白鹃梅属(Exochorda Lindl.)花发育揭示蔷薇科雄蕊演化新证据

蔷薇科具有独特的成对外轮雄蕊、多数的雄蕊轮、高度的雄蕊群形态多样性和发育多样性.如何解释蔷薇科的雄蕊群发育是长期研究而未解决的问题,此前,Linfenhofer和Weber提出了一种蔷薇科特殊的雄蕊群发生模式——绣线菊模式,但该模式能否作为蔷薇科雄蕊发生的一般模式还存在极大的争议,且蔷薇科内部分属的特殊雄蕊群结构如何发生仍然不清楚.白鹃梅属具有蔷薇科中少见的束状雄蕊,而此前的研究并未解释这种束状雄蕊的成因.本研究以白鹃梅和齿叶白鹃梅为研究对象,利用扫描电子显微镜详细研究了从花原基到成熟花的整个发育过程.结果显示,对萼雄蕊的消失和对萼位置被丝托的扩张共同促成了雄蕊束的形成.同时,白鹃梅属的雄蕊发育模式还修正了绣线菊模式的雄蕊群排列,并验证了绣线菊模式的重复叠加作为蔷薇科雄蕊发育基础的可能性.

Determination of Heavy Metals in Dendrobium candidium Wall.ex Lindl.by ICP-MS

[Objective] This research aimed to establish an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry （ICP-MS） method for determination of five kinds of heavy metals （Pb, Cd, Cu, As and Hg） in Dendrobium candidium Wall. ex Lindl. [Method] The samples were digested in HNO3-H202 acids system by closed vessel microwave di- gestion. At the same time, internal standard was added to avoid the matrix effect. [Result] The five kinds of heavy meals all showed good linear relationships, and the correlation coefficients ranged from 0.998 2 to 0.999 9. The detection limits of the five kinds of heavy metals were in the range of 0.008-0.750 μg/L, while the stan- dard recovery rates were in the range of 90.4%-96.9%. The relative standard devi- ations ranged from 1.6% to 8.2%. The heavy metals in the Ginseng and Astragalus national standard samples were determined by the established ICP-MS method, and the results were in conformity with the standard values. [Conclusion] The established method has simple and convenient operation and accurate and reliable results, and it meets the requirements by determination of heavy metals in Dendrobium candididium Wall. ex Lindl.

云南木瓜属(Chaenomeles Lindl.)植物的民族植物学初步研究

蔷薇科(Rosaceae)木瓜属(Chaenomeles)植物共有5种,我国全产。该属为重要观赏植物和果品,世界各地均有栽培。木瓜在我国栽培历史悠久,是重要的中药材品种。云南木瓜属植物4种,种下品种较多,大多品质优良,具有较高的药用、营养保健开发潜力。云南民族民间利用植物于医疗保健、生态防护和增加经济收入方面均十分看好木瓜资源的潜力;但与其他发达地区相比,在品种培育、产业开发方面仍然有一定的差距。进一步加快调查、整理、发掘云南民族民间开发利用木瓜资源的传统知识体系,与现代化学分析手段相结合,发挥木瓜传统栽培模式的生态和经济效益,促进云南木瓜资源综合开发利用技术进步,将会在农业结构调整中,为云南山区农业生态环境改善、农民增收、民族地区繁荣与和谐发展做出贡献。

黄刺玫(Rosa xanthina Lindl.)嫩枝扦插生根过程的解剖学研究

文章对黄刺玫嫩枝扦插生根过程中不定根的发生发育进行了解剖学研究,结果表明,黄刺玫插条内未见潜伏根原基,属诱生根原基生根型。黄刺玫的诱生根原基产生于愈伤组织,为较难生根树种。

Effects of Lanthanum and Europium on Rooting of Plantlet Eriobotrya Japonica Lindl. in vitro

