联合GNSS和GRACE数据分析华北平原地表垂直形变

为了分析华北平原陆地水储量变化等环境因素对GNSS非线性垂向时间序列产生的影响,结合GRACE数据和GNSS数据以水井水位数据为补充对华北平原进行研究。研究结果表明,华北平原地区GNSS垂向位移时间序列与GRACE负荷形变具有较好的相关性,改正后的GNSS观测与GRACE负荷形变的相关性有较大程度地减少。基于水井静水位资料对结果的可靠性进行了验证,扣除GRACE负荷形变影响后的GNSS垂向位移时间序列与水井静水位观测之间的相关系数相较于扣除前降低了40%~96.7%。将GRACE观测得到的负荷形变从GNSS时间序列中扣除,可以有效降低包括陆地水储量变化在内的环境因素导致的负荷形变对GNSS观测造成的非构造运动影响。研究结果为获取华北平原及其周边地区更为精确的垂向构造运动变形提供了科学参考。

联合GNSS与GRACE/GRACE-FO数据反演中国西南地区陆地水储量变化

GNSS和重力恢复与气候试验(GRACE)及其后续任务(GRACE-FO)给陆地水储量变化(TWSC)研究带来了技术革新,但这两种技术估计的区域TWSC具有不同的时空尺度和精度特性。因此,有必要融合两种观测数据,以获得同一尺度且高精度的TWSC。本文基于GNSS独立反演模型,使用求和算子对喷气推进实验室(JPL)的GRACE/GRACE-FO Mascon数据进行求和运算来构建约束,通过赤池贝叶斯准则选择最优模型参数,构建了一种联合GNSS与GRACE/GRACE-FO数据的区域TWSC反演模型。随后,本文设计数值模拟试验,以验证利用该模型反演中国西南地区TWSC的可行性。结果显示,1000次试验中联合反演估算的均方根误差均值为10 mm,比GNSS独立反演结果低47%。基于此方法,本文联合GNSS与JPL Mascon数据反演了中国西南地区2011年1月—2022年6月的时变TWSC。对比联合反演、GNSS独立反演、GRACE/GRACE-FO和高分辨率全球陆地数据同化系统(GLDAS)的结果,发现联合反演与GLDAS的TWSC周年振幅空间分布特征最吻合,表明联合反演估计的TWSC空间分辨率优于GNSS独立反演和GRACE的结果。最后,结合水平衡方程估算的区域水文收支情况,并通过广义三角帽方法评估陆地水储量等效水柱高的变化率(d(EWH)/d t)的不确定性。结果显示,联合反演估计的d(EWH)/d t不确定性为8 mm/月,较GRACE/GRACE-FO、GNSS独立反演和水平衡方程结果分别低33%、68%和62%。研究结果表明,与GNSS和GRACE/GRACE-FO独立反演方法相比,联合反演能够改善TWSC估值的精度,可为水资源管理决策及水文气候学研究提供更可靠的数据支撑。

基于随机森林模型的GRACE数据3种空间降尺度对比

陆地水储量是赋存在陆地上各种形式水的综合体现,研究其时空变化对认识区域水循环过程和水资源调控等具有重要意义。然而现有陆地水储量变化数据实际分辨率较低,限制了其在中小流域或地区中的应用。针对这一问题,本文基于GRACE重力卫星和其后续卫星GRACE-FO反演的陆地水储量变化数据,首先采用随机森林模型,分别基于格点、区域(流域)和区域(全国)3种空间降尺度思路将GRACE数据降尺度至0.25°×0.25°,后结合GLDAS模型数据,基于水量平衡原理计算得到地下水储量变化数据,最后基于降尺度模型模拟效果和实测地下水位数据评估3种降尺度思路在全国的适用性。结果表明:随机森林模型能够较好地模拟驱动数据(降水、气温、植被条件指数和土壤水储量)与GRACE数据的统计关系,验证期格点降尺度思路的平均相关系数总体在0.6左右,区域降尺度思路的平均纳什效率系数、相关系数和均方根误差分别>0.5、>0.75和<6.6 cm,3种空间降尺度思路的模拟精度均满足基本要求;2003—2021年间,GRACE数据、格点降尺度、区域降尺度(流域)和区域降尺度(全国)得到的我国陆地水储量亏缺量分别约为119.5×10^(8)、62.4×10^(8)、121.1×10^(8)和121.8×10^(8)m^(3)/a,地下水储量亏缺量分别约为230.0×10^(8)、171.8×10^(8)、235.6×10^(8)和236.4×10^(8)m^(3)/a,受制于样本数较少等原因,格点降尺度结果精度较差;两种区域降尺度思路得到的水储量变化速率均和原始GRACE数据基本一致,模拟结果均优于格点降尺度,且细化到流域的区域降尺度对地下水储量变化验证精度有一定的改善。区域降尺度具有适用性强、模拟精度高、计算效率高的优势,研究结果可为流域水资源可持续利用以及水资源规划等提供精细化的水储量变化数据。

