Advances in traction methods for endoscopic submucosal dissection:What is the best traction method and traction direction?

Endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD)has been developed as a treatment for superficial gastrointestinal neoplasms,which can achieve en bloc resection regardless of the lesion size.However,ESD is technically difficult because endoscopists cannot bring their hand into the gastrointestinal tract,unlike surgeons in regular surgery.It is difficult to obtain sufficient tension in the dissection plane and a good field of vision.Therefore,ESD is associated with a long procedure time and a high risk of adverse events in comparison with endoscopic mucosal resection.Traction methods have been developed to provide sufficient tension for the dissection plane and a good field of vision during the ESD procedure.However,traction direction is limited in most traction methods,resulting in insufficient effect in some cases.Although traction direction is considered important,there have been few investigations of its effect.In the first half of this review,important traction methods are discussed,including traction direction.In second half,appropriate traction methods for each organ are considered.Other important considerations for traction method,such as ability to adjust traction strength,interference between traction device and endoscope,and the need for specialized devices are also discussed.

Cooling System Design Optimization of an Enclosed PM Traction Motor for Subway Propulsion Systems

This paper presents the design optimization of a self-circulated ventilation system for an enclosed permanent magnet(PM)traction motor utilized in the propulsion systems for subway trains.In order to analyze accurately the machine's inherent cooling capacity when the train is running,the ambient airflow and the related heat transfer coefficient(HTC)are numerically investigated considering synchronously the bogie installation structure.The machine is preliminary cooled with air ducts set on the motor shell,and the fluidic-thermal field distributions with only the shell air duct cooling are numerically calculated.During simulations,the HTC obtained in the former steps is applied to the external surface of the machine to model the inherent cooling characteristic caused by the train movement.To reduce the temperature rise and thus guarantee the motor's working reliability,an internal self-circulated air cooling system is proposed according to the machine temperature distribution.The air enclosed in the end-caps is driven by the blades mounted on both sides of the rotor core and forms two air circuits to bring the excessive power losses generated in the heating components to cool regions.The fluid flow and temperature rise distributions of the cooling system's structural parameters are further improved by the Taguchi method in order to confirm the efficacy of the internal air cooling system.

A Straightforward Direct Traction Boundary Integral Method for Two-Dimensional Crack Problems Simulation of Linear Elastic Materials

This paper presents a direct traction boundary integral equation method(DTBIEM)for two-dimensional crack problems of materials.The traction boundary integral equation was collocated on both the external boundary and either side of the crack surfaces.The displacements and tractions were used as unknowns on the external boundary,while the relative crack opening displacement(RCOD)was chosen as unknowns on either side of crack surfaces to keep the single-domain merit.Only one side of the crack surfaces was concerned and needed to be discretized,thus the proposed method resulted in a smaller system of algebraic equations compared with the dual boundary element method(DBEM).A new set of crack-tip shape functions was constructed to represent the strain field singularity exactly,and the SIFs were evaluated by the extrapolation of the RCOD.Numerical examples for both straight and curved cracks are given to validate the accuracy and efficiency of the presented method.

顺势而为——三星堆博物馆新馆电气设计

三星堆博物馆新馆电气设计以对博物馆展陈最小干预,平衡建筑功能和其他专业需求,兼顾电气装置能源效率为原则,在分析项目前期调研情况和用电需求基础上,从电气机房选址、供配电系统设计、展陈配合、防雷接地系统等方面介绍三星堆博物馆新馆如何根据园区现状、建筑布局、电气系统特点,进行顺势而为的电气设计。

Effect of Sliding／Rolling Ratio on the Temperature Distribution and Traction Coefficient of Line Contact Thermal EHL of Helical Gears

By using multi-grid method, the simultaneous Reynolds, elasticily, film-thickness,rheology, energy and thermal interface temperature equations are solved, and the numerical solution of line-ontact thermal EHL is successfully obtained and presented in this paper.In addition, the influence of sliding/rolling ratio on the distribution of temperature within the film and on the solid surface. minimum film thickness and traction coefficient are also studied. The results show that the influence of temperature on film thickness is significant and unnegligible, All mentioned above may provide a basis for further investigation of thermal EHL of helical gears.