The effect of La 3+ and Eu 3+ on the rooting of Eriobotrya japonica Lindl. plantlet in vitro was studied with adding La 3+ and Eu 3+ to the rooted medium. The rooting rate, the number of root and the length of root were studied after transplanting 20 d. The activity of peroxidase, nitrate reductase and fresh weight of roots were determined after transplanting 44 d. The results show that the optimum concentration range of La 3+ (1.0～3.0 μmol·L -1), Eu 3+ (2.0～3.0 μmol·L -1) in the rooted medium can increase the rooting rate and the fresh weight of roots, and promote the length of root and raise the activities of peroxidase and nitrate reductase significantly. La 3+ has more effect in improving the rooting rate, root length and the activities of peroxidase and less effect in promoting root fresh weight and the activities of nitrate reductase than Eu 3+.

Protective effects of Dendrobium nobile Lindl. alkaloids on amyloid beta(25–35)-induced neuronal injury

Dendrobium nobile Lindl.alkaloids（DNLA）,the active ingredients of a traditional Chinese medicine Dendrobium,have been shown to have anti-oxidative effects,anti-inflammatory action,and protective effect on neurons against oxygen-glucose deprivation.However,it is not clear whether DNLA reduces amyloid-beta（Aβ）-induced neuronal injury.In this study,cortical neurons were treated with DNLA at different concentrations（0.025,0.25,and 2.5 mg/L）for 24 hours,followed by administration of Aβ（25-35）（10μM）.Aβ（25-35） treatments increased cell injury as determined by the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase,which was accompanied by chromatin condensation and mitochondrial tumefaction.The damage caused by Aβ（25-35） on these cellular properties was markedly attenuated when cells were pretreated with DNLA.Treatment with Aβ（25-35）down-regulated the expressions of postsynaptic density-95 mRNA and decreased the protein expression of synaptophysin and postsynaptic density-95,all changes were significantly reduced by pretreatment of cells with DNLA.These findings suggest that DNLA reduces the cytotoxicity induced by Aβ（25-35） in rat primary cultured neurons.The protective mechanism that DNLA confers on the synaptic integrity of cultured neurons might be mediated,at least in part,through the upregulation of neurogenesis related proteins synaptophysin and postsynaptic density-95.

Root Extracts (<i>Gymnadenia orchidis</i>Lindl) Facilitated Rapid Synthesis of Fluorescent Silver Nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) for Various Biological Applications

One pot rapid and green bio-synthesis of stable fluorescent silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) from silver nitrate solution using root extract of Gymnadenia orchidis Lindlat at ambient temperature is demonstrated productively. Surface Plasmon resonance of the synthesized Ag-NPs was shown to occur at 439 nm and two sharp fluorescence peaks at 610 and 780 nm were observed. FTIR study publicized the presence of chemically functional groups in the root extract surrounding the Ag-NPs, acting as stabilizers. XRD and FESEM analysis revealed that Ag-NPs were face centred cubic structure being spherical in shape with an average particle size of 28 ± 2 nm (n = 100). The stability of Ag-NPs in neutral pH environment was confirmed by Zeta Potential (ζ) behaviour. The Ag-NPs showed superior antioxidant activity. The notable photo-catalytic activity of biosynthesized Ag-NPs attributed to the existence of some proteins, responsible for degradation of methylene blue dye. Furthermore, Ag-NPs were found to exhibit a significant antibacterial effect against gram positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria.

