load which means that the EGR can expand the high load limit. HCCI maintains low smoke emission at various EGR rate and various load compared with conventional diesel engine because there is no fuel-rich area in cylinder.

Effects of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on the Homogeneous Charge Combustion Process of n-Heptane at Different Load Conditions

Effects of exhaust gas recirculation （EGR） on homogeneous charge combustion of n-heptane was studied through simulation and experiment. Experiments were carried out in a single cylinder, four-stroke, air cooled engine and a single cylinder, two-stroke, water cooled engine. In the four-stroke engine, experiments of the effects of EGR were examined using heated N2 addition as a surrogate for external EGR and modifying engine to increase internal EGR. The ignition timing was sensitive to EGR due to thermal and chemical effects. EGR or extra air is a key factor in eliminating knock during mid-load conditions. For higher load operation the only way to avoid knock is to control reaction timing through the use of spark ignition. Experimental and modeling results from the two-stroke engine show that auto-ignition can be avoided by increasing the engine speed. The two-stroke engine experiments indicate that high levels of internal EGR can enable spark ignition at lean conditions. At higher load conditions, increasing the engine speed is an effective method to control transition from homogeneous charge compression ignition （HCCI） operation to non-HCCI operation and successful spark ignition of a highly dilute mixture can avoid serious knock.

EGR系统脉冲转换器的理论分析与研究

随着燃油消耗法规和排放标准的日益严格,许多新技术被应用到发动机上,在发动机上应用排气再循环(EGR)技术已成为主要技术路线之一。在EGR系统的基础上,首先阐述了EGR系统和脉冲转换器的工作原理,分析了EGR系统的特点;然后结合脉冲转换器的特性,提出了利用脉冲转换器提高EGR率。根据仿真分析和试验论证脉冲转换器对提升发动机EGR率和降低发动机燃油消耗率的效果。

Analysis of Non-Selective Catalyst Reduction Performance with Dedicated Exhaust Gas Recirculation

Rich burn industrial natural gas engines offer best in class post catalyst emissions by using a non-selective catalyst reduction aftertreatment technology. However, they operate with reduced power density when compared to lean burn engines. Dedicated exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) offers a possible pathway for rich burn engines to use non-selective catalyst reduction aftertreatment technology without sacrificing power density. In order to achieve best in class post catalyst emissions, the precious metals and washcoat of a non-selective catalyst must be designed according to the expected exhaust composition of an engine. In this work, a rich burn industrial natural gas engine operating with dedicated EGR was paired with a commercially available non-selective catalyst. At rated brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) the air-fuel ratio was swept between rich and lean conditions to compare the catalyst reduction efficiency and post catalyst emissions of rich burn and dedicated EGR combustion. It was found that due to low oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions across the entire air-fuel ratio range, dedicated EGR offers a much larger range of air-fuel ratios where low regulated emissions can be met. Low engine out NOx also points towards a possibility of using an oxidation catalyst rather than a non-selective catalyst for dedicated EGR applications. The location of the NOx-CO tradeoff was shifted to more rich conditions using dedicated EGR.

Thermodynamic Performance Analysis of E/F/H-Class Gas Turbine Combined Cycle with Exhaust Gas Recirculation and Inlet/Variable Guide Vane Adjustment under Part-Load Conditions

Exhaust gas recirculation control(EGRC),an inlet air heating technology,can be utilized in combination with inlet/variable guide vane control(IGV/VGVC) and fuel flow control(FFC) to regulate the load,thereby effectively improving the part-load(i.e.,off-design) performance of the gas turbine combined cycle(GTCC).In this study,the E-,F-,and H-Class EGR-GTCC design and off-design system models were established and validated to perform a comparative analysis of the part-load performance under the EGR-IGV-FFC and conventional IGV-FFC strategies in the E/F/H-Class GTCC.Results show that EGR-IGV-FFC has considerable potential for the part-load performance enhancement and can show a higher combined cycle efficiency than IGV-FFC in the E-,F-,and H-Class GTCCs.However,the part-load performance improvement in the corresponding GTCC was weakened for the higher class of the gas turbine because of the narrower load range of EGR action and the deterioration of the gas turbine performance.Furthermore,EGR-IGV-FFC was inferior to IGV-FFC in improving the performance at loads below 50% for the H-Class GTCC.The results obtained in this paper could help guide the application of EGR-IGV-FFC to enhance the part-load performance of various classes of GTCC systems.