基于RPC的光储接入牵引供电系统协调控制方法

为将光伏发电接入牵引供电系统进行有效利用,同时兼顾牵引供电系统电能质量改善及列车再生制动能量回收利用,提出了一种基于铁路功率调节器的光储系统接入牵引供电系统的协调控制方法.首先,搭建基于铁路功率调节器的光储系统接入牵引供电拓扑结构,并对其电能质量补偿机理进行理论分析;在此基础上,充分考虑光储系统的运行条件以及列车牵引、制动、空载或惰行工况,提出光储系统接入牵引供电的联合协调控制方法,实现了“光+储+荷”三者间的协调控制、牵引供电系统负序的动态补偿以及谐波的有效抑制;在RT-Lab实时仿真系统中建立了基于铁路功率调节器的光伏接入牵引供电系统仿真模型,并结合实际光照和牵引工况数据验证本文所提出的系统结构以及协调控制方法的有效性.结果表明:本文所提出的系统结构以及协调控制方法能够实现牵引供电系统中光储系统的有效接入,再生制动能量回收率提升至86.7%,功率因数提升6.4%,对谐波特别是高次谐波含有率有较大改善,满足光伏电能高效消纳及综合利用、电能质量动态综合补偿、再生制动能量回收多重需求.

Analysis of Temperature Rise in High-Speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Traction Motors by Coupling the Equivalent Thermal Circuit Method and Computational Fluid Dynamics

To solve the problem of temperature rise caused by the high power density of high-speed permanent magnet synchronous traction motors,the temperature rise of various components in the motor is analyzed by coupling the equivalent thermal circuit method and computational fluid dynamics.Also,a cooling strategy is proposed to solve the problem of temperature rise,which is expected to prolong the service life of these devices.First,the theoretical bases of the approaches used to study heat transfer and fluid mechanics are discussed,then the fluid flow for the considered motor is analyzed,and the equivalent thermal circuit method is introduced for the calculation of the temperature rise.Finally,the stator,rotor loss,motor temperature rise,and the proposed cooling method are also explored through experiments.According to the results,the stator temperature at 50,000 r/min and 60,000 r/min at no-load operation is 68℃ and 76℃,respectively.By monitoring the temperature of the air outlets inside and outside the motor at different speeds,it is also found that the motor reaches a stable temperature rise after 65 min of operation.Coupling of the thermal circuit method and computational fluid dynamics is a strategy that can provide the average temperature rise of each component and can also comprehensively calculate the temperature of each local point.We conclude that a hybrid cooling strategy based on axial air cooling of the inner air duct of the motor and water cooling of the stator can meet the design requirements for the ventilation and cooling of this type of motors.

基于共旋坐标法的钢悬链线立管管土作用数值分析

为分析钢悬链立管(SCR)在顶部浮体小范围垂降、侧向漂移运动下的立管触地段垂向、侧向管土作用,将立管初始贯入海床及侧向移动过程作为准静态问题,在共旋坐标框架内建立三维有限梁单元模型,并耦合p-y加载曲线模拟立管初始贯入海床过程,并对比了线性、双线性及非线性管土模型在计算管土响应上的差异,分析了立管顶部水平牵引载荷、海流作用及土体抗剪强度对立管触地段垂向管土作用的影响,进一步研究了浮体小范围漂移工况下的侧向牵引力、土体特性参数对立管触地段侧向、垂向组合的管土作用影响。结果表明:在共旋坐标框架下,非线性管土模型对立管贯入海床的响应模拟更准确;顶部水平牵引力及海流流速增大,均会导致立管贯入海床深度及垂向土阻力减小;土体抗剪强度增大导致立管贯入深度减小但垂向及侧向土阻力增大;顶部浮体侧向牵引力增大致使立管触地段的侧向位移及土阻力增大,但垂向土阻力减小;侧向摩擦系数的增大可显著提高立管触地段的侧向稳定性。本文所述共旋坐标法利用刚体与变形解耦的特性高效求解了立管全局运动及触地段的管土作用,为立管与海床作用研究提供了参考。

THEORETICAL RELATIONS OF BOUNDARY DISPLACEMENT DERIVATIVES AND TRACTIONS AT SINGULAR BOUNDARY POINT FOR 2D ISOTROPIC ELASTIC PROBLEMS

Although boundary displacement and traction are independent field variables in boundary conditions of an elasticity problem at a non-singular boundary point, there exist definite relations of singularity intensities between boundary displacement derivatives and tractions at a singular boundary point. The analytical forms of the relations at a singular smooth point for 2D isotropic elastic problems have been established in this work. By using the relations, positions of the singular boundary points and the corresponding singularity intensities of the unknown boundary field variables can be determined a priori. Therefore, more appropriate shape functions of the unknown boundary field variables in singular elements can be constructed. A numerical example shows that the accuracy of the BEM analysis using the developed theory is greatly increased.