Determination of Total Polyphenols in Different Extraction Fractions of Pholidota chinensis Lindl.and Their Antioxidant Activity

[Objectives]This study was conducted to study the total polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity of different extraction fractions of Pholidota chinensis.[Methods]Different polar fractions of P.chinensis were obtained by ultrasonic extraction method,and determined for polyphenol contents by UV spectrophotometry,and their antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH free radical scavenging and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power(FRAP).SPSS analysis software was used to analyze the correlation between total polyphenol contents and antioxidant activity of different extracts.[Results]The contents of total polyphenols in different polar fractions ranged from 1.52 to 6.41 mg/g,and the order from low to high was:water<petroleum ether<ethyl acetate<95%ethanol.The reduction capacity of the total antioxidant capacity method ranged from 12.54 to 22.45μmol/L,and the order was 95%ethanol>ethyl acetate>petroleum ether>water.The DPPH median inhibition concentration ranged from 0.35 to 2.65 mg/ml,and the order was water>petroleum ether>ethyl acetate>95%ethanol.The total polyphenol content of P.chinensis was best in the 95%ethanol extraction fraction,which showed the strongest total antioxidant capacity,so the total polyphenol content of the 95%ethanol fraction was positively correlated with its antioxidant capacity,while the DPPH free radical-scavenging capacity was better in the water fraction,indicating that the free radical-scavenging capacity of the water fraction was better.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical basis for the further study of the chemical components of P.chinensis and the development and utilization of natural antioxidants.

Research Progress of Pholidota chinensis Lindl.

Pholidota chinensis Lindl. is a plant in Pholidota of Orchidaceae family~[1],as well as a traditional edible and medicinal plant in Guangxi Province,and has the effects of clearing away heat and nourishing yin,and preventing phlegm form forming and stopping coughing. In this paper,the research on the herbal medicine,medicinal identification,chemical composition and extraction process of some chemical components,trace elements,clinical application and pharmacological action,antibacterial effect were reviewed. The existing problems in the current research were analyzed,and its future research direction were prospected,with an attempt to provide reference for its future research and development and utilization.

Biological Characteristics of Alternaria tenuissima on Dendrobium sandidium Wall.et Lindl.

Biological characteristics of Alternaria tenuissima on Dendrobium sandidium Wall. et Lindl. were studied. The result showed that A. tenuissima on D. sandidium Wall. et Lindl. could grow at temperature 5 -35 ℃and pH value of 2 - 10, the optimal temperature and pH value were 25℃ and 7 for its growth and sporulation, respectively. Starch was the optimal carbon sources and peptone was the optimal nitrogen source for the growth and sporulation of bacterial colony, re- spectively; PSA and PCA were the optimal media for its growth and sporalation, respectively.

Invasion of <i>Cestrum aurantiacum</i>Lindl. in Kenya

Many forest ecosystems in Kenya are at risk from the invasion of exotic plant species that pose numerous threats like decreasing biodiversity, deteriorating ecosystem processes and degrading their services. They also affect human, other animal health and various angles of the general economy. Cestrum aurantiacum Lindl. is a species with invasive reputation having been reported with very high biological success rating and has been noted in parts of Kenya in proportions that raise concerns. It has negative effects on other plants and animal species function and diversity. These impacts have been recorded in Kenya and elsewhere in this review, I synthesized data from studies that have examined the taxonomy of Cestrum aurantiacum, how this species become part of the ecosystem in Kenya and its ecological and economic impacts. I sourced relevant articles from the internet using keywords relating to the taxonomy, impacts and reports of invasive species and narrowed to records from different parts of Kenya. In this review, I looked across twenty-seven studies, on Cestrum aurantiacum in Kenya and went ahead to review one hundred and thirteen other articles for expanded discussion. Species data in published articles from different parts of Kenya were used as georefences to model overall species distribution which was noted to lie between Mt Kenya, Mt Elgon-Nandi hills and Cherangani hills. It was clearly established that there are major adverse effects associated with species. First, it can change native ecosystem processes such as nutrient cycle or hydrology and contribute significant role on the decrease of native species. A primary risk of Cestrum aurantiacum is that when this species alters the biodiversity, ecosystems are transformed into new configurations with unpredictable consequences to humans and other wildlife in totality. Despite the few positive applications of cestrum species, these can’t compensate for the enormous detrimental consequences associated with the species. Cestrum aurantiacum was introduced in Kenya as an ornamental plant in 1921 by the government and was distributed in several regions of high potential Kenya due to high level of hybridization within the genera, several variables of the species occur. By examining the level of information regarding the taxonomy and impacts of Cestrum aurantiacum on animal and plant species, this study provides pivotal information at the country level with a view to informing monitoring and conservation efforts, such as alien plant removal and control programmes, and ensuring that endemic terrestrial animal and plant diversity are maintained.