EGR冷却器换热特性研究

废气再循环(exhaust gas recirculation)是降低柴油机尾气排放中的氮氧化物(NOX)以及降低天然气发动机爆震的一项非常有效的措施,在废气再循环中,EGR冷却器是其中的一个关键零部件。本文在发动机试验台架上研究了EGR冷却器进水流量、EGR冷却器进水温度、EGR冷却器进气温度以及EGR冷却器进气流量对EGR冷却器出气温度的影响,以便为发动机匹配最合适的EGR冷却器。试验结果表明:水流量变化对EGR冷却器的出气温度不敏感,发动机无法使用减少或者增加水流量的方法来降低或者提高EGR冷却器的出气温度;EGR冷却器的进水温度每增加1℃,EGR冷却器的出气温度升高0.9℃;EGR冷却器的进气温度每升高10℃,EGR冷却器的出气温度升高0.7℃;EGR冷却器的进气流量每升高10kg/h,EGR冷却器的出气温度升高1.2℃。

柴油微引燃双燃料发动机燃烧及排放特性研究

为改善柴油微引燃双燃料发动机的燃烧过程、经济性及排放特性,通过数值仿真方法研究了大负荷工况下喷油策略、废气再循环(Exhaust Gas Recirculation,EGR)及进气门晚关(Late Intake Valve Closing,LIVC)对柴油微引燃双燃料发动机缸内燃烧及排放特性的影响。结果显示:随着预喷时刻提前,缸压和放热率峰值降低,NO_(x)排放量降低,但预喷时刻过早导致缸内燃烧状况恶化,热效率下降。随着主喷时刻提前,缸压和放热率峰值先升高后逐渐降低,碳烟、碳氢化合物(Hydrocarbon,HC)和CO排放量先逐渐降低后略微升高,NO_(x)排放量先增多后减少;燃烧相位受主喷时刻的影响较大,合理调节主喷时刻可有效控制天然气/柴油反应活性控制压燃(Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition,RCCI)燃烧相位和污染物排放。随着EGR率增加,缸压及放热率峰值减小,缸内温度降低,燃烧相位推迟,有利于发动机向更高负荷范围拓展。当进气门晚关角度为0时,EGR率从32%增至48%,NO_(x)排放量下降66.21%;当EGR率大于40%后,碳烟、HC和CO排放量随EGR率增加而急剧升高。随着LIVC增大,缸压峰值和放热率峰值显著下降,指示热效率和NO_(x)排放量逐渐降低,碳烟、HC和CO排放量增加。在大负荷工况下,采用合适的主喷时刻、较小的LIVC耦合较低的EGR率可提高发动机的热效率,维持NO_(x)排放量较低的同时能有效减少碳烟、HC和CO排放量。

超高压缩比混动专用发动机的爆震控制研究

为抑制混动发动机爆震现象,基于超高压缩比混动发动机,建立计算流体力学(CFD)模型,通过台架试验分析发动机子系统及控制参数对爆震的影响。结果表明:提高进气道滚流比可实现快速燃烧;提升燃烧室加工精度可改善燃烧一致性;缸体、缸盖分离式冷却可实现分区温度智能调节;增加挡水板可降低金属温度;对于该发动机最大有效热效率点,降低废气再循环(EGR)系统压损,可使EGR率达到25%;高温环境下,需对发动机有效压缩比及出水温度进行精确控制。

EGR的热效应和稀释效应对柴油机燃烧和排放的影响

以改进的KIVA-3V程序为计算平台,在转速为1,600,r/min,每循环喷油量为52.8,mg工况下,分别进行了EGR的热效应和稀释效应对柴油机燃烧和排放影响的数值模拟.结果表明,EGR的热效应对滞燃期影响较大,而稀释效应成为制约最高爆发压力和缸内温度的主要因素,且随着氧气体积分数的降低,热效应对最高爆发压力的影响增强;EGR导致碳烟排放增加是由于EGR的稀释效应,低温燃烧时碳烟排放的降低是EGR的稀释效应和热效应相互作用的结果;相比稀释效应,EGR的热效应是实现低温燃烧的主要因素,高进气热容更易改善NOx和碳烟排放的折衷关系.