贝叶斯三角帽法的GRACE/GRACE-FO组合模型及其不确定性

利用贝叶斯三角帽法将多个GRACE/GRACE-FO重构模型进行融合,提升基于深度学习的地表质量变化重构模型的精度,为高精度填补及重构GRACE/GRACE-FO数据提供参考。实验表明,组合模型估算的全球陆地水储量变化的不确定性最低,其结果在多数流域与参考模型的一致性更佳;较最优的重构模型,组合模型全球及流域的不确定性降低约15%,纳什效率系数(NSE)提升约5%,尤其在半干旱、半湿润及湿润区域,其精度提升更明显。

利用GRACE卫星分析安徽省地下水储量的时空变化

文章利用重力恢复与气候实验卫星(Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment,GRACE)时变重力场球谐系数文件,联合全球陆面数据同化系统(Global Land Data Assimilation System,GLDAS)水文模型反演安徽省2003—2016年地下水储量的时空变化。通过奇异谱分析(Singular Spectrum Analysis,SSA)地下水时间序列,结合热带降雨测量任务(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission,TRMM)降雨数据对地下水储量变化规律进行分析。结果表明,安徽省地下水储量在2011年和2014年前后发生较大变化,在2003—2011年的变化率为0.37 cm/a,2011—2014年的下降速率为-0.2 cm/a,2014—2016年的增长速率为1.9 cm/a;进一步与降雨数据关联,发现降雨量是影响安徽省地下水储量年际变化和季节性变化的主要因素。在空间上,安徽省呈现自东北向西南逐渐缓和的趋势,最大亏损出现在皖北地区,为-7.52 mm/a,在西南地区的最大盈余达到8.38 mm/a。

不同ApoE基因型急性冠脉综合征患者中医证素特征与GRACE评分相关性研究

目的 观察不同ApoE基因型急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者中医证素特征和GRACE评分之间的关系,为ACS患者个体化诊疗提供新思路。方法 收集249例ACS患者的中医证素信息、ApoE基因型、GRACE评分等资料,分析不同ApoE基因型ACS患者中医证素特征与GRACE评分的相关性。结果 共纳入ApoE2基因型32例,ApoE3基因型175例,ApoE4基因型42例。其中具有统计学差异的结果(P<0.05):E4组寒凝证与GRACE-年龄评分相关系数r=0.325 0,气虚证与GRACE-年龄评分相关系数r=0.329 0,气虚证评分与GRACE-总分相关系数r=0.388 2,痰浊证和GRACE-Killip分级评分相关系数r=0.386 0;E3组寒凝证与GRACE-肌酐评分相关系数r=0.442 0,寒凝证评分与GRACE-危险因素评分相关系数r=0.888 5,痰浊证与GRACE-危险因素评分相关系数r=0.149 2,热蕴证评分与GRACE-收缩压评分相关系数r=0.601 9。结论 E4基因型寒凝证、气虚证、痰浊证的ACS患者GRACE评分危险程度更高;E3基因型寒凝证、痰浊证、热蕴证的ACS患者GRACE评分危险程度更高。

