Expediting is becoming more essential with the increase of engineering construction projects by Chinese companies abroad.According to Xinhua News Agency,from 2013 to 2018,Chinese enterprises’direct investment in coun...Expediting is becoming more essential with the increase of engineering construction projects by Chinese companies abroad.According to Xinhua News Agency,from 2013 to 2018,Chinese enterprises’direct investment in countries along the Belt and Road(B&R)exceeded USD 90 billion,with an average annual growth rate of 5.2%.For countries along B&R,the value of Engineering Procurement Construction(EPC)projects signed with Chinese companies exceeded USD 600 billion,which is an average annual increase of 11.9%.展开更多
The development of China’s natural gas industry can be described as the story of an ancient but rising industry.In general,the route for China’s natural gas development is through concentrating resources to accompli...The development of China’s natural gas industry can be described as the story of an ancient but rising industry.In general,the route for China’s natural gas development is through concentrating resources to accomplish major undertakings,and expediting development through diversified ownerships.A brief review of the development of the natural gas industry in展开更多
During the 10th Chinese Arctic scientific expedition carried out in the summer of 2019,the surface current in the high-latitude areas of the Arctic Ocean was observed using a self-developed surface drifting buoy,which...During the 10th Chinese Arctic scientific expedition carried out in the summer of 2019,the surface current in the high-latitude areas of the Arctic Ocean was observed using a self-developed surface drifting buoy,which was initially deployed in the Chukchi Sea.The buoy traversed the Chukchi Sea,Chukchi Abyssal Plain,Mendeleev Ridge,Makarov Basin,and Canada Basin over a period of 632 d.After returning to the Mendeleev Ridge,it continued to drift toward the pole.Overall,the track of the buoy reflected the characteristics of the transpolar drift and Chukchi Slope Current,as well as the inertial flow,cross-ridge surface flow,and even the surface disorganized flow for some time intervals.The results showed that:(1)the transpolar drift mainly occurs in the Chukchi Abyssal Plain,Mendeleev Ridge,and western Canada Basin to the east of the ridge where sea ice concentration is high,and the average northward flow velocity in the region between 79.41°N and 86.32°N was 5.1 cm/s;(2)the average surface velocity of the Chukchi Slope Current was 13.5 cm/s,and while this current moves westward along the continental slope,it also extends northwestward across the continental slope and flows to the deep sea;and(3)when sea ice concentration was less than 50%,the inertial flow was more significant(the maximum observed inertial flow was 26 cm/s,and the radius of the inertia circle was 3.6 km).展开更多
This research is intended as a practical guide on how to custom-tailor post-disaster housing approaches to suit the countries in which they are implemented.Three classical approaches are chosen,discussed and analytica...This research is intended as a practical guide on how to custom-tailor post-disaster housing approaches to suit the countries in which they are implemented.Three classical approaches are chosen,discussed and analytically compared in order to unveil the shortcomings of their implementation in a country such as Egypt which is faced by technological,economic and time-related challenges in our current time.Strategies are synthesized to in order to overcome these challenges and enhance the prospect of implementing the approaches in the country.Finally,the research presents a series of recommendations which can guide the implementation of the strategically enhanced approaches while bearing reference to real-life challenges and opportunities.展开更多
Chinese radioglaciological studies on the Antarctic ice sheet(AIS) began in 2004/05 when the 21 st Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition(CHINARE 21) team arrived at Dome A for the first time and radio echo so...Chinese radioglaciological studies on the Antarctic ice sheet(AIS) began in 2004/05 when the 21 st Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition(CHINARE 21) team arrived at Dome A for the first time and radio echo sounding(RES) was conducted along the inland traverse and in the Dome A region. Subsequently, more field surveys were conducted along the traverse and in the Dome A region using different radar systems targeting different scientific purposes, such as revealing the landscape of the Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains by detailed grid RES, or locating a deep ice core drilling site by mapping and studying internal structures, bedrock topography and subglacial conditions in the Dome A region. Furthermore, the evolution of the AIS was inferred from the typical mountain glaciation topography beneath Dome A, and the age of the deep ice core at Kunlun Station was estimated through numerical modeling. Recently, the Snow Eagle 601 airplane was acquired and an airborne geophysical system was constructed to survey the AIS in Princess Elizabeth Land during CHINARE 32(2015/16) and CHINARE 33(2016/17) in order to fill the large data gap there. In this paper, we review both the recent progress of Chinese radioglaciological science in Antarctica and future proposed work.展开更多
