光学玻璃磨削亚表面损伤预测模型及DOE实验设计

为了掌握光学玻璃材料杯型砂轮研磨与表面粗糙度(SR)和亚表面损伤(SSD)机理,本文建立BK7光学玻璃杯型砂轮研磨表面粗糙度的预测模型,通过改变磨削参数来研究对表面粗糙度的影响。设计DOE试验,研究影响SR与SSD的显著性特征因子,并分析了各因子的交互作用。实验结果表明预测模型的可靠性,得到表面粗糙度的预测模型数据与实验数据的平均误差为5.47%。采用角抛光法,通过电子显微镜观测表面裂纹,并测量裂纹的深度。最后,基于Li的模型,建立基于磨削工艺参数的亚表面损伤的新预测模型。实验结果表明:实验和预测模型结果具有很好的一致性,模型数据与实验数据的平均误差为6.19%,并且新预测模型结果要优于Li的模型。

基于DOE考虑结构参数不确定性的砌体结构地震易损性分析

砌体结构参数具有离散性高且其受到地震作用后响应结果非线性强等特点,所以在砌体地震易损性研究中结构参数不确定性对结果产生的影响不容忽视。针对汶川地震中具有代表性的砌体结构,提出基于DOE(试验设计)方法考虑在砌体结构地震易损性研究中结构参数不确定性的影响。首先,使用Plackett-Burman方法开展结构参数的灵敏度分析,筛选出对砌体结构地震响应影响较大的3个结构参数;然后,根据筛选结果及地震参数PGA进行试验设计,进而建立结构参数与最大层间位移角的响应面回归模型;最后,通过进行蒙特卡罗模拟获得地震易损性曲线,并进一步评估结构参数不确定性对砌体地震易损性分析的影响程度。研究结果表明,弹性模量、密度和抗拉强度是对砌体结构易损性影响较大的3个参数;当地震动PGA为0.1 g时,相较于其他结构参数,弹性模量对结构地震响应的影响最显著;当PGA为0.2 g时,3个结构参数的影响由大到小依次为弹性模量、密度和抗拉强度,当PGA为0.4 g时,3个结构参数的影响由大到小依次为弹性模量、抗拉强度与密度。本文所提出的方法计算量少、精度高,可为有效解决砌体结构参数种类众多和材料非线性强等难题提供新思路。

基于DOE分析法的打叶复烤长梗得率工艺优化

[目的]优化打叶复烤长梗得率工艺,提高烟草打叶复烤长梗得率。[方法]以陕甘产区的中部烟配打模块为供试材料,以打叶流量、三打打辊转速、四打打辊转速为研究对象,采用全因子试验设计及DOE,探索打叶流量、三打打辊转速和四打打辊转速对长梗得率的影响,并构建相应的数学回归模型。[结果]打叶流量、三打打辊转速、四打打辊转速3个因子主效应及打叶流量与三打打辊转速间的交互作用对长梗得率均有显著影响,而打叶流量与四打打辊转速间的交互作用、三打打辊转速与四打打辊转速间的交互作用对长梗得率均没有显著影响。长梗得率与打叶流量、三打打辊转速、四打打辊转速及打叶流量与三打打辊转速间的交互作用四者间存在有效的回归模型。最优的指标参数为打叶流量9500 kg/h、三打打辊转速650 r/min、四打打辊转速750 r/min,平均长梗得率达到最大值15.2850%,合意度最好。[结论]长梗得率与打叶流量、三打打辊转速和四打打辊转速存在一定的回归关系,通过回归关系确定了最佳长梗得率的打叶流量、三打打辊转速和四打打辊转速指标参数。

Computational Experiments for Complex Social Systems:Experiment Design and Generative Explanation

Powered by advanced information technology,more and more complex systems are exhibiting characteristics of the cyber-physical-social systems(CPSS).In this context,computational experiments method has emerged as a novel approach for the design,analysis,management,control,and integration of CPSS,which can realize the causal analysis of complex systems by means of“algorithmization”of“counterfactuals”.However,because CPSS involve human and social factors(e.g.,autonomy,initiative,and sociality),it is difficult for traditional design of experiment(DOE)methods to achieve the generative explanation of system emergence.To address this challenge,this paper proposes an integrated approach to the design of computational experiments,incorporating three key modules:1)Descriptive module:Determining the influencing factors and response variables of the system by means of the modeling of an artificial society;2)Interpretative module:Selecting factorial experimental design solution to identify the relationship between influencing factors and macro phenomena;3)Predictive module:Building a meta-model that is equivalent to artificial society to explore its operating laws.Finally,a case study of crowd-sourcing platforms is presented to illustrate the application process and effectiveness of the proposed approach,which can reveal the social impact of algorithmic behavior on“rider race”.