利用改进的PnMl方法处理GRACE南北条带误差

GRACE无约束月时变重力场球谐系数模型的反演结果存在明显的南北条带误差。为此,提出一种改进方法,通过对PnMl方法未作处理的高阶系数进行分层多项式拟合,以进一步减少条带误差,并分析其在空域、频域和时域的性能。结果表明,相比于PnMl(P4M6)方法,改进方法可进一步减少30°S~30°N区域的残余条带误差,抑制50阶后信号阶方差的异常抬升,减少质量变化时间序列中的异常峰值。此外,采用信噪比指标和广义三角帽方法对改进方法进行定量评估。结果表明,CSR、GFZ、JPL发布的3种重力场模型经改进方法处理后均达到最优信噪比,分别为1.77、1.35和1.39;其结果的不确定性水平较P4M6方法分别降低20.50 mm、36.40 mm和19.61 mm。

基于GRACE重力卫星与SPEI的云南干旱监测

针对云南省干旱多发、旱灾严重的特点,选取1981年1月-2020年6月长时间序列的历史时期典型水文干旱年及干旱事件,探索GRACE卫星反演数据在监测云南地区干旱方面的适用性,旨在提出解决无资料或少资料地区干旱监测困难的新方法。研究基于GRACE重力卫星数据反演得到云南省滇中、滇东北、滇东南、滇西南、滇西北5个分区月均储水量变化量,计算各分区的旱涝指标-相对储水量指数,利用相对储水量指数对云南省各分区干旱情况进行分析,并从月时间尺度上对比了相对储水量指数和标准降水蒸散指数SPEI3的干旱分析结论。研究结果表明:基于GRACE重力卫星数据反演构建的相对储水量指数在典型水文干旱年内的监测结果与实际干旱情况基本一致,其在滇中地区的适用性最佳,对于春季干旱的监测精度优于其他季节,反演数据能够一定程度上反映云南省不同地区、不同季节干旱程度;利用SPEI3对云南全省以及不同分区的旱情进行监测,结果与统计年鉴记载干旱事件较为吻合,其在滇东南地区的监测精度优于其他分区,在夏、冬两季精度优于春季;GRACE和SPEI3都较好地捕捉到了历史时期的典型干旱年及干旱事件,在选取的24场典型干旱事件中各分区的最高吻合率均达到了15/24;总体上两种指数在各分区漏报率均维持在较低水平,最高不超过1/3,其中SPEI3相较于GRACE更不易出现漏报的情况,其最低漏报率仅为1/8,两种指数在全省及各分区的旱情监测方面均表现出较好的适用性。

Computational Experiments for Complex Social Systems:Experiment Design and Generative Explanation

Powered by advanced information technology,more and more complex systems are exhibiting characteristics of the cyber-physical-social systems(CPSS).In this context,computational experiments method has emerged as a novel approach for the design,analysis,management,control,and integration of CPSS,which can realize the causal analysis of complex systems by means of“algorithmization”of“counterfactuals”.However,because CPSS involve human and social factors(e.g.,autonomy,initiative,and sociality),it is difficult for traditional design of experiment(DOE)methods to achieve the generative explanation of system emergence.To address this challenge,this paper proposes an integrated approach to the design of computational experiments,incorporating three key modules:1)Descriptive module:Determining the influencing factors and response variables of the system by means of the modeling of an artificial society;2)Interpretative module:Selecting factorial experimental design solution to identify the relationship between influencing factors and macro phenomena;3)Predictive module:Building a meta-model that is equivalent to artificial society to explore its operating laws.Finally,a case study of crowd-sourcing platforms is presented to illustrate the application process and effectiveness of the proposed approach,which can reveal the social impact of algorithmic behavior on“rider race”.

Experimental Investigation on Vertical Hydraulic Transport of Ores in Deepsea Mining

Deepsea mining has been proposed since the 1960s to alleviate the lack of resources on land.Vertical hydraulic transport of collected ores from the seabed to the sea surface is considered the most promising method for industrial applications.In the present study,an indoor model test of the vertical hydraulic transport of particles was conducted.A noncontact optical method has been proposed to measure the local characteristics of the particles inside a vertical pipe,including the local concentration and particle velocity.The hydraulic gradient of ore transport was evaluated with various particle size distributions,particle densities,feeding concentrations and mixture flow velocities.During transport,the local concentration is larger than the feeding concentration,whereas the particle velocity is less than the mixture velocity.The qualitative effects of the local concentration and local fluid velocity on the particle velocity and slip velocity were investigated.The local fluid velocity contributes significantly to particle velocity and slip velocity,whereas the effect of the local concentration is marginal.A higher feeding concentration and mixture flow velocity result in an increased hydraulic gradient.The effect of the particle size gradation is slight,whereas the particle density plays a crucial role in the transport.