Extraction Process Optimization and Anti-oxidant Activity of Total Flavonoids in Dendrobium nobile Lindl.

[Objectives]To improve the yield of flavonoids from Dendrobium nobile Lindl.[Methods]On the basis of four single-factor experiments of solid/liquid ratio,extraction temperature,extraction time and ethanol volume fraction,the ultrasonic-assisted extraction process of total flavonoids from D.nobile Lindl.was optimized using quadratic general rotary unitized design,and the in-vitro anti-oxidant activity of the flavonoids extracted was evaluated preliminarily.[Results]The optimized extraction process for flavonoids in D.nobile Lindl.was as follows:extraction time 10 min,solid/liquid ratio 1∶15(g∶mL),extraction temperature 75℃and ethanol volume fraction 90%.According to the revised optimal process,6 repeated experiments were carried out,and the average yield of flavonoids was(0.5515±0.0004)mg/g,consistent with the predicted value of the model.The results of anti-oxidation experiment show that the flavonoids extracted from D.nobile Lindl.have better scavenging effect on ABTS and DPPH free radicals,and the scavenging activity is proportional to the mass concentration of the extract.[Conclusions]The optimized extraction process for flavonoids from D.nobile Lindl.is reasonable and feasible,and the flavonoids in D.nobile Lindl.have strong antioxidant activity.

Dendrobium nobile Lindl:A Review on Its Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Effects

Dendrobium nobile Lindl (D. nobile), a well-known precious herb, has a long history of use as a medicine and health food in China. Phytochemically, D. nobile has been found to contain various bioactive compounds, such as alkaloids, bibenzyl, phenanthrene, phenylpropanoids, and polysaccharides. Its medicinal applications are closely correlated to its diverse pharmacological activities, including antitumor, anti-inflammatory, nervous system protective, antifatigue, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic actions. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the main chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of D. nobile, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms for its bioactivities. It is expected that this review will provide a helpful scientific reference for the development and use of D. nobile.

Pharmacognosy Identification of Yi Crude Herb Pholidota chinensis Lindl.

[Objectives] To study the original plant,Crude herb and microscopic identification of Yi Crude herb Pholidota chinensis Lindl.,and provide experimental data for identification and application. [Methods]Plant identification,character identification,powder identification and paraffin section identification were adopted in the study. [Results]The characteristics of Yi Crude herb of Pholidota chinensis Lindl. were obvious in the original plant,Crude herb and microscopic characteristics. [Conclusions]This paper provided reference for developing quality standards of Yi Crude herb Pholidota chinensis Lindl. and original plant identification,and provided the basis for further research.

Dendrobium nobile Lindl. alkaloids alleviate Mn-induced neurotoxicity via PINK1/Parkinmediated mitophagy in PC12 cells