Design of Experiments (DOE)—A Valuable Multi-Purpose Methodology

The DOE methodology is an effective tool for upgrading the level of measurement and assessment. In any design, planning or control problem the designer is faced with many alternatives. He/she is challenged to develop design approaches that can meet both quality and cost criteria. The way experiments are designed greatly affects the effective use of the experimental resources and the easiness with which the measured results can be analyzed. This paper does not present new evidence based on designed experiments. Its objective is solely to show how useful application of multifactor experiments is in a variety of circumstances and decision making scenarios. The paper reviews three published examples where this method was used in different contexts: quality control, flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) and logistics systems. The physical experiment has been carried out to improve the quality of a special type of batteries. The simulation experiment has been carried out to investigate the impact of several flexibility factors in a flexible manufacturing system. The numerical value of a complex analytical expression representing a customer oriented logistics performance measure has been calculated for different values of its parameters, i.e. the given numerical values of the investigated factors. It enabled a methodical examination of all factor effects and especially their interactions, thus shedding light on complex aspects of the logistics decision problem. In these examples, cases from different contexts were presented, enabling to view design of experiments as a powerful ingredient for improving decision making in a variety of circumstances.

Predicting the probability distribution of Martian rocks mechanical property based on microscale rock mechanical experiments and accurate grain-based modeling

The exploration of Mars would heavily rely on Martian rocks mechanics and engineering technology.As the mechanical property of Martian rocks is uncertain,it is of utmost importance to predict the probability distribution of Martian rocks mechanical property for the success of Mars exploration.In this paper,a fast and accurate probability distribution method for predicting the macroscale elastic modulus of Martian rocks was proposed by integrating the microscale rock mechanical experiments(micro-RME),accurate grain-based modeling(AGBM)and upscaling methods based on reliability principles.Firstly,the microstructure of NWA12564 Martian sample and elastic modulus of each mineral were obtained by micro-RME with TESCAN integrated mineral analyzer(TIMA)and nanoindentation.The best probability distribution function of the minerals was determined by Kolmogorov-Smirnov(K-S)test.Secondly,based on best distribution function of each mineral,the Monte Carlo simulations(MCS)and upscaling methods were implemented to obtain the probability distribution of upscaled elastic modulus.Thirdly,the correlation between the upscaled elastic modulus and macroscale elastic modulus obtained by AGBM was established.The accurate probability distribution of the macroscale elastic modulus was obtained by this correlation relationship.The proposed method can predict the probability distribution of Martian rocks mechanical property with any size and shape samples.

Design and analysis of an advanced thermal management system for the solar close observations and proximity experiments spacecraft

In this paper,the mission and the thermal environment of the Solar Close Observations and Proximity Experiments(SCOPE)spacecraft are analyzed,and an advanced thermal management system(ATMS)is designed for it.The relationship and functions of the integrated database,the intelligent thermal control system and the efficient liquid cooling system in the ATMS are elaborated upon.For the complex thermal field regulation system and extreme space thermal environment,a modular simulation and thermal field planning method are proposed,and the feasibility of the planning algorithm is verified by numerical simulation.A solar array liquid cooling system is developed,and the system simulation results indicate that the temperatures of the solar arrays meet the requirements as the spacecraft flies by perihelion and aphelion.The advanced thermal management study supports the development of the SCOPE program and provides a reference for the thermal management in other deep-space exploration programs.