Recent developments in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs)and their applications in various subjects are of interest to polar communities.Due to the harsh climate and dangerous environment,these regions pose challenges for...Recent developments in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs)and their applications in various subjects are of interest to polar communities.Due to the harsh climate and dangerous environment,these regions pose challenges for the expedition teams.Several countries have tested the UAV technology to support Antarctic research and logistics.In this trend paper,we provide insightful reviews and discussions on such a prospective topic.Based on a comprehensive literature survey,we firstly summarize the key research progress of UAV in Antarctic studies.Then the examples of risk scenarios during the field exploration are given,after which several promising applications of the UAVs in safety guarantee are illustrated.In particular,we present a case of site-selection for the Chinese first ice sheet airfield,using the data collected in the 34th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition(CHINARE).In the end,we highlight the unique value of the UAVs in the popularization of polar science before concluding the advantages and limitations.Considering their excellent performance,we expect more innovations for UAV’s applications in the following Antarctic expeditions.展开更多
The spatial distribution of snow cover on the central Arctic sea ice is investigated here based on the observations made during the Third Chinese Arctic Expedition. Six types of snow were observed during the expeditio...The spatial distribution of snow cover on the central Arctic sea ice is investigated here based on the observations made during the Third Chinese Arctic Expedition. Six types of snow were observed during the expedition: new/recent snow, melt-fi'eeze crust, icy layer, depth hoar, coarse-grained, and chains of depth hoar. Across most measurement areas, the snow surface was covered by a melt-freeze crust 2-3 cm thick, which was produced by alternate strong solar radiation and the sharp temperature decrease over the summer Arctic Ocean. There was an intermittent layer of snow and ice at the base of the snow pack. The mean bulk density of the snow was 304.01~29.00 kg/m3 along the expedition line, and the surface values were generally smaller than those of the sub- surface, confirming the principle of snow densification. In addition, the thicknesses and water equivalents of the new/recent and total-layer snow showed a decreasing trend with latitude, suggesting that the amount of snow cover and its spatial variations were mainly determined by precipitation. Snow temperature also presented significant variations in the vertical profile, and ablation and evaporation were not the primary factors in the snow assessment in late summer. The mean temperature of the surface snow was -2.01±0.96℃, which was much higher than that observed in the interface of snow and sea ice.展开更多
The traverse route from Zhongshan Station to Dome A is one of the most important expedition routes of ITASE Project. China carried out 3 inland traverses during the 1996/1997, 1997/1998, 1998/1999 austral summer fie...The traverse route from Zhongshan Station to Dome A is one of the most important expedition routes of ITASE Project. China carried out 3 inland traverses during the 1996/1997, 1997/1998, 1998/1999 austral summer field seasons. The field team reached inland 300 km, 500 km and 1100 km away from Zhongshan Station respectively. Some ice motion stakes were set up, occupied and reoccupied along the route by GPS technology. It showed that the ice along the traverse route flowed with an 8 25 ma -1 velocity to the northwest, the direction of the bottom of Lambert Glacier Basin. They coincide with the results along the eastern section from LGB59 70 of the LGB route deduced by Australia in both values and directions. Furthermore, the directions of the horizontal flow are perpendicular to the surface topography contour. The much larger velocity at the point of LT980 with an approximate value of 100 ma -1 was probed. It was caused by a 15 km wide trough on the bed beneath this point.展开更多
By 2018, China had conducted 34 scientific explorations in Antarctica spearheaded by the Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition(CHINARE). Since the first CHINARE over 30 years ago, considerable work has been u...By 2018, China had conducted 34 scientific explorations in Antarctica spearheaded by the Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition(CHINARE). Since the first CHINARE over 30 years ago, considerable work has been undertaken to promote the development of techniques for the observation of surface and upper-air meteorological elements, and satellite image and data reception systems at Chinese Antarctic stations and onboard Chinese icebreakers have played critical roles in this endeavor. The upgrade of in situ and remote sensing measurement methods and the improvement of weather forecasting skill have enabled forecasters to achieve reliable on-site weather forecasting for the CHINARE. Nowadays, the routing of icebreakers, navigation of aircraft, and activities at Chinese Antarctic stations all benefit from the accurate weather forecasting service. In this paper, a review of the conventional meteorological measurement and operational weather forecasting services of the CHINARE is presented.展开更多