反拉式顶管法施工联络通道对地铁盾构隧道力学性能影响

为探究采用反拉式顶管法施工盾构隧道联络通道过程中主隧道的力学响应机制,依托北京地铁某盾构区间,建立模拟联络通道施工过程的有限元模型,通过与现场监测数据对比验证模型的准确性。继而研究联络通道施工对主隧道管片间错台位移、特殊管片应力及变形、螺栓受力的影响,并分析反力模式对主隧道管片力学特性的影响。结果表明:1)始发管片破除对主隧道力学性能影响较大,随着联络通道进一步开挖,主隧道受力和变形缓慢增大。2)管片间最大错台位移为1.17 mm,发生在特殊管片与普通管片接缝底部。特殊管片最大拉应力为18.6 MPa,出现在开口的顶、底部;最大压应力为27.0 MPa,出现在开口的腰部;最大横向扩张位移和竖向收敛位移分别为2.13 mm和4.56 mm。主隧道管片环间螺栓最大拉应力为213 MPa。3)背推式反力模式更利于控制开口处的横、竖向位移,反拉式反力模式更利于控制开口对面管片应力变形及其接缝处错动位移。

土壤对军用越野车辆机动性能影响分析

在软地面上的机动性能是军用高机动性越野车辆的主要性能之一,对于其野外作业有重要的战略意义。为了探究不同类型松软土壤地面路况对越野车辆机动性能的影响,基于离散元法对土壤进行建模,通过土壤堆积角测试试验以及土壤圆锥指数试验进行土壤刚度对标测试。通过DEM-MBD联合仿真方法,利用精确的土壤模型,对不可压缩干燥土壤、不可压缩湿润土壤、可压缩干燥土壤、可压缩湿润土壤4种不同类型土壤进行仿真分析,通过对比越野车辆平均速度、牵引力、驱动扭矩、轮胎沉陷量,探究土壤类型对越野车辆机动性能的影响。越野车在湿润土壤上比在干燥土壤上牵引力减少了6.98%,在不可压缩土壤上的稳定行驶速度比在可压缩土壤上稳定行驶速度高34.2%,在湿润的土壤路面上速度更加稳定。研究成果弥补了国内车辆地面力学领域土壤对整车机动性影响的空白,可为军车野外复杂地形(如沙地、雪地、泥泞等)作战时选择最优的行驶路面,提高作战效率。

我国文化创意产品设计的文献综述研究

本文以文创产品设计在我国具有重要地位为研究背景,基于文献计量和内容分析法对我国文创产品设计相关文献研究中的内容、最新理论方法与技术进行系统梳理,探究我国文创产品设计研究现状和未来发展趋势。本研究最终得出以下结论:博物馆文创产品在故宫文创设计的带领下正在不断突破,积极打造独具特色的文创产品设计;图书馆文创产品设计未来发展前景广阔;文创产品与我国传统文化在融合中创新发展;传统村落文创产品设计研究迫在眉睫;文创产品设计研究新方法与技术不断涌现,这些极具价值的研究为我国文创产品设计发展奠定了坚实基础。