Effects of Carrot (Daucus carota) Leaves Powder on Reproductive and Growth Characteristics of Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) Does

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of carrot leaf powder in the diet on reproductive and growth characteristics in rabbits. Thirty sexually matured rabbits does of 8 months old, 3.00 to 3.20 kg, were divided into three groups of 10 rabbits each, which were comparable in terms of body weight. Throughout the experiment, the rabbits of group 1 (control group) were fed ad libitum with a feed not containing carrot leaf powder (control ration), while those of groups 2 and 3 received the control ration supplemented with carrot leaf powder in concentrations of 0.5% and 1% respectively. Data was collected on feed intake, weight gain, receptivity, fertility, gestation length of does, litter size, weight, viability and sex ratio of the young rabbits till 5 weeks post-partum. There was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in the fertility rate, gestation duration and sex ratio of the kits with reference to the control. Litter size at birth was not significantly (P > 0.05) influenced in does fed diets containing carrot leaf powder compared to the control. However, the reversed effects were observed at five weeks post-partum. The live weight of weaned kits and weight gain of rabbit does at birth were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in treated rabbits compared to the control. The supplementation of carrot leaf powder in feed can improve production performance in female rabbits, through their antioxidant activities thanks to their various components, thus fighting against oxidative stress effects to which animals are exposed both from endogenous and environmental sources.

利用DOE实验设计方法模拟聚苯硫醚热氧处理的研究

文章研究了聚苯硫醚热氧处理的模拟预测,利用MSA方法对熔体质量流动速率(MFR)的测试系统进行评估,并使用DOE实验设计方法模拟了聚苯硫醚热氧交联工艺。结果表明,对MFR不超过1000 g/10 min的样品,可以使用现有MFR测试系统得到可靠数据;根据JMP软件模拟可以得到PPS热氧交联过程的模型和交联产物MFR的计算公式。交联MFR随热空气温度升高而降低,但热空气温度接近或超过PPS树脂初熔点时,PPS树脂容易部分熔融、黏附在设备内壁或结块,影响交联反应;通过单因子验证实验,确定了模型的使用范围是热空气温度200~240℃、热处理时间大于20 h,模型偏差为-6.0%~6.2%。利用JMP软件指导PPS树脂的交联品生产,并进行DOE扩充设计,进一步建立实际生产用热氧处理模型,用于技术指导。

Mechanical heterogeneity characterization of coal materials based on nano-indentation experiments

To investigate the complex macro-mechanical properties of coal from a micro-mechanical perspective,we have conducted a series of micro-mechanical experiments on coal using a nano-indentation instrument.These experiments were conducted under both dynamic and static loading conditions,allowing us to gather the micro-mechanical parameters of coal for further analysis of its micro-mechanical heterogeneity using the box counting statistical method and the Weibull model.The research findings indicate that the load–displacement curves of the coal mass under the two different loading modes exhibit noticeable discreteness.This can be attributed to the stress concentration phenomenon caused by variations in the mechanical properties of the micro-units during the loading process of the coal mass.Consequently,there are significant fluctuations in the micro-mechanical parameters of the coal mass.Moreover,the mechanical heterogeneity of the coal at the nanoscale was confirmed based on the calculation results of the standard deviation coefficient and Weibull modulus of the coal body’s micromechanical parameters.These results reveal the influence of microstructural defects and minerals on the uniformity of the stress field distribution within the loaded coal body,as well as on the ductility characteristics of the micro-defect structure.Furthermore,there is a pronounced heterogeneity in the micromechanical parameters.Furthermore,we have established a relationship between the macro and micro elastic modulus of coal by applying the Mori-Tanaka homogenization method.This relationship holds great significance for revealing the micro-mechanical failure mechanism of coal.

基于DoE实验设计的硝酸铈溶液雾化特性研究

为满足喷雾热分解法制备氧化铈颗粒需求,使用两相流空气辅助雾化喷嘴,对不同浓度的硝酸铈溶液雾化特性进行了实验研究,并使用响应曲面法对硝酸铈溶液喷雾的雾化颗粒度SMD实验数据进行了定量分析,得到了雾化颗粒度SMD与溶液物理性质及雾化环境参数之间的定量关系。本实验中溶液质量浓度为0.334~0.462、溶液体积流量为0.05 m^(3)/h和0.12 m^(3)/h、雾化空气压力为0.2~0.5 MPa。根据对获得的定量关系式分析可知,对硝酸铈溶液雾化颗粒度SMD影响最显著的因素是溶液浓度,其次是雾化空气压力,溶液体积流量对雾化颗粒度SMD的影响较小;雾化颗粒度均随雾化空气压力的升高而减小,雾化空气压力对粘性较小溶液的影响更加显著。