On the basis of the CTD data obtained within the Bering Sea shelf by the Second to Sixth Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition in the summers of 2003, 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2014, the classification and interannua...On the basis of the CTD data obtained within the Bering Sea shelf by the Second to Sixth Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition in the summers of 2003, 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2014, the classification and interannual variation of water masses on the central Bering Sea shelf and the northern Bering Sea shelf are analyzed. The results indicate that there are both connection and difference between two regions in hydrological features. On the central Bering Sea shelf, there are mainly four types of water masses distribute orderly from the slope to the coast of Alaska: Bering Slope Current Water(BSCW), MW(Mixed Water), Bering Shelf Water(BSW) and Alaska Coastal Water(ACW). In summer, BSW can be divided into Bering Shelf Surface Water(BSW_S) and Bering Shelf Cold Water(BSW_C). On the northern Bering Sea shelf near the Bering Strait,it contains Anadyr Water(AW), BSW and ACW from west to east. But the spatial-temporal features are also remarkable in each region. On the central shelf, the BSCW is saltiest and occupies the west of 177°W, which has the highest salinity in 2014. The BSW_C is the coldest water mass and warmest in 2014; the ACW is freshest and mainly occupies the east of 170°W, which has the highest temperature and salinity in 2012. On the northern Bering Sea shelf near the Bering Strait, the AW is saltiest with temperature decreasing sharply compared with BSCW on the central shelf. In the process of moving northward to the Bering Strait, the AW demonstrates a trend of eastward expansion. The ACW is freshest but saltier than the ACW on the central shelf,which is usually located above the BSW and is saltiest in 2014. The BSW distributes between the AW and the ACW and coldest in 2012, but the cold water of the BSW_C on the central shelf, whose temperature less than 0°C, does not exist on the northern shelf. Although there are so many changes, the respond to a climate change is synchronized in the both regions, which can be divided into the warm years(2003 and 2014) and cold years(2008, 2010 and 2012). The year of 2014 may be a new beginning of warm period.展开更多
The serum thyroid hormone and plasma catecholamine were examined in 18 male and 2 female members of the Chinese Antarctic Expedition (who spent the 2000 or 2001 austral winter at the Great Wall Station) . The changes ...The serum thyroid hormone and plasma catecholamine were examined in 18 male and 2 female members of the Chinese Antarctic Expedition (who spent the 2000 or 2001 austral winter at the Great Wall Station) . The changes of serum thyroid hormone i. e. total thyroxine (TT4) and free T4 (FT4) , total triodothyronine (TT3) and freeT3 ( FT3 ) , thyroid stimulating hormone ( TSH ) and plasma catecholamine, including norepinephrine (NE) , epinephrine ( E) and dopamine ( DA ) , were investigated by Chemoluminescence Immunoassay (CLIA) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD) . Samples were taken at different time; (1)1 day before departure to Antarctica (16th expedition 1999/12/ 09; 17th expedition 2000/12/06). (2) 1 day after returned to China after living 54 weeks in Antarctica ( 16th expedition 2000/12/25 ; 17th expedition 2001/12/25 ). Comparing the data of before departure and returned, results showed that there was a significant decrease in the contents of TT4 (P <0. 01) with no significant change in the content of TT3 , FT3 and FT4. It was also found that the content of TSH increased significantly (P <0. 001) ; No significant changes of plasma NE and DA were found but the content of E decreased significantly ( P < 0. 001) . The results indicated that the special Antarctic environment led to a restrain effect on the thyroid function and the level of plasma E in Antarctic expedition members. Both the thyroid and adrenal medulla system were associated in response to the Antarctic systemic stress.展开更多
In order to clarify the possible relationship between the changes of behavior/personality and metabolic changes of 5 hydroxytryptamine (5 HT) in Antarctic expedition members, plasma tryptophan (Trp) and urinary 5 ...In order to clarify the possible relationship between the changes of behavior/personality and metabolic changes of 5 hydroxytryptamine (5 HT) in Antarctic expedition members, plasma tryptophan (Trp) and urinary 5 hydroxy 3 indoleacetic acid (5 HIAA) were studied for 24 winter over and 19 summer over members of the 8th and 11th CHINARE respectively. Results showed that plasma Trp decreased significantly after residing 1 ̄3 months at Great Wall Station and did not recover on returning back to Beijing from Antarctica by two weeks travelling. Urinary 5 HIAA increased significantly after residing 6 months at Great Wall Station, and recovered on returning back to Beijing from Antarctica in the winter over members. The decrease of plasma Trp may be related to the decline of brain 5 HT which might play a role in the changes of behavior/personality . Increase of urinary 5 HIAA might reflect metabolic changes of 5 HT as a whole, but cold weather involving in the release response of platelet should be considered. Therefore, supplement of related food rich in Trp or intervention of L Trp might be valuable.展开更多
