Exogenous insulin autoimmune syndrome:A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND Insulin autoimmune syndrome(IAS)is a severe manifestation of spontaneous hypoglycemia.It is characterized by elevated levels of immune-reactive insulin and highly potent insulin autoantibodies(IAAs),which are induced by endogenous insulin circulating in the bloodstream.It is distinguished by recurring instances of spontaneous hypoglycemia,the presence of IAA within the body,a substantial elevation in serum insulin levels,and an absence of prior exogenous insulin administration.Nevertheless,recent studies show that both conventional insulin and its analogs can induce IAS episodes,giving rise to the notion of nonclassical IAS.Therefore,more attention should be paid to these diseases.CASE SUMMARY In this case report,we present a rare case of non-classical IAS in an 83-year-old male patient who present with symptoms of a psychiatric disorder.Upon symptom onset,the patient exhibited Whipple's triad(including hypoglycemia,blood glucose level less than 2.8 mmol/L during onset,and rapid relief of hypoglycemic symptoms after glucose administration).Concurrently,his serum insulin level was significantly elevated,which contradicted his C-peptide levels.After a comprehensive examination,the patient was diagnosed with exogenous insulin autoimmune syndrome.Considering that the patient had type 2 diabetes mellitus and a history of exogenous insulin use before disease onset,it was presumed that non classical IAS was induced by this condition.The PubMed database was used to search for previous cases of IAS and non-classical IAS to analyze their characteristics and treatment approaches.CONCLUSION The occurrence of non-classical IAS is associated with exogenous insulin or its analogs,as well as with sulfhydryl drugs.Symptoms can be effectively alleviated through the discontinuation of relevant medications,administration of hormones or immunosuppressants,plasma exchange,and lifestyle adjustments.

Nursing a patient with latent autoimmune diabetes in adults with insulin-related lipodystrophy,allergy,and exogenous insulin autoimmune syndrome:A case report

BACKGROUND Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults(LADA)is a special type of type 1 diabetes mellitus.During the early stages,patients with LADA are treated with oral antidiabetics.However,insulin treatment is still required as islet function gradually declines.Once patients have developed insulin allergy,clinical treatment and nursing care become very challenging.CASE SUMMARY Here,we report a case of LADA with insulin-related lipodystrophy,allergy,and exogenous insulin autoimmune syndrome during insulin treatment,thus making it very difficult to effectively control glucose levels with insulin.We attempted subcutaneous injection and an insulin pump to desensitize the patient’s response to insulin,and finally assisted the doctor to select the appropriate insulin treatment for the patient.We describe the management of this patient from a nursing viewpoint.CONCLUSION We summarize the nursing experience of a case with complex insulin allergy requiring desensitization treatment.Our approach is very practical and can be applied to similar patients needing insulin desensitization.

Two cases of insulin autoimmune syndrome induced by exogenous insulin in diabetic patients

Objective: To improve the recognition of clinicians on insulin autoimmune syndrome (IAS) induced by exogenous insulin. Methods: Two cases of IAS induced by exogenous insulin were retrospectively analyzed. Results: Two patients had hypoglycemia occurred during the night. They had dissociation between C-peptide and insulin, accompanied by high titer of insulin autoantibody (IAA). Hypoglycemia episodes were ameliorated after the use of oral hypo-glycemic agents. Conclusions: Due to the role of insulin to be covered up, diabetes patients after the application of exogenous insulin induced IAS are easily misdiagnosed, high titer IAA and insulin and C-peptide separation phenomenon have been confirmed with diagnostic value.