Flume experiments to study fine-grain migration and its impact on slope stability

Fine grains migration is a primary cause of landslides and debris flows.This study investigates the effect of fine-grain migration on slope failure through flume experiments,focusing on the spatiotemporal characteristics and mechanisms of slope stability.A series of artificial rainfall flume experiments with varying rainfall intensities and slopes were conducted using soil samples collected from Wei Jia Gully.The experiments monitored pore-water pressure,grain migration,and failure sequences.Grain-size distribution parameters(μand Dc)were analyzed to understand the migration path and accumulation of fine grains.The experiments reveal that fine-grain migration significantly alters soil structure,leading to random blockage and interconnection of internal pore channels.These changes result in fluctuating pore-water pressure distributions and uneven fine-grain accumulation,critical factors in slope stability.Slope failures occur randomly and intermittently,influenced by fine-grain content in runoff and resulting pore-water pressure variations.This study highlights that fine-grain migration plays a vital role in slope stability,with significant implications for predicting and mitigating slope failures.The stochastic nature of fine-grain migration and its impact on soil properties should be incorporated into predictive models to enhance their accuracy and reliability.

Rotating tank experiments for the study of geophysical fluid dynamics

Geophysical fluid dynamics(GFD)is an interdisciplinary field that studies the large-scale motion of fluids in the natural world.With a wide range of applications such as weather forecasts and climate prediction,GFD employs various research approaches including in-situ observations,satellite measurements,numerical simulations,theoretical analysis,artificial intelligence,and physical model experiments in laboratory.Among these approaches,rotating tank experiments provide a valuable tool for simulating naturally-occurring fluid motions in laboratories.With proportional scaling and proper techniques,scientists can reproduce multi-scale physical processes of stratified fluids in the rotation system,which allows for the simulation of essential characteristics of fluid motions in the atmosphere and oceans.In this review,rotating tanks of various scales in the world are introduced,as these tanks have been actively used to explore fundamental scientific questions in ocean and atmosphere dynamics.To illustrate the GFD experiments,three representative cases are presented to demonstrate the frontier achievements in the the GFD study by using rotating tank experiments:mesoscale eddies in the ocean,convection processes,and plume dynamics.Detailed references for the experimental procedures are provided.Future studies are encouraged to further explore the utilization of rotating tanks with improvements in experimental design and integration of other research methods.This is a promising direction of GFD to help enhance our understanding of the complex nature of fluid motions in the natural world and to address the challenges posed by global environmental changes.

Laboratory Experiments Do Not Support the Greenhouse Effect as Applicable to CO2

The analysis of Greenhouse Effect experiments in the public domain indicated that the lab tests were primarily centered around illustrating the mechanics of conventional greenhouses. They used high-energy visible light (such as sunlight), rather than addressing the Greenhouse Effect, which involves low-energy infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface. Studies with argon, a non-greenhouse gas with similar density to CO2, showed thermal heat transfer as the dominant factor in the temperature profiles, with radiation absorption being undetected. The same conclusion was drawn by another study, which measured infrared back radiation. Experiments using exaggerated CO2 concentrations inadvertently illustrated the principle of the Popper Falsification Test by disproving the Greenhouse Effect applicable to CO2 within the troposphere. A straightforward kitchen test showed that a microwave oven cannot be used as a model for the Greenhouse Effect.

Ballistic limit velocity of small caliber projectiles against SS400 steel plates:Live fire experiments and empirical models

This study presents the ballistic limit velocity of small caliber projectiles against SS400 steel plate derived from live-fire ballistic experiments. Four different small caliber projectiles were tested against SS400 steel plates of 9 mm, 10 mm, and 12 mm thicknesses. The ballistic limit velocity was calculated using two standard methods, MIL-STD-662F and NIJ-STD-0101.06, and additionally using a support vector machine algorithm. The results show a linear relationship between the plate thickness and ballistic limit velocity. Further, the relative penetration performance among five different small caliber projectiles was analyzed using the Penetration Performance Ratio(PPR) introduced in this study, which suggests the potential of PPR to predict the ballistic limit velocity of other untested materials and/or different projectiles.