The disaster area of the Pishan M_S6.5 earthquake in 2015 is located in the southern margin of the Tarim Basin,where the natural condition are harsh,and the economy is extremely backward.Moreover,because of a large nu...The disaster area of the Pishan M_S6.5 earthquake in 2015 is located in the southern margin of the Tarim Basin,where the natural condition are harsh,and the economy is extremely backward.Moreover,because of a large number of residential housing with poor seismic performance in the disaster area,the damage and economic losses are serious.Since the most disaster area is located in the piedmont overflow,with poor site conditions such as shallow groundwater level and soil foundation,the magnifying effect of ground motion has a significant impact on the damage.In conclusion,we believe that investment in antiearthquake housing projects should be increased in post disaster reconstruction.Furthermore,for the north of the disaster area,with the dense population,poor conditions like soft soil foundation and poor engineering geological conditions,we recommend that in the future construction of anti-earthquake housing projects,more attention should be paid to strengthen the foundation treatment and precaution measures.展开更多
During the 2nd Chinese Arctic Research Expedition, 20 pair of atmospheric samples were collected on the cruising route from Shanghai to Arctic Ocean using NOAA/ESRL flask sampling unit. Mean concentration of CO2 and C...During the 2nd Chinese Arctic Research Expedition, 20 pair of atmospheric samples were collected on the cruising route from Shanghai to Arctic Ocean using NOAA/ESRL flask sampling unit. Mean concentration of CO2 and CH4 were analyzed in different latitude zone from 30°N to 80°N and the distribution characteristics were studied. Mean concentration of CO2 decrease toward high latitude which indicates the uptake effect of CO2 by ocean. Coinciding with the CH4 global distribution character, mean CH4 concentration increase from 45°N to the North Pole region. Regional or local air mass may influence the greenhouse gas concentrations near seashore in the middle latitude (30°N-45°N).展开更多
Due to the unique geographical location and sensitive response to global climate changes,the Antarctic region plays an important role in paleoclimate researches,and attracts great attentions from various scholars.One ...Due to the unique geographical location and sensitive response to global climate changes,the Antarctic region plays an important role in paleoclimate researches,and attracts great attentions from various scholars.One 324 cm long sediment core(ANT29-P7-09)was obtained from Prydz Bay,Antarctica,during the 29th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition.Based on sediment particle size,TOC,δ13C analyses and magnetism data,the authors show that the dominant magnetic minerals are ferrimagnetic pseudo single domain(PSD)-multi domain(MD)magnetite.Variations in the paleoenvironmental records allow us to define 4 zones in the core.These zones outline the climatic variations in the region since the late Early Pleistocene,including a warm period,a transitional period,and a cold period.The magnetic particle assemblage varies with glacial-interglacial cycles.Abrupt changes in particle size,TOC content,and geomagnetism occur at 102–90 cm deep in the core,indicating a sudden warming in the Antarctic region,signaling the onset of the Holocene.The authors identified 3 additional climatic signals in the middle part of the core(232–162 cm)that show unexpected cooling events during the warm period in Prydz Bay,Antarctica.展开更多
The 2000 km Columbia River is the longest river in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. It starts in British Columbia, Canada and flows through the states of Oregon and Washington before discharging into Pac...The 2000 km Columbia River is the longest river in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. It starts in British Columbia, Canada and flows through the states of Oregon and Washington before discharging into Pacific Ocean near Cape Disappointment. The mouth of the Columbia River is a deep water harbor and 180 km of the river can be accessed by navigation. Based on flow volume, the river is the 4th largest river in the United States. The headwaters and approximately 800 km of the Columbia River lie in Canada. Columbia Lake and the Columbia Wetlands are located in British Columbia and are the headwaters of the Columbia River. The lake has an elevation of 820 m above sea level and drains to the Pacific Ocean near Astoria, Oregon. The Ocean tides flow up river to Portland, Oregon. This paper highlights how the geological and landscape resources of the Columbia River and tributaries watershed contributed to the economic development of this historically rich region of North America. The Columbia River is one of the most biologically diverse freshwater systems in the United States. The Columbia River system with trails and cruise ships was designed to increase use of the Columbia River, to promote recreational tourism, and to create a generation of people who are willing to protect and provide environmental stewardship of the river basin resources.展开更多
文摘Expediting is becoming more essential with the increase of engineering construction projects by Chinese companies abroad.According to Xinhua News Agency,from 2013 to 2018,Chinese enterprises’direct investment in countries along the Belt and Road(B&R)exceeded USD 90 billion,with an average annual growth rate of 5.2%.For countries along B&R,the value of Engineering Procurement Construction(EPC)projects signed with Chinese companies exceeded USD 600 billion,which is an average annual increase of 11.9%.