From the perspective of experimental practice: High-throughput computational screening in photocatalysis

Photocatalysis,a critical strategy for harvesting sunlight to address energy demand and environmental concerns,is underpinned by the discovery of high-performance photocatalysts,thereby how to design photocatalysts is now generating widespread interest in boosting the conversion effi-ciency of solar energy.In the past decade,computational technologies and theoretical simulations have led to a major leap in the development of high-throughput computational screening strategies for novel high-efficiency photocatalysts.In this viewpoint,we started with introducing the challenges of photocatalysis from the view of experimental practice,especially the inefficiency of the traditional“trial and error”method.Sub-sequently,a cross-sectional comparison between experimental and high-throughput computational screening for photocatalysis is presented and discussed in detail.On the basis of the current experimental progress in photocatalysis,we also exemplified the various challenges associated with high-throughput computational screening strategies.Finally,we offered a preferred high-throughput computational screening procedure for pho-tocatalysts from an experimental practice perspective(model construction and screening,standardized experiments,assessment and revision),with the aim of a better correlation of high-throughput simulations and experimental practices,motivating to search for better descriptors.

GRACE评分导航分层护理对老年冠心病PCI患者心脏功能与不良心血管事件的影响

目的探讨全球急性冠状动脉时间注册(GRACE)评分导航分层护理对老年冠心病经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)患者心功能与不良心血管事件的影响。方法选取2022年5月-2023年5月我院行PCI治疗的老年冠心病患者120例,按随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,各60例。对照组实施常规护理,观察组实施GRACE评分导航分层护理。比较两组心脏功能、不良心血管事件发生情况、心理状态及生活质量。结果观察组护理后左室射血分数(LVEF)高于对照组,左室舒张末内径(LVDd)、左心收缩末内径(LVDs)小于对照组(P<0.05);观察组不良心血管事件发生率低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组护理后慢性病自我效能感量表(SECD6)、Herth希望量表(HHI)评分高于对照组(P<0.05);观察组护理后中国心血管病人生活质量评定问卷(CQQC)评分高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论GRACE评分导航分层护理应用于老年冠心病PCI患者中可有效提升心脏功能,减少不良心血管事件发生,改善患者心理状态,提高生活质量。

Multi-environment BSA-seq using large F3 populations is able to achieve reliable QTL mapping with high power and resolution: An experimental demonstration in rice

Bulked-segregant analysis by deep sequencing(BSA-seq) is a widely used method for mapping QTL(quantitative trait loci) due to its simplicity, speed, cost-effectiveness, and efficiency. However, the ability of BSA-seq to detect QTL is often limited by inappropriate experimental designs, as evidenced by numerous practical studies. Most BSA-seq studies have utilized small to medium-sized populations, with F2populations being the most common choice. Nevertheless, theoretical studies have shown that using a large population with an appropriate pool size can significantly enhance the power and resolution of QTL detection in BSA-seq, with F_(3)populations offering notable advantages over F2populations. To provide an experimental demonstration, we tested the power of BSA-seq to identify QTL controlling days from sowing to heading(DTH) in a 7200-plant rice F_(3)population in two environments, with a pool size of approximately 500. Each experiment identified 34 QTL, an order of magnitude greater than reported in most BSA-seq experiments, of which 23 were detected in both experiments, with 17 of these located near41 previously reported QTL and eight cloned genes known to control DTH in rice. These results indicate that QTL mapping by BSA-seq in large F_(3)populations and multi-environment experiments can achieve high power, resolution, and reliability.