Teaching Status and Teaching Reform Ideas of Physical Chemistry Experiments for Food Quality and Safety Major

Physical chemistry experiments are an important branch of chemical experiments.In view of problems and shortcomings in physical chemistry experiment teaching of food quality and safety major in Chengdu University,the teaching methods of physical chemistry experiment course of food quality and safety major were explored and practiced,aiming to arouse students enthusiasm for experiments and cultivate their ability of independent learning,comprehensive thinking and independent problem solving.

Study on the effect and mechanism of Swertia mussotii Franch. in the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis based on bioinformatics and in vitro experiments

Background:Primary biliary cholangitis(PBC)is a chronic biliary autoimmune liver disease characterized by intrahepatic cholestasis.Swertia mussotii Franch.(SMF)is a Tibetan medicine with hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory activities.In this study,the therapeutic effect and potential mechanisms of SMF on PBC were investigated by bioinformatics analysis and in vitro experimental validation,with the aim of promoting the progress of SMF and PBC research.Methods:We first explored the therapeutic effects and key targets of SMF on PBC using a network pharmacology approach,further screened the core targets using the GSE79850 dataset,and finally validated the results using molecular docking techniques and in vitro experiments.Results:By bioinformatics analysis,we identified core targets of SMF for PBC treatment(STAT3,JAK2,TNF-α,and IL-1β)and important signaling pathways:JAK-STAT,TNF,and PI3K-AKT.The molecular docking results showed that the significant components of SMF had good binding properties to the core targets.In vitro experiments showed that SMF extracts improved the extent of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells and had a significant reversal effect on epithelial-mesenchymal transition process markers and potential targets in PBC.Conclusion:SMF may exert its therapeutic effects on PBC by acting on important targets such as STAT3,JAK2,TNF-α,IL-1β,Vimentin,and E-cadherin and the pathways in which they are involved.

基于DOE方法的6061-T6铝合金焊接工艺参数优化研究

车体焊接是确保轨道交通车辆安全性与可靠性的关键环节,而焊接工艺参数的选择与控制则是决定焊接质量的重要因素。传统的焊接工艺参数获取方法依赖于大量的试验,导致试验周期长、成本高昂。为了高效、低成本地研究最佳焊接工艺参数,文章基于IGM公司的六轴自动化焊接机械手设备,以6061-T6铝合金为母材,采用DOE(试验设计)中的部分因子试验设计方法进行参数优化。通过合理的试验设计与结果分析,确定最佳焊接工艺参数组合为:送丝速度5.4 m/min,弧长修正3%,焊接速度53 cm/min,干伸长18 mm,脉冲频率2.5 Hz,有效降低了研究成本,缩短了试验周期。

基于遗传算法优化的风洞试验MDOE方法

为提高风洞试验效率,现代试验设计(MDOE)方法正越来越频繁地用于各类飞行器风洞试验。然而,基于MDOE方法的风洞试验尽管理论上减少了试验点数量,有效缩短了风洞吹风时间,但也带来了试验数据精度下降的问题。为此发展了一种基于D-最优设计准则和二元三次多项式响应面模型的MDOE方法,同时引入遗传算法进一步提高响应面模型的拟合精度。结果表明,所开发的MDOE风洞试验方法仅需单变量(OFAT)方法30%左右的试验点数,吹风时间较OFAT方法大约缩短了60%;与最初拟合的多项式响应面模型相比,遗传算法优化后的响应面拟合精度提高了5%左右,内插得到的数据误差更小。

电动叶菜收获机速度协同控制系统设计与试验

针对电动叶菜收获机切割、输送和行走三者速度不协调导致的叶菜损伤率高、功耗大和收获效率低等问题,开发了一种电动叶菜收获机速度协同控制系统。系统以可编程逻辑控制器为核心,利用信息传感模块对割刀电机的电流、电压和转速进行数据采集;主控模块根据速度协同控制算法对采集信号进行处理,得到负载信息并协同切割、输送和行走三者速度。田间试验结果表明:系统稳定可靠,能够根据收获情况动态协同各部件速度参数,叶菜损伤率为8.88%;与传统定速控制方法相比,收获机功耗降低了13.1%,收获效率提升了33.4%。