OBJECTIVE Activation of the PINK1/Parkin-mediated autophagy pathway has been proposed to play a protective role in the development of neurological disorders through the elimination of damaged macromolecules or organelles.Exposure to excessive manganese(Mn) causes neurotoxicity and can produce a Parkinson disease(PD)-like neurological disorder.Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are implicated in the mechanism of Mn induced neurotoxicity.The present study was designed to determine whether Dendrobium nobile Lindl.alkaloids(DNLA),a Chinese medicinal herb extract,confers protective function over Mn-induced cell toxicity,and to investigate whether the modulation of PINK1/Parkin-mediated autophagy is involved in the mechanism of DNLA-mediated cell protection over Mn toxicity.METHODS AND RESULTS Rat adrenal pheochromocytoma PC12 cells were utilized as an in vitro model of Mn cell toxicity.It was found that the treatment of the PC12 cells with Mn resulted in concentration-dependent cell death,accompanied by a decrease in mitochondrial respiration capacity and an increase in ROS generation,whereas pretreatment of cells with DNLA significantly alleviated cell toxicity induced by Mn and improved mitochondrial function and oxidative status.Mn treatment enhanced apoptotic cells along with a marked increase in the protein expression of Bax and a decrease in the expression of Bcl-2 protein.On the contrary,DNLA increased Bcl-2 expression,and concomitantly dramatically decreased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio.Analysis of the expression of PINK1 and Parkin revealed that pretreatment of cells with DNLA significantly alleviated the decrease in protein levels of both PINK1 and Parkin caused by Mn.Furthermore,cells treated with Mn exhibited increased expression of LC3-Ⅱ and a decrease in accumulation of P62,which was noticeably reversed by the pretreatment of cells with DNLA.CONCLUSION DNLA inhibits Mn induced cytotoxicity,which may be mediated through modulating PINK1/Parkin-mediated autophagic flux and improving mitochondrial function.

石橄榄组织培养外植体筛选及培养条件优化

【目的】建立石橄榄组织培养快繁技术体系。【方法】以石橄榄全株为试材,研究外植体的生长情况,筛选出最佳外植体及培养基,优化石橄榄种子萌发、壮苗增殖等培养条件。【结果】石橄榄组织培养最佳外植体为种子,其根、根茎、假鳞茎均未萌发,并出现长霉和化水的情况,而种子均可萌发。石橄榄种子萌发启动最佳培养基配方为1/2MS+6-BA 1.5 mg/L+NAA 0.8 mg/L+6-KT 0.1 mg/L,此条件下石橄榄原球茎变绿色。在基础培养基中分别加入香蕉泥(50 g/L)、土豆泥(50 g/L)、椰汁(50 mL/L)进行壮苗有机物筛选发现,添加香蕉泥的培养基中石橄榄整体长势良好、均一,假鳞茎多,株高与叶长均高于培养基添加土豆泥或椰汁的石橄榄,最终选出50 g/L香蕉泥作为最佳添加有机物加入后续试验的培养基中。石橄榄壮苗优化的最佳培养配方为1/2MS+50 g/L香蕉泥+6-BA 0.5 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L+6-KT 0.3 mg/L,此条件下石橄榄长势好、株高较高。石橄榄壮苗生根的最佳培养基配方为MS+50 g/L香蕉泥+IBA 0.5 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L,此条件下石橄榄假鳞茎多、气生根多立于苗上下。【结论】建立适合石橄榄种子组织培养快繁技术体系,石橄榄种子最佳萌发启动培养基配方为1/2MS+6-BA 1.5 mg/L+NAA 0.8 mg/L+6-KT 0.1 mg/L;最佳壮苗优化培养基配方是1/2MS+50 g/L香蕉泥+6-BA 0.5 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L+6-KT 0.3 mg/L;最佳生根培养基配方是MS+50 g/L香蕉泥+IBA 0.5 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L,为石橄榄的资源保护与利用及其规模化生产奠定基础。

大花斑叶兰多糖提取工艺优化及其抗氧化活性

目的对大花斑叶兰多糖的提取工艺进行优化,并评价其体外抗氧化活性。方法在单因素试验结果基础上,以多糖提取得率作为评价指标,利用正交试验法优化大花斑叶兰多糖的提取工艺。以对DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基、羟基自由基的清除能力为指标评价大花斑叶兰多糖的体外抗氧化活性。结果在料液比1∶25,提取时间150 min,提取次数3次,提取温度100℃提取条件下,大花斑叶兰多糖得率为9.01%±0.51%。体外抗氧化实验结果表明,大花斑叶兰多糖具有清除DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基和羟基自由基的作用,多糖浓度为4 mg·mL^(-1)时,其对DPPH自由基的清除率可达到46.42%,对ABTS自由基的清除率为62.73%,而对羟基自由基的清除效率则为48.53%。结论大花斑叶兰多糖优化工艺可行,该条件下提取的多糖具有一定抗氧化活性。