文摘The development of China’s natural gas industry can be described as the story of an ancient but rising industry.In general,the route for China’s natural gas development is through concentrating resources to accomplish major undertakings,and expediting development through diversified ownerships.A brief review of the development of the natural gas industry in
基金The Fundamental Research Fund Project of the First Institute of OceanographyMinistry of Natural Resources+1 种基金under contract No.GY022Y07the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.42106232。
文摘During the 10th Chinese Arctic scientific expedition carried out in the summer of 2019,the surface current in the high-latitude areas of the Arctic Ocean was observed using a self-developed surface drifting buoy,which was initially deployed in the Chukchi Sea.The buoy traversed the Chukchi Sea,Chukchi Abyssal Plain,Mendeleev Ridge,Makarov Basin,and Canada Basin over a period of 632 d.After returning to the Mendeleev Ridge,it continued to drift toward the pole.Overall,the track of the buoy reflected the characteristics of the transpolar drift and Chukchi Slope Current,as well as the inertial flow,cross-ridge surface flow,and even the surface disorganized flow for some time intervals.The results showed that:(1)the transpolar drift mainly occurs in the Chukchi Abyssal Plain,Mendeleev Ridge,and western Canada Basin to the east of the ridge where sea ice concentration is high,and the average northward flow velocity in the region between 79.41°N and 86.32°N was 5.1 cm/s;(2)the average surface velocity of the Chukchi Slope Current was 13.5 cm/s,and while this current moves westward along the continental slope,it also extends northwestward across the continental slope and flows to the deep sea;and(3)when sea ice concentration was less than 50%,the inertial flow was more significant(the maximum observed inertial flow was 26 cm/s,and the radius of the inertia circle was 3.6 km).
文摘This research is intended as a practical guide on how to custom-tailor post-disaster housing approaches to suit the countries in which they are implemented.Three classical approaches are chosen,discussed and analytically compared in order to unveil the shortcomings of their implementation in a country such as Egypt which is faced by technological,economic and time-related challenges in our current time.Strategies are synthesized to in order to overcome these challenges and enhance the prospect of implementing the approaches in the country.Finally,the research presents a series of recommendations which can guide the implementation of the strategically enhanced approaches while bearing reference to real-life challenges and opportunities.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant nos. 41776186, 41730102 and 41571407)the Chinese Polar Environmental Comprehensive Investigation and Assessment Programs (Grant no. CHINARE-02-02)
文摘Chinese radioglaciological studies on the Antarctic ice sheet(AIS) began in 2004/05 when the 21 st Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition(CHINARE 21) team arrived at Dome A for the first time and radio echo sounding(RES) was conducted along the inland traverse and in the Dome A region. Subsequently, more field surveys were conducted along the traverse and in the Dome A region using different radar systems targeting different scientific purposes, such as revealing the landscape of the Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains by detailed grid RES, or locating a deep ice core drilling site by mapping and studying internal structures, bedrock topography and subglacial conditions in the Dome A region. Furthermore, the evolution of the AIS was inferred from the typical mountain glaciation topography beneath Dome A, and the age of the deep ice core at Kunlun Station was estimated through numerical modeling. Recently, the Snow Eagle 601 airplane was acquired and an airborne geophysical system was constructed to survey the AIS in Princess Elizabeth Land during CHINARE 32(2015/16) and CHINARE 33(2016/17) in order to fill the large data gap there. In this paper, we review both the recent progress of Chinese radioglaciological science in Antarctica and future proposed work.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant nos.41830536,41676176 and 41676182)the Chinese Polar Environment Comprehensive Investigation and Assessment ProgramTeng Li is also funded by the UK-China Joint Research and Innovation Partnership Fund PhD Placement Program.