Unexpected Diversity in Ecosystem Nutrient Responses to Experimental Drought in Temperate Grasslands

The responses of ecosystem nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to drought are an important component of globalchange studies. However, previous studies were more often based on site-specific experiments, introducing a significantuncertainty to synthesis and site comparisons. We investigated the responses of vegetation and soil nutrientsto drought using a network experiment of temperate grasslands in Northern China. Drought treatment (66%reduction in growing season precipitation) was imposed by erecting rainout shelters, respectively, at the driest,intermediate, and wettest sites. We found that vegetation nutrient concentrations increased but soil nutrient concentrationsdecreased along the aridity gradient. Differential responses were observed under experimentaldrought among the three grassland sites. Specifically, the experimental drought did not change vegetation andsoil nutrient status at the driest site, while strongly reduced vegetation but increased soil nutrient concentrationsat the site with intermediate precipitation. On the contrary, experimental drought increased vegetation N concentrationsbut did not change vegetation P and soil nutrient concentrations at the wettest site. In general, the differentialeffects of drought on ecosystem nutrients were observed between manipulative and observationalexperiments as well as between sites. Our research findings suggest that conducting large-scale, consistent, andcontrolled network experiments is essential to accurately evaluate the effects of global climate change on terrestrialecosystem bio-geochemistry.

Analysis of the Erosion-Corrosion Mechanism of the Air Cooler in a Hydrocracking Unit:A Numerical and Experimental Study

Corrosion leakages often occur in the air cooler of a hydrocracking unit,with the failure sites mainly located in the entrance area of the tubes.An analysis of the macroscopic morphology and corrosion products confirmed that the damage was caused by erosion-corrosion(E-C).Numerical and experimental methods were applied to investigate the E-C mechanism in the air cooler.Computational fluid dynamics(CFD)was used to calculate the hydrodynamic parameters of the air cooler.The results showed that there was a biased flow in the air cooler,which led to a significant increase in velocity,turbulent kinetic energy and wall shear within 0.2 m of the tube entrance.A visualization experiment was then performed to determine the principles of migration and transformation of multiphase flow in the air cooler tubes.Various flow patterns(pure droplet flow,mist flow,and annular flow)and their evolutionary processes were clearly depicted experimentally.The initiation mechanism and processes leading to the development of E-C in the air cooler were also determined.This study provided a comprehensive explanation for the E-C failures that occur in air coolers during operation.

Visualization and characterization of experimental hydraulic fractures interacting with karst fracture-cavity distributions

Karst fracture-cavity carbonate reservoirs,in which natural cavities are connected by natural fractures to form cavity clusters in many circumstances,have become significant fields of oil and gas exploration and exploitation.Proppant fracturing is considered as the best method for exploiting carbonate reservoirs;however,previous studies primarily focused on the effects of individual types of geological formations,such as natural fractures or cavities,on fracture propagation.In this study,true-triaxial physical simulation experiments were systematically performed under four types of stress difference conditions after the accurate prefabrication of four types of different fracture-cavity distributions in artificial samples.Subsequently,the interaction mechanism between the hydraulic fractures and fracture-cavity structures was systematically analyzed in combination with the stress distribution,cross-sectional morphology of the main propagation path,and three-dimensional visualization of the overall fracture network.It was found that the propagation of hydraulic fractures near the cavity was inhibited by the stress concentration surrounding the cavity.In contrast,a natural fracture with a smaller approach angle(0°and 30°)around the cavity can alleviate the stress concentration and significantly facilitate the connection with the cavity.In addition,the hydraulic fracture crossed the natural fracture at the 45°approach angle and bypassed the cavity under higher stress difference conditions.A new stimulation effectiveness evaluation index was established based on the stimulated reservoir area(SRA),tortuosity of the hydraulic fractures(T),and connectivity index(CI)of the cavities.These findings provide new insights into the fracturing design of carbonate reservoirs.

Theoretical and experimental investigation of the resonance responses and chaotic dynamics of a bistable laminated composite shell in the dynamic snap-through mode

The dynamic model of a bistable laminated composite shell simply supported by four corners is further developed to investigate the resonance responses and chaotic behaviors.The existence of the 1:1 resonance relationship between two order vibration modes of the system is verified.The resonance response of this class of bistable structures in the dynamic snap-through mode is investigated,and the four-dimensional(4D)nonlinear modulation equations are derived based on the 1:1 internal resonance relationship by means of the multiple scales method.The Hopf bifurcation and instability interval of the amplitude frequency and force amplitude curves are analyzed.The discussion focuses on investigating the effects of key parameters,e.g.,excitation amplitude,damping coefficient,and detuning parameters,on the resonance responses.The numerical simulations show that the foundation excitation and the degree of coupling between the vibration modes exert a substantial effect on the chaotic dynamics of the system.Furthermore,the significant motions under particular excitation conditions are visualized by bifurcation diagrams,time histories,phase portraits,three-dimensional(3D)phase portraits,and Poincare maps.Finally,the vibration experiment is carried out to study the amplitude frequency responses and bifurcation characteristics for the bistable laminated composite shell,yielding results that are qualitatively consistent with the theoretical results.