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸主胸弯悬吊位和矫形术后Cobb角分布差异分析

目的分析Lenke 1型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(AIS)患者主胸弯Cobb角分布特征,以及不同节段间悬吊牵引法测得的柔韧性、矫正率、矫正指数的差异。方法纳入2015年1月至2018年12月于海军军医大学(第二军医大学)第一附属医院行一期脊柱侧凸后路三维矫形融合内固定术的48例Lenke 1型AIS患者。将主胸弯分为近段(T_(5)~T_(7)或T_(6)~T_(8))、中段(T_(7)~T_(9)或T_(8)~T_(10))、远段(T_(9)~T_(11)或T_(10)~T_(12)),并测量各段的Cobb角。计算不同节段的侧弯柔韧性、矫正率和矫正指数(术后矫正率/术前侧弯柔韧性)。采用随机区组的方差分析进行统计学分析。结果患者术前平均年龄为(14.31±2.24)岁,总Cobb角为(51.25±11.86)°,平均Risser分级为2.88±1.93;术后平均随访时间为(38.75±8.82)个月。术前近段Cobb角与远段Cobb角相似[(13.31±5.10)°vs(13.94±5.67)°,P=0.757],中段Cobb角[(24.00±5.61)°]大于近段及远段Cobb角(均P<0.001)。术前近段、中段、远段Cobb角占总Cobb角的比例分别为(25.72±7.97)%、(47.08±5.22)%、(27.20±8.00)%。术前远段侧弯柔韧性高于近段和中段[(64.01±24.18)%vs(35.00±18.02)%、(41.49±17.65)%,均P<0.001]。术后1周,近段、中段、远段矫正率分别为(74.61±15.80)%、(65.66±16.36)%和(73.76±19.41)%,差异无统计学意义(P=0.280);矫正指数分别为2.41±1.20、2.03±1.45和1.49±1.31,近段矫正指数高于远段(P=0.040)。末次随访时,近段、中段、远段矫正率分别为(71.10±14.07)%、(62.39±13.47)%和(69.75±17.53)%,差异无统计学意义(P=0.226);矫正指数分别为2.24±1.10、1.92±1.30和1.39±1.10,近段的矫正指数高于远段(P=0.026)。结论在Lenke 1型AIS患者中,近段、中段和远段Cobb角分别占主胸弯的25.72%、47.08%、27.20%。悬吊牵引法对远段柔韧性的评估能力最强,即悬吊位下远端节段最灵活,而各节段术后矫正率无明显差异。

固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱法测定污水中8 种新烟碱类农药

新烟碱类农药作为一类新型农药,由于其对非靶标生物造成生态风险而引起广泛关注。为了实现污水中痕量新烟碱类农药的快速、准确定量,本研究建立了同时检测污水中8种新烟碱类农药(呋虫胺、E-烯啶虫胺、噻虫嗪、噻虫胺、吡虫啉、氯噻啉、啶虫脒和噻虫啉)的固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱法。确定选择色谱流动相类型和质谱参数后,采用单因素法确定固相萃取(SPE)的条件:萃取柱类型为HLB(500 mg/6 mL),上样体积为500 mL,上样速度为10 mL/min,样品pH为6~8。通过优化色谱梯度洗脱程序、样品的稀释倍数并采用同位素内标定量法降低污水样品的基质效应,确定污水稀释5倍进行前处理,采用ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18色谱柱(100 mm×21 mm,18μm),以含01%甲酸的2 mmol/L乙酸铵水溶液和甲醇为流动相进行梯度洗脱,在正离子多反应监测模式下分析10 min,用吡虫啉-d4作为同位素内标进行定量。通过响应曲面法进一步优化SPE的淋洗液及洗脱液类型和用量,确定用10%甲醇水溶液淋洗,7 mL甲醇-乙腈(1∶1,v/v)混合溶液洗脱。8种新烟碱类化合物在相应范围内线性关系良好(线性相关系数(r)均大于09990),方法检出限(MDL)为02~12 ng/L,方法定量限(MQL)为08~48 ng/L,在低、中、高3个加标水平下的加标回收率为826%~942%,RSD为39%~94%。该方法成功用于4个城镇污水处理厂进水水样的分析,8种新烟碱类农药的检出含量为ND~256 ng/L。与类似方法相比,该方法检出限低,准确度高,适用于污水中8种新烟碱类农药的痕量检测。

Low-Frequency Stability Analysis of Power Electronic Traction Transformer Based Train-Network System

Power electronic traction transformers(PETTs)will be increasingly applied to locomotives in the future for their small volume and light weight.However,similar to conventional trains,PETTs behave as constant power loads and may cause low-frequency oscillation(LFO)to the train-network system.To solve this issue,a mathematical model of the PETT is firstly proposed and verified based on the extended describing function(EDF)method in this paper.In the proposed model,the LLC converter is simplified to an equivalent circuit consisting of a capacitor and a resistor in parallel.It is further demonstrated that the model can apply to various LLC converters with different topologies and controls.Particularly,when the parameter differences between cells are not obvious,the PETT can be simplified to a single-phase rectifier(i.e.,conventional train)by equivalent transformation.Based on the model of PETT,the system low-frequency stability and influential factors are analyzed by using the generalized Nyquist criterion.Lastly,the correctness and accuracy of theoretical analyses are validated by off-line and hardware-in-the-loop simulation results.