文摘Recent developments in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs)and their applications in various subjects are of interest to polar communities.Due to the harsh climate and dangerous environment,these regions pose challenges for the expedition teams.Several countries have tested the UAV technology to support Antarctic research and logistics.In this trend paper,we provide insightful reviews and discussions on such a prospective topic.Based on a comprehensive literature survey,we firstly summarize the key research progress of UAV in Antarctic studies.Then the examples of risk scenarios during the field exploration are given,after which several promising applications of the UAVs in safety guarantee are illustrated.In particular,we present a case of site-selection for the Chinese first ice sheet airfield,using the data collected in the 34th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition(CHINARE).In the end,we highlight the unique value of the UAVs in the popularization of polar science before concluding the advantages and limitations.Considering their excellent performance,we expect more innovations for UAV’s applications in the following Antarctic expeditions.
基金funded by the Opening Founding of the State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences (SKLCS 09-07)the Special Polar Program of the Ministry of Finance (CHINARE2012-02-02)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (41121001)
文摘The spatial distribution of snow cover on the central Arctic sea ice is investigated here based on the observations made during the Third Chinese Arctic Expedition. Six types of snow were observed during the expedition: new/recent snow, melt-fi'eeze crust, icy layer, depth hoar, coarse-grained, and chains of depth hoar. Across most measurement areas, the snow surface was covered by a melt-freeze crust 2-3 cm thick, which was produced by alternate strong solar radiation and the sharp temperature decrease over the summer Arctic Ocean. There was an intermittent layer of snow and ice at the base of the snow pack. The mean bulk density of the snow was 304.01~29.00 kg/m3 along the expedition line, and the surface values were generally smaller than those of the sub- surface, confirming the principle of snow densification. In addition, the thicknesses and water equivalents of the new/recent and total-layer snow showed a decreasing trend with latitude, suggesting that the amount of snow cover and its spatial variations were mainly determined by precipitation. Snow temperature also presented significant variations in the vertical profile, and ablation and evaporation were not the primary factors in the snow assessment in late summer. The mean temperature of the surface snow was -2.01±0.96℃, which was much higher than that observed in the interface of snow and sea ice.
文摘The traverse route from Zhongshan Station to Dome A is one of the most important expedition routes of ITASE Project. China carried out 3 inland traverses during the 1996/1997, 1997/1998, 1998/1999 austral summer field seasons. The field team reached inland 300 km, 500 km and 1100 km away from Zhongshan Station respectively. Some ice motion stakes were set up, occupied and reoccupied along the route by GPS technology. It showed that the ice along the traverse route flowed with an 8 25 ma -1 velocity to the northwest, the direction of the bottom of Lambert Glacier Basin. They coincide with the results along the eastern section from LGB59 70 of the LGB route deduced by Australia in both values and directions. Furthermore, the directions of the horizontal flow are perpendicular to the surface topography contour. The much larger velocity at the point of LT980 with an approximate value of 100 ma -1 was probed. It was caused by a 15 km wide trough on the bed beneath this point.
基金supported by the project of National Key R&D Program of China(Grant no.2016YFC1402705)
文摘By 2018, China had conducted 34 scientific explorations in Antarctica spearheaded by the Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition(CHINARE). Since the first CHINARE over 30 years ago, considerable work has been undertaken to promote the development of techniques for the observation of surface and upper-air meteorological elements, and satellite image and data reception systems at Chinese Antarctic stations and onboard Chinese icebreakers have played critical roles in this endeavor. The upgrade of in situ and remote sensing measurement methods and the improvement of weather forecasting skill have enabled forecasters to achieve reliable on-site weather forecasting for the CHINARE. Nowadays, the routing of icebreakers, navigation of aircraft, and activities at Chinese Antarctic stations all benefit from the accurate weather forecasting service. In this paper, a review of the conventional meteorological measurement and operational weather forecasting services of the CHINARE is presented.