不同增压方式下EGR对高压共轨柴油机燃烧和排放的影响

在一台电控高压共轨柴油机上,采用单级增压、两级增压和可变几何截面增压3种增压方式,进行了高压冷却废气再循环(EGR)的燃烧与排放试验研究.结果表明,柴油机采用可变几何截面增压时,涡前与进气压差较低,泵气损失小,具有良好的燃油经济性;大负荷、等EGR率情况下,单级增压、两级增压和可变几何截面增压的缸内最大爆发压力和主燃烧期的瞬时放热率依次增加,燃烧持续期缩短.随着EGR率的增加,可变几何截面增压器的进气压力增加,导致缸内爆发压力保持较高值,两级增压和可变几何截面增压的烟度和CO排放较单级增压大幅度降低,并能明显改善NOx排放和烟度之间的trade-off关系;中小负荷时,单级增压的HC排放最高,两级增压的缸内最大爆发压力最大,但CO排放最低,可变几何截面增压的燃烧相位较单级增压和两级增压有所推迟,预混燃烧比例增加,烟度下降.

EGR率对ZS195柴油机性能和排放的影响

为了降低ZS195柴油机的NOX排放,文章研究了不同EGR率对ZS195柴油机性能和排放的影响。试验结果表明,EGR技术可以有效降低NOX排放,负荷较大时更为明显,但CO、HC和烟度排放有所增加;EGR技术可以降低缸内峰值压力和峰值压力升高率,改善柴油机的工作粗暴性;EGR技术对ZS195柴油机的动力性有一定的不良影响,对经济性的影响较小,小负荷时经济性还略有改善;高负荷时,EGR技术会降低ZS195柴油机的经济性,HC、CO和烟度排放也会增加,必须对大负荷时的EGR率进行限制。

高/低压EGR对汽油机和增压器影响的试验研究

在一款涡轮增压汽油缸内直喷(gasoline direct injection,GDI)汽油机上进行了高压(HP)废气再循环(exhaust gas recirculation,EGR)和低压(LP)EGR对发动机和增压器性能影响的试验研究。分别对比了HP EGR和LP EGR系统在外特性和部分负荷工况对发动机燃烧、油耗、进排气的影响及增压器相应的工况变化,并分析了出现这些变化的原因。结果表明,汽油机EGR系统能够优化缸内燃烧,减少泵气损失,从而降低油耗。低压EGR系统在部分负荷工况热效率比高压EGR更高,主要原因为低压EGR系统的涡轮增压器可利用的尾气能量更多,且进入发动机的废气温度较低,能进一步优化缸内燃烧。

引射式EGR系统文丘里管内流动数值模拟分析

研究了采用文丘里管引射方式的增压柴油机EGR系统及结构,按照增压柴油机EGR系统工作原理,运用CFD-Fluent对文丘里管在不同EGR率引射情况下的内部流动进行了三维数值模拟,对文丘里管内空气与EGR废气形成的混合气的流场状态、速度场、压力场参数进行了分析。计算结果表明:EGR率对文丘里管压缩段前的初始压力恢复效果有较大影响,EGR率引射量越大,压力恢复效果越差,为了满足大EGR率的要求,应减小文丘里管扩压角,混合段喉口直径和EGR引射口直径可以适当增大,引射口的数量也可适当增加。

具有自动控制功能的柴油机EGR系统的研制

研究了与柴油机匹配的电控废气再循环系统,进行了电控EGR系统中的部分硬件、硬件电路设计和软件的编写,EGR的实现方式和EGR系统与柴油机匹配的问题。试验用柴油机在使用了自行设计的电控EGR系统后,实现了整个转速、负荷范围内EGR率的自动控制。13工况排放测试结果表明:采用EGR系统,NOx排放降低26.7%、微粒总量和HC排放几乎不变、CO排放上升15.5%。

冷EGR对DME PCCI-DI发动机燃烧和排放特性影响的试验研究

PCCI-DI是一种部分预混充量压缩着火和燃料直接喷射燃烧的组合工作方式,可有效降低发动机的NOx排放,但其在高负荷工作时易受到爆震影响,导致发动机功率下降,排放恶化。为此,开展了冷EGR对DME PCCI-DI发动机燃烧和排放特性影响的试验研究。结果表明:随着EGR率的增加,缸内最高燃烧压力下降,主燃烧期推迟并略有延长,NOx排放下降,但较大的EGR率会导致PCCI-DI发动机HC和CO排放迅速升高。采用冷EGR在一定程度上可以改善PCCI-DI发动机的燃烧过程,拓宽发动机的工作范围。