曳引电梯部件故障相关性分析

针对电梯部件之间的故障影响,提出将决策试验与评价实验室法和解释结构模型结合建立电梯部件故障层次结构模型,并改进直接影响矩阵的确定方式。首先从多方面获取电梯部件故障关联评价,其次使用熵权法确定评价的权重并计算直接影响矩阵,最后使用建立的电梯部件故障相关模型得到电梯部件故障因果关系和故障传递规则。结果表明:电动机、制动器、限速器为强原因部件,曳引钢丝绳、轿厢以及导向系统的部件为强结果部件;电梯部件故障关联规则体现为同层级或跨层级传递。通过分析部件故障机理,所提方法得到的部件故障传递规则与电梯系统实际运行情况相符。

溇水河特大桥缆索系统安装施工关键技术

文中以溇水河特大桥主桥为例,对该桥缆索系统安装施工关键技术进行深入分析。实践证明,采用缆索吊机及扣锚系统进行拱肋及钢梁节段的运输及安装,能够有效克服山区复杂的地形条件带来的不利影响,提高桥梁施工的效率,可为同类型桥梁工程施工提供参考。

计及悬浮系统影响的高速磁浮直线同步电机建模方法

为提高高速磁浮直线同步电机模型精度,基于电磁铁模块磁共能重构,提出一种计及悬浮系统影响的分布参数建模方法.首先,建立高速磁浮列车电磁铁模块的有限元模型,利用有限元数值分析获取电磁铁模块在不同工况下的磁共能数据,通过对磁共能进行傅里叶级数展开及多项式拟合构建磁共能的解析模型;其次,根据磁共能解析模型推导电磁铁模块的磁链、电压和推力方程;然后,根据列车编组数量和电磁铁模块数量分别建立左右两侧直线同步电机的数学模型,并通过运动学方程计算高速磁浮列车位置和速度;最后,通过硬件在环仿真系统进行实验验证.试验结果表明:本文所提建模方法与传统建模方法相比,推力波动幅值增加超过6.8%;并且所提方法可以准确表征悬浮系统对牵引控制的影响,当励磁电流谐波幅值增加0.5、1.0、2.0 A时,推力波动幅值分别最大增加54.3%、26.2%、83.7%;当励磁电流谐波频率为5、10、20 Hz时,推力的谐波频率最大达到5.14%,21.75%和14.17%.

基于动态相量法的地铁牵引整流机组谐波传递研究

牵引整流机组在运行过程中具有非线性时变特性,对谐波扰动的传递作用导致其交直流侧的谐波交互影响,成为威胁地铁牵引供电系统安全稳定的潜在隐患。为揭示牵引整流机组交直流侧谐波传递的内在机理,采用基于动态相量表达的电压、电流开关函数描述牵引整流机组的非线性时变特性,分析整流变压器不同连接方式对开关函数的影响,给出开关函数的各阶动态相量计算式。以调制理论为框架,采用基于动态相量的矩阵运算进行牵引整流机组谐波传递计算,包括交流侧谐波电压传递和直流侧谐波电流传递,模拟牵引整流机组谐波传递过程,明确了谐波频率的变换关系。通过与PSCAD/EMTDC中详细电磁暂态仿真结果进行对比,验证了该方法的正确性和有效性,可为滤波装置参数设计与谐波抑制策略制定提供参考。

基于水流牵引力的河道岸坡稳定性分析

基于极限平衡理论,结合水平条分法,将Bishop法的竖直条间力关系转换到水平土条上,推导出水流牵引力作用下均质岸坡稳定安全系数的理论计算公式,将其结果与ABAQUS有限元软件的强度折减法模拟的计算结果进行对比分析。结合工程实际,分析水流牵引力对不同坡比河流岸坡的稳定性影响规律。结果表明,理论计算公式与软件模拟的结果基本吻合,误差不超过2.1%。河流中水流牵引力会增大岸坡土体的下滑力矩,降低河流岸坡土体稳定安全系数;当岸坡土体遭受降雨、坡脚土体劣化作用等多因素作用下而处于临界稳定状态时,水流牵引力可能成为滑坡启动的关键因素;在河流岸坡失稳滑动时,水流牵引力将导致滑体向河道方向滑移更远距离,加重滑坡对河流航道安全的危害;坡度越陡,岸坡稳定安全系数受水流牵引力的影响越大。在进行高陡河流岸坡稳定性分析时,水流牵引力是与强降雨、泥石流等因素同样重要且不可忽视的导致岸坡灾变失稳的外部荷载作用。