基金The Basic Research Operating Funds of The First Institute of Oceanography,State Oceanic Administration of China under contact Nos 2014T02 and 2014G02the Chinese Polar Environment Comprehensive Investigation and Assessment Programmes,State Oceanic Administration of China under contact Nos CHINARE2016-03-01 and CHINARE2016-04-03the Public Science and Technology Research Fund Project of Ocean under contact No.201205007
文摘On the basis of the CTD data obtained within the Bering Sea shelf by the Second to Sixth Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition in the summers of 2003, 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2014, the classification and interannual variation of water masses on the central Bering Sea shelf and the northern Bering Sea shelf are analyzed. The results indicate that there are both connection and difference between two regions in hydrological features. On the central Bering Sea shelf, there are mainly four types of water masses distribute orderly from the slope to the coast of Alaska: Bering Slope Current Water(BSCW), MW(Mixed Water), Bering Shelf Water(BSW) and Alaska Coastal Water(ACW). In summer, BSW can be divided into Bering Shelf Surface Water(BSW_S) and Bering Shelf Cold Water(BSW_C). On the northern Bering Sea shelf near the Bering Strait,it contains Anadyr Water(AW), BSW and ACW from west to east. But the spatial-temporal features are also remarkable in each region. On the central shelf, the BSCW is saltiest and occupies the west of 177°W, which has the highest salinity in 2014. The BSW_C is the coldest water mass and warmest in 2014; the ACW is freshest and mainly occupies the east of 170°W, which has the highest temperature and salinity in 2012. On the northern Bering Sea shelf near the Bering Strait, the AW is saltiest with temperature decreasing sharply compared with BSCW on the central shelf. In the process of moving northward to the Bering Strait, the AW demonstrates a trend of eastward expansion. The ACW is freshest but saltier than the ACW on the central shelf,which is usually located above the BSW and is saltiest in 2014. The BSW distributes between the AW and the ACW and coldest in 2012, but the cold water of the BSW_C on the central shelf, whose temperature less than 0°C, does not exist on the northern shelf. Although there are so many changes, the respond to a climate change is synchronized in the both regions, which can be divided into the warm years(2003 and 2014) and cold years(2008, 2010 and 2012). The year of 2014 may be a new beginning of warm period.
基金support by Chinese National Science Foundation(No.3997801)
文摘The serum thyroid hormone and plasma catecholamine were examined in 18 male and 2 female members of the Chinese Antarctic Expedition (who spent the 2000 or 2001 austral winter at the Great Wall Station) . The changes of serum thyroid hormone i. e. total thyroxine (TT4) and free T4 (FT4) , total triodothyronine (TT3) and freeT3 ( FT3 ) , thyroid stimulating hormone ( TSH ) and plasma catecholamine, including norepinephrine (NE) , epinephrine ( E) and dopamine ( DA ) , were investigated by Chemoluminescence Immunoassay (CLIA) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD) . Samples were taken at different time; (1)1 day before departure to Antarctica (16th expedition 1999/12/ 09; 17th expedition 2000/12/06). (2) 1 day after returned to China after living 54 weeks in Antarctica ( 16th expedition 2000/12/25 ; 17th expedition 2001/12/25 ). Comparing the data of before departure and returned, results showed that there was a significant decrease in the contents of TT4 (P <0. 01) with no significant change in the content of TT3 , FT3 and FT4. It was also found that the content of TSH increased significantly (P <0. 001) ; No significant changes of plasma NE and DA were found but the content of E decreased significantly ( P < 0. 001) . The results indicated that the special Antarctic environment led to a restrain effect on the thyroid function and the level of plasma E in Antarctic expedition members. Both the thyroid and adrenal medulla system were associated in response to the Antarctic systemic stress.
文摘In order to clarify the possible relationship between the changes of behavior/personality and metabolic changes of 5 hydroxytryptamine (5 HT) in Antarctic expedition members, plasma tryptophan (Trp) and urinary 5 hydroxy 3 indoleacetic acid (5 HIAA) were studied for 24 winter over and 19 summer over members of the 8th and 11th CHINARE respectively. Results showed that plasma Trp decreased significantly after residing 1 ̄3 months at Great Wall Station and did not recover on returning back to Beijing from Antarctica by two weeks travelling. Urinary 5 HIAA increased significantly after residing 6 months at Great Wall Station, and recovered on returning back to Beijing from Antarctica in the winter over members. The decrease of plasma Trp may be related to the decline of brain 5 HT which might play a role in the changes of behavior/personality . Increase of urinary 5 HIAA might reflect metabolic changes of 5 HT as a whole, but cold weather involving in the release response of platelet should be considered. Therefore, supplement of related food rich in Trp or intervention of L Trp might be valuable.