中药石斛研究的回顾与展望

中药石斛基原复杂,其主流品种有霍山石斛Dendrobium huoshanense C.Z.Tang et S.J.Cheng、铁皮石斛D.officinale Kimura et Migo、金钗石斛D.nobile Lindl.,《中华人民共和国药典》(以下简称《中国药典》)2005年版石斛项下增加了“及其近似种”的描述,难以确定具体物种,有必要对其进一步正本清源。对石斛属的起源进行本草考证,对霍山石斛、铁皮石斛、金钗石斛的本草起源进行梳理,为不同石斛属药材的应用提供参考。霍山石斛是最早作为中药石斛应用的品种,高效液相色谱法特征图谱等方法为《中国药典》2020年版收录霍山石斛提供了技术支撑;铁皮石斛应为石斛药材中应用时间最久、范围最广的品种,其主要为浙江、云南、贵州,以及广东、广西、福建、江西等地丹霞地貌上生长的种群,应高度重视并对其进行保护;D.nobile在历代文献中的中文名称混乱,应明确将其作为金钗石斛的拉丁学名。枫斗是我国名贵中药和传统保健品,起源于霍山石斛。古代名医对霍山石斛、铁皮石斛、金钗石斛、川石斛的用法各有特色,建议厘清品种来源、功效,加强现代研究,在修订《中国药典》时将其各自单列,充分发挥中药石斛的临床价值。

油茶果壳活性炭的制备及其对阿莫西林的吸附作用

为探究红花油茶果壳资源的应用价值,采用磷酸活化法,在500℃、600℃、700℃热解条件下制备了3种油茶果壳活性炭(AC-500、AC-600、AC-600),使用SEM、FTIR和BET对活性炭的理化性质进行表征。并考察了油茶果壳活性炭对水中阿莫西林的吸附作用。结果表明:油茶果壳活性炭的比表面积及总孔体积增大均随着热解温度升高而增大,在活性炭投加量为0.05 g,阿莫西林初始浓度为50mg/L、吸附时间为90 min,溶液pH为4的条件下,对阿莫西林的吸附效果为AC-700(23.11 mg/g)>AC-600(21.95 mg/g)>AC-700(20.62 mg/g),油茶果壳活性炭对水中的阿莫西林的吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程和Langmuir吸附等温模型,为单分子层吸附。油茶果壳活性炭能有效吸附水中的阿莫西林。

赤水金钗石斛种源调查及HPLC指纹图谱比较

目的:调查赤水野生金钗石斛种源状况,建立高效液相色谱法(HPLC)指纹图谱,初步探讨野生种源与石上仿野生样品的差异。方法:采用文献查阅和实地走访相结合的方法对贵州省赤水市野生金钗石斛种源及生境状况进行调查;采用HPLC指纹图谱对金钗石斛野生种源、石上仿野生种植及产于6个基地的成熟干品与鲜品进行分析。结果:在赤水市石堡乡寻找到附生在古树上的野生金钗石斛种源,生长年限分别在50、30、20年左右;4棵古树上分别有金钗石斛80~100丛,每丛约10~15株,总质量为40~50 kg;金钗石斛野生种源与石上仿野生样品HPLC指纹图谱有7个共有特征峰,指认了3个特征峰成分,其相似度均在0.940以上。结论:赤水野生金钗石斛资源稀少,仅附生在极少量古树上;石上仿野生种植及不同基地的金钗石斛与古树上的野生种源指纹图谱相似度较高,石上仿野生种植模式所产金钗石斛能与野生种质保持一致。