Effect of the Haoqinqingdan decoction on damp-heat syndrome in rats with influenza viral pneumonia

Objective: To investigate the effect of Chinese medicine prescription-Haoqinqingdan decoction on damp-heat syndrome in rats with influenza viral pneumonia and its influence on the immune function. Methods: A total of 48 Wistar rats were randomly divided into the normal control group, the damp-heat syndrome model group, the Haoqinqingdan decoction group (high, medium and low dose group) and the ribavirin group. The body temperature and weight of rats in each group were recorded after modeling. After treatment for 6 d, the concentration of T lymphocyte subgroup (CD3+ CD4+ , CD3+ CD8+ ) was determined by flow cytometry. The OD value of IFN毭/IL-4 was detected by double-antibody sandwich ELISA method, and its concentration was acquired through conversion. Results: After modeling, the temperature and weight of rats in each modeling group showed the increasing trend ( P<0.01). From the second day of treatment, there was significant difference in the body mass between groups, and the rat weight of the control group was higher than in the modeling group ( P<0.05 or 0.01). With the advances of treatment, only the temperature in the medium and high dose Haoqinqingdan decoction groups declined significantly ( P<0.05). After treatment, the CD4+ /CD8+ ratio of the damp-heat syndrome model group decreased more significantly compared with the control group. Elevated CD3+ CD8+ percentages and declined CD4+ /CD8+ ratios can be observed in the low dose group and ribavirin group ( P<0.05). Moreover, the CD3+ CD4+ percentage of ribavirin group was lower than in the control group ( P<0.05). After treatment, the IFN-毭 and IFN-毭/ IL-4 levels in the peripheral blood of rats in the dampheat syndrome group were obviously higher than in the control group ( P<0.05). Conclusions: Compared with ribavirin, the high dose Haoqinqingdan decoction can improve the ratio of T lymphocyte subgroup and Th1/Th2 cell balance more effectively.

The role of endothelial biomarkers in predicting damp-heat syndrome in diabetic kidney disease

Objective:To explore the role of endothelial biomarkers in predicting damp-heat syndrome in diabetic kidney disease(DKD).Methods:A total of 183 patients with DKD were divided into 3 groups:the early DKD group,established DKD group,and advanced DKD group.All patients were classified according to traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)syndrome type,and clinical indexes were collected for statistical analysis.Results:A total of 183 DKD patients were included in this study.Fibroblast growth factor 23(FGF23),chitinase-3-like protein 1(CHI3L1),endocan,tumor necrosis factor receptor 1(TNFR1),secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor(SLPI),and vascular endothelial growth factor A(VEGF-A)were increased in advanced DKD.FGF23,CHI3L1,endocan,SLPI,and TNFR1 showed a negative correlation with estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR),while they had a positive correlation with 24 h urine protein.After adjusting for age,gender,diabetes duration,body mass index(BMI),hemoglobin,glucose,uric acid,24 h urine protein,cholesterol,triglyceride,low-density lipoprotein,and hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c),the multiple regression analysis showed that FGF23,endocan,TNFR1,and SLPI significantly correlated with eGFR.Conclusions:FGF23,endocan,TNFR1,and SLPI are elevated in advanced DKD compared with early stage,and they may take part in the pathogenesis and progression of DKD.Our study provides useful biomarkers for predicting the appearance of damp-heat syndrome,including FGF23,endocan,TNFR1,and SLPI.

Efficacy of Pidan Jianqing decoction in treatment of type 2 diabetes with spleen deficiency and damp-heat syndrome

Introduction:This study aimed to assess the clinical efficacy of Pidan Jianqing decoction in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.Methods:A total of 72 patients with type 2 diabetes differentiated as spleen deficiency with damp-heat syndrome were randomly assigned to a treatment group(n=35)or control group(n=32).Patients in the control group received diet and exercise guidance and medication in the form of 0.5 g metformin hydrochloride tablets,while patients in the treatment group received Pidan Jianqing decoction in addition to the treatment given to the control group.Efficacy was evaluated after 8 weeks of treatment.Results:Efficacy was 91.4%in the treatment group versus 68.8%in the control group,which was a statistically significant difference(P<0.05).Significant group differences were also noted in the number of patients with improvement in symptoms such as dry mouth and polydipsia,frequency of urination and polyuria,abdominal distention and loss of appetite,fatigue and weakness,and sticky stools(all P<0.05),with greater improvement in the treatment group compared to the control group.The fasting blood glucose(FBG)and 2 h postprandial blood glucose levels significantly improved in both groups after treatment(P<0.05);however,there was no significant difference in glycated hemoglobin levels before and after treatment in both groups.Conclusion:Pidan Jianqing decoction can lower blood glucose levels and improve symptoms in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Clinicopathological features and expression of regulatory mechanism of the Wnt signaling pathway in colorectal sessile serrated adenomas/polyps with different syndrome types

BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer(CRC)is the third most common cancer worldwide,with the fourth highest mortality among all cancers.Reportedly,in addition to adenomas,serrated polyps,which account for 15%-30%of CRCs,can also develop into CRCs through the serrated pathway.Sessile serrated adenomas/polyps(SSAs/Ps),a type of serrated polyps,are easily misdiagnosed during endoscopy.AIM To observe the difference in the Wnt signaling pathway expression in SSAs/Ps patients with different syndrome types.METHODS From January 2021 to December 2021,patients with SSAs/Ps were recruited from the Endoscopy Room of Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine-Integrated Hospital,affiliated with Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine.Thirty cases each of large intestine damp-heat(Da-Chang-Shi-Re,DCSR)syndrome and spleen-stomach weakness(Pi-Wei-Xu-Ruo)syndrome were reported.Baseline comparison of the general data,typical tongue coating,colonoscopy findings,and hematoxylin and eosin findings was performed in each group.The expression of the Wnt pathway-related proteins,namelyβ-catenin,adenomatous polyposis coli,and mutated in colorectal cancer,were analyzed using immunohistochemistry.RESULTS Significant differences were observed with respect to the SSAs/Ps size between the two groups of patients with different syndrome types(P=0.001).The other aspects did not differ between the two groups.The Wnt signaling pathway was activated in patients with SSAs/Ps belonging to both groups,which was manifested asβ-catenin protein translocation into the nucleus.However,SSAs/Ps patients with DCSR syndrome had more nucleation,higherβ-catenin expression,and negative regulatory factor(adenomatous polyposis coli and mutated in colorectal cancer)expression(P<0.0001)than SSA/P patients with Pi-Wei-Xu-Ruo syndrome.In addition,the SSA/P size was linearly correlated with the related protein expression.CONCLUSION Patients with DCSR syndrome had a more obvious Wnt signaling pathway activation and a higher risk of carcinogenesis.A high-quality colonoscopic diagnosis was essential.The thorough assessment of clinical diseases can be improved by combining the diseases of Western medicine with the syndromes of traditional Chinese medicine.

Clinical Effect of Modified Gegen Qinlian Decoction Combined with Western Medicine on Children with Rotavirus Enteritis with Damp-Heat Syndrome

[Objectives] To explore the clinical effect of Modified Gegen Qinlian Decoction combined with western medicine on children with rotavirus enteritis with damp-heat syndrome and its influence on myocardial enzymes.

三表汤“首剂大量”随证施量策略在外感发热治疗中的运用

通过分享仝小林院士应用三表汤为基础方治疗外感发热的一则病例,阐释其运用“首剂大量”随证施量策略治疗疾病的体会:此法多用于治疗急症或急重症,如外感急症早期,以求迅速起效;使用首剂大量必须重视“症靶”,作为及时调量的指征,中病即减/止;可采用调整服药间隔时间和每服量灵活控制方药用量,以保证用药安全。

从“内伤脾胃,百病由生”探析糖尿病泌汗异常

《脾胃论》提出了“内伤脾胃,百病由生”的认识,以此为理论基础探讨糖尿病泌汗异常病机演变及辨证治疗。认为本病的发展为饮食劳役,先伤脾胃,导致元气亏损,阴火上行,进而营卫失和,阳损及阴,致汗出异常。治疗上应当注重糖尿病的治疗,兼顾汗证。食疗为先,重用甘味,补阳泻火,平衡气火。明确糖尿病泌汗异常与中焦脾胃功能的密切关系,以期提高临床辨证论治疗效。