基金funded by the “Three-in-one Project ” of China Earthquake Administration (163101)the Spark Program of Earthquake Sciences,CEA (XH15044Y)
文摘The disaster area of the Pishan M_S6.5 earthquake in 2015 is located in the southern margin of the Tarim Basin,where the natural condition are harsh,and the economy is extremely backward.Moreover,because of a large number of residential housing with poor seismic performance in the disaster area,the damage and economic losses are serious.Since the most disaster area is located in the piedmont overflow,with poor site conditions such as shallow groundwater level and soil foundation,the magnifying effect of ground motion has a significant impact on the damage.In conclusion,we believe that investment in antiearthquake housing projects should be increased in post disaster reconstruction.Furthermore,for the north of the disaster area,with the dense population,poor conditions like soft soil foundation and poor engineering geological conditions,we recommend that in the future construction of anti-earthquake housing projects,more attention should be paid to strengthen the foundation treatment and precaution measures.
文摘During the 2nd Chinese Arctic Research Expedition, 20 pair of atmospheric samples were collected on the cruising route from Shanghai to Arctic Ocean using NOAA/ESRL flask sampling unit. Mean concentration of CO2 and CH4 were analyzed in different latitude zone from 30°N to 80°N and the distribution characteristics were studied. Mean concentration of CO2 decrease toward high latitude which indicates the uptake effect of CO2 by ocean. Coinciding with the CH4 global distribution character, mean CH4 concentration increase from 45°N to the North Pole region. Regional or local air mass may influence the greenhouse gas concentrations near seashore in the middle latitude (30°N-45°N).
基金This work was financially supported by“Global change and air-sea interaction”(GASI-GEOGE-05,GASI-04-01-02,GASI-02-PAC-CJ07,GAST-GEOGE-03)National Natural Science Foundation of China(41576069,41576063)Zhejiang Qingshan Lake Innovation Platform for Marine Science and Technology(2017E80001).
文摘Due to the unique geographical location and sensitive response to global climate changes,the Antarctic region plays an important role in paleoclimate researches,and attracts great attentions from various scholars.One 324 cm long sediment core(ANT29-P7-09)was obtained from Prydz Bay,Antarctica,during the 29th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition.Based on sediment particle size,TOC,δ13C analyses and magnetism data,the authors show that the dominant magnetic minerals are ferrimagnetic pseudo single domain(PSD)-multi domain(MD)magnetite.Variations in the paleoenvironmental records allow us to define 4 zones in the core.These zones outline the climatic variations in the region since the late Early Pleistocene,including a warm period,a transitional period,and a cold period.The magnetic particle assemblage varies with glacial-interglacial cycles.Abrupt changes in particle size,TOC content,and geomagnetism occur at 102–90 cm deep in the core,indicating a sudden warming in the Antarctic region,signaling the onset of the Holocene.The authors identified 3 additional climatic signals in the middle part of the core(232–162 cm)that show unexpected cooling events during the warm period in Prydz Bay,Antarctica.
文摘The 2000 km Columbia River is the longest river in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. It starts in British Columbia, Canada and flows through the states of Oregon and Washington before discharging into Pacific Ocean near Cape Disappointment. The mouth of the Columbia River is a deep water harbor and 180 km of the river can be accessed by navigation. Based on flow volume, the river is the 4th largest river in the United States. The headwaters and approximately 800 km of the Columbia River lie in Canada. Columbia Lake and the Columbia Wetlands are located in British Columbia and are the headwaters of the Columbia River. The lake has an elevation of 820 m above sea level and drains to the Pacific Ocean near Astoria, Oregon. The Ocean tides flow up river to Portland, Oregon. This paper highlights how the geological and landscape resources of the Columbia River and tributaries watershed contributed to the economic development of this historically rich region of North America. The Columbia River is one of the most biologically diverse freshwater systems in the United States. The Columbia River system with trails and cruise ships was designed to increase use of the Columbia River, to promote recreational tourism, and to create a generation of people who are willing to protect and provide environmental stewardship of the river basin resources.