Experimental and simulation research on hollow AZ31 magnesium alloy three-channel joint by hot extrusion forming with sand mandrel

Magnesium alloy is one of the lightest metal structural materials.The weight is further reduced through the hollow structure.However,the hollow structure is easily damaged during processing.In order to maintain the hollow structure and to transfer the stresses during the high temperature deformation,the sand mandrel is proposed.In this paper,the hollow AZ31 magnesium alloy three-channel joint is studied by hot extrusion forming.Sand as one of solid granule medium is used to fill the hollow magnesium alloy.The extrusion temperatures are 230℃ and 300℃,respectively.The process parameters(die angle,temperature,bottom thickness,sidewall thickness,edge-to-middle ratio in bottom,bottom shape)of the hollow magnesium alloy are analyzed based on the results of experiments and the finite element method.The results are shown that the formability of the hollow magnesium alloy will be much better when the ratio of sidewall thickness to the bottom thickness is 1:1.5.Also when edge-to-middle ratio in bottom is about 1:1.5,a better forming product can be received.The best bottom shape in these experiments will be convex based on the forming results.The grain will be refined obviously after the extrusion.Also the microstructures will be shown as streamlines.And these lines will be well agreement with the mold in the corner.

基于GRACE数据评估黄土高原煤炭开采对地下水储量的影响

黄土高原是我国最大的煤炭能源基地,研究煤炭开采与地下水资源消耗之间的关系具有重要意义。首先,基于GRACE/GRACE-FO数据和GLDAS水文模型,反演2006—2020年黄土高原地下水储量变化;其次,结合采煤数据校正GRACE反演结果中因煤炭开采引起的信号干扰;最后,利用ANN模型模拟黄土高原正常水消耗时空变化趋势,并在此基础上分析煤炭开采对地下水储量变化的影响。研究发现:1)扣除煤炭开采干扰后,2006—2020年黄土高原陆地水储量和地下水储量变化趋势分别为-0.53±0.16 cm/year,-0.66±0.08 cm/year;2)估算黄土高原地区,山西省的矿洞排水分别为-0.17±0.03 cm/year,-0.46±0.05 cm/year,表明黄土高原东部的煤炭开采量造成严重地下水流失;3)在空间上,GRACE反演的地下水扣除拟合的正常水消耗后,地下水消耗值严重的区域与采煤区分布一致,表明煤炭开采是黄土高原东部区域地下水储量消耗的主要驱动因素。揭示了煤炭开采对黄土高原水资源的重要影响,可为黄土高原区域的煤炭资源和水资源管理提供指导。

Study on the effect and mechanism of Swertia mussotii Franch. in the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis based on bioinformatics and in vitro experiments

Background:Primary biliary cholangitis(PBC)is a chronic biliary autoimmune liver disease characterized by intrahepatic cholestasis.Swertia mussotii Franch.(SMF)is a Tibetan medicine with hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory activities.In this study,the therapeutic effect and potential mechanisms of SMF on PBC were investigated by bioinformatics analysis and in vitro experimental validation,with the aim of promoting the progress of SMF and PBC research.Methods:We first explored the therapeutic effects and key targets of SMF on PBC using a network pharmacology approach,further screened the core targets using the GSE79850 dataset,and finally validated the results using molecular docking techniques and in vitro experiments.Results:By bioinformatics analysis,we identified core targets of SMF for PBC treatment(STAT3,JAK2,TNF-α,and IL-1β)and important signaling pathways:JAK-STAT,TNF,and PI3K-AKT.The molecular docking results showed that the significant components of SMF had good binding properties to the core targets.In vitro experiments showed that SMF extracts improved the extent of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells and had a significant reversal effect on epithelial-mesenchymal transition process markers and potential targets in PBC.Conclusion:SMF may exert its therapeutic effects on PBC by acting on important targets such as STAT3,JAK2,TNF-α,IL-1β,Vimentin,and E-cadherin and the pathways in which they are involved.