基于《内外伤辨惑论》论治胃食管反流病

胃食管反流病是临床上的常见病,主要表现为烧心和反酸等症状,病位主要在食管与胃,与肝胆、脾、肺密切相关,病性有虚有实,虚主要是脾胃虚损,实主要是为气郁、食滞及痰凝。其基本病机为胃有失和降,气逆于上,多数医家对其病因病机的认识尚未完全统一,治疗效果也参差不齐。《内外伤辨惑论》为李东垣学术思想的奠基之作,其创立的内伤学说尤其适用于胃食管反流病的辨证论治。通过梳理《内外伤辨惑论》的内容,为中医药治疗胃食管反流病提供新的诊疗方法与思路。

Logistic Regression Analysis of Damp-Heat and Cold Damp Impeding Syndrome of Rheumatoid Arthritis:A Perspective in Chinese Medicine

Objective： To investigate a method for quantitative differential diagnosis of damp-heat and cold-damp impeding syndrome of rheumatoid arthritis （RA） in Chinese medicine （CM）. Methods： Laboratory parameters were collected from 306 patients with RA. The clinical symptoms and laboratory parameters were compared between patients with these two syndromes （158 with RA of damp-heat impeding syndrome, and 148 with RA of cold-damp impeding syndrome）, and a regression equation was established to facilitate discrimination of the two RA syndromes. Results： There were significant differences in disease activity score in 28 joints [DAS28 （4）], erythrocyte sedimentation rate （ESR）, white blood cell count （WBC）, C-reactive protein （CRP）, platelet count （PLT）, albumin （ALB） and globulin （GLB） between the two syndrome of RA （P〈0.05）. Logistic regression analysis showed that the parameters ESR, WBC, CRP, joint pyrexia, joint cold, thirst, sweating, aversion to wind and cold, and cold extremities were statistically useful to discriminate damp-heat from cold-damp impeding syndrome. The regression equation was as follows： P=1/{1＋exp[-（3.0-0.021X1-0.196X2-0.163X3- 1.559X4＋1.504X5-0.927X6-1.039X7＋1.070X8＋1.330X9）]}. The independent variables X1-X9 were ESR, WBC, CRP, hot joint, cold joint, thirst, sweating, aversion to wind and cold, and cold limbs. A P value 〉 0.5 signified cold-damp impeding syndrome, and a P value 〈 0.5 signified damp-heat impeding syndrome. The accuracy was 90.2%. Conclusion： The regression equation may be useful for discriminating damp-heat from cold-damp impeding syndrome of RA.

Objective Tongue Inspection on 142 Liver Cancer Patients with Damp-Heat Syndrome

Objective： To establish the diagnosis evidence of objective tongue inspection for liver cancer （LC） patients with damp-heat syndrome （DHS） by dynamically observing their tongue figures using modern tongue image analytic apparatus, and to explore the effect of intervention on the tongue figures. Methods： Tongue figures were collected from 142 LC patients with DHS by tongue image analytic apparatus. Red （R）, green （G） and blue （B） values were analyzed. The r and g values were calculated requesting r=R/（R＋G＋B）, g=G/（R＋G＋B）, and b=l-r-g, and scored in combination with Chinese medical symptoms scale. The tongue figure and correlated scores were collected from 59 of them 3 days after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization intervention. Results： The range of objective tongue inspection of LC patients with DHS was as follows： as for tongue fur, 0.360〈r〈0.402 and 0.280〈g〈0.322; as for tongue proper, 0.404〈r〈0.470 and 0.243〈g〈0.301. The tongue figures and the average scores of quality of life, DHS, poor appetite, aggravated pain, decreased sleep quality and aggravated fever were obviously changed in the 59 LC patients with DHS after intervention, showing statistical difference when compared with before intervention （P〈0.05 or P〈0.01）. Conclusion： The range of objective tongue inspection of LC patients with DHS could be known by collecting and analyzing objective indicator of tongue figures, thus laying foundation for further studies with analysis of correlation between intervention and Chinese medicine based on tongue figures.

复方鱼腥草合剂治疗外感风热致咽喉肿痛的临床疗效

目的 研究旨在评估复方鱼腥草合剂治疗急性咽炎(急喉痹)所致的咽喉肿痛的疗效。方法 选取2021年12月—2022年3月辽宁中医药大学附属第二医院收治的外感风热证咽喉肿痛患者48例,病例分为试验组和对照组,按照2∶1比例随机分配,随机分配结果试验组为32例,对照组为16例。试验组予以复方鱼腥草合剂,对照组予以复方鱼腥草合剂模拟剂,两组均连续用药7 d。比较两组咽痛消失率、咽痛消失时间、治疗前后的中医证候积分、疗程、不良反应。结果 治疗3 d后,咽痛消失率试验组(6.25%)高于对照组(0%)(P>0.05)。两组率差为9.38%(95CI:8.54%,10.22%);治疗5 d后,咽痛消失率试验组43.75%显著高于对照组6.67%(P<0.05)。咽痛中位消失时间试验组(137.67)h,短于对照组(167)h(P<0.05)。治疗3、5 d后比较中医证候总积分,试验组分别为(4.48±2.06)、(0.91±1.08),对照组分别为(6.60±1.96)、(4.00±2.76),试验组中医证候总积分显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。试验组治疗疗程(4.72±1.37)d,短于对照组(5.67±0.62)d(P<0.05)。比较两组不良反应发生率,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 复方鱼腥草合剂可以促进外感风热证急性咽炎的痊愈,缩短咽痛消失时间及疗程,无明显不良反应。

临床药师参与1例外源性胰岛素自身免疫综合征的临床实践

目的探讨外源性胰岛素自身免疫综合征患者治疗方案的制订与药学监护。方法回顾分析临床药师参与1例外源性胰岛素自身免疫综合征患者治疗过程,主要从低血糖现象处理,胰岛素品种选择替代治疗及控制高血糖治疗策略,对患者进行用药指导和随访。结果患者血糖控制稳定,无出现夜间低血糖现象。结论临床药师可协助医师对外源性胰岛素自身免疫综合征患者胰岛素品种选择及控制血糖方案制定,促进外源性胰岛素自身免疫综合征及时治疗。

外源性胰岛素自身免疫综合征合并线粒体糖尿病1例并文献复习

目的报道1例罕见的外源性胰岛素自身免疫综合征(exogenous insulin autoimmune syndrome,EIAS)合并线粒体糖尿病(mitochondrial diabetes mellitus,MDM)患者诊断、治疗的过程。方法回顾南部战区总医院2018年12月收治的1例以EIAS合并MDM的发病过程、病史及相关辅助检查,总结分析其明确诊断、治疗的过程及特殊性。结果本例患者30岁发病,糖尿病史7年余,初期即出现耳鸣、听力下降,既往于外院曾应用多种胰岛素剂型,在治疗过程中曾出现低血糖,注射部位皮肤出现水泡,伴皮肤瘙痒,同时出现胰岛素水平显著升高,且与C肽结果“分离”,胰岛素自身抗体(insulin autoantibody,IAA)阳性,考虑诊断为EIAS。治疗上停用胰岛素药物,予二甲双胍、DPP-Ⅳ抑制剂、阿卡波糖等口服降糖药物,胰岛素逐渐降至正常,血糖控制尚可;但患者糖尿病治疗过程中逐渐出现神经系统症状,头磁共振提示脑干和双侧小脑半球萎缩,查阅相关文献及结合患者病史,完善基因检测,最终明确患者为线粒体DNA MT-TL1基因A3243G突变所致的MDM。同时检测患者乳酸偏高,二甲双胍可能加重乳酸堆积,甚至诱发乳酸酸中毒,故停用二甲双胍降糖治疗,同时加强饮食和运动控制,患者定期规律门诊随访,血糖控制尚可。结论本例患者初诊糖尿病后应用外源性胰岛素制剂诱发EIAS,但因疾病不断进展,出现无法解释的神经系统症状,完善基因检测明确为MDM。

哮病-喘证-肺胀病因病机辑要

目的现代医学哮喘-慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)重叠(ACO)临床表现与中医文献哮病、喘证、肺胀等描述较为接近,特征为人群多发、发作更频繁、肺功能下降更快、病理机制不明等,全球哮喘防治创议(GINA)等相关国际医学学术组织长期关注ACO研究,目前诊断标准不统一,治疗手段仍较为局限。中医对于哮喘和慢阻肺的认识源远流长,古代文献中有详细的对哮喘病名、病因病机的记载,据慢阻肺特有的临床症状,发现自秦汉以来对于此病有诸多记载,探求古代文献发现慢阻肺与哮喘虽属不同疾病,但其病因相累,病机相联,均属本虚标实之证,故可相合并病。文章通过古代中医文献梳理哮喘和慢阻肺病因病机,结合现代医家研究成果,整理出ACO病因包括外邪侵袭、七情过用、饮食失宜、体质因素4个方面,病机从肝肾亏虚、痰瘀互结、痰热郁肺方面阐述ACO以期提供诊疗新思路。

金翘消瘿方加减治疗亚急性甲状腺炎(外感热毒证)疗效观察

目的:探究金翘消瘿方加减治疗亚急性甲状腺炎(外感热毒证)的效果。方法:92例亚急性甲状腺炎外感热毒证患者随机分为对照组和联合组各46例。对照组口服醋酸泼尼松片治疗,联合组口服醋酸泼尼松片治疗的同时采用金翘消瘿方加减内服治疗,两组患者急性期疗程均为14d。比较两组患者疗效差异、急性期症状改善时间,治疗前后均检测甲状腺功能指标[游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)]、红细胞沉降率(ESR)及炎症因子[高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)]水平进行比较,统计并计算不良反应率及随访3个月的复发率。结果:联合组治疗总有效率为91.30%,较对照组的76.09%显著更高( P <0.05);联合组患者退热、疼痛消退、消肿的急性期症状改善时间较对照组显著缩短( P <0.05);联合组患者治疗后的FT3、FT4、ESR及炎症因子(hs-CRP、IL-6、TNF-α)水平均较对照组显著缩短( P <0.05),TSH水平较对照组显著升高( P <0.05);比较两组用药期间的不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义( P >0.05)。治疗后随访3个月均无失访,联合组的复发率2.17%,较对照组13.04%显著更低( P <0.05)。结论:金翘消瘿方加减治疗亚急性甲状腺炎(外感热毒证)疗效显著,有利于临床症状的迅速缓解、甲状腺功能和ESR的恢复及机体炎症的改善,安全性好且复发率低。

800例外感发热患者中医证候分布及与节气关系

目的观察外感发热患者中医证候学分布特点及与节气的关系。方法回顾800例外感发热患者流行病学资料并分析其中医证候学资料,总结中医证候学分布特点及与节气的关系。结果 800例外感发热患者核心证候为表热证(304/800,38.00%)和表寒证(231/800,28.98%),其次为痰热阻肺证(78/800,9.75%)和邪郁少阳证(57/800,7.13%),其他如湿热内蕴证、表湿证、表寒里热证、气分热盛证、秋燥证以及一些合并证型均较少见。2012年初至2013年初,外感发热的发病节气高峰在惊蛰。结论外感发热中医证候学分布特点明显,发病与节气具有一定的相关性,提示其证候学分布特点在预防及早期诊治时有重要意义。

从外感病证的内伤基础辨治脓毒症

脓毒症发病率高,死亡率高,治疗费用高,但现代医学治疗效果却不理想,而中医学干预脓毒症有独特疗效,根据中医学理论,本病应属于合并内伤基础的外感病证范畴。内伤基础的存在使本病病机变得复杂并且预后不良,但如果能充分认识脓毒症的内伤基础特点及演变规律,采用相应的干预策略,则对临床医生辨治脓毒症大有裨益。因此主要围绕着脓毒症内伤基础的本质、脓毒症内伤基础的特点、演变规律及脓毒症内伤基础的防治、干预策略这3方面对脓毒症的内伤基础进行探讨,以期达到提高脓毒症辨治水平,降低脓毒症的发病率、死亡率和治疗费用的目的。