Yangtze River Delta,The Works of Nature

The Yangtze River Delta or Yangtze Delta.also called Chang Jiang Delta,or the Golden Triangle of the Yangtze,genelallv comprises the triangular-shaped territory of Wu-speaking Shanghai,southern Jiangsu province and northern Zhejiang province of China.The area lies at the heart of the region traditionally called Jiangnan.The Yangtze River drains into the East China Sea.

Exploitation of Pangolins (Pholidota, Mammalia) by Communities Living in and around the Tayna Nature Reserve (RNT) North Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)

Pangolin exploitation has recently increased in diverse forms such as bushmeat consumption;species or parts trade, medical use. This species is protected in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and worldwide, unfortunately it is threatened by numerous human actions. The purpose of this study was to determine the profiles of actors using pangolins, the reasons for pangolin exploitation and its products and their use within the local community in and surrounding the reserve. We carried out surveys in the households of hunters, farmers and people practicing other professions in 12 villages, located within the Tayna Nature Reserve (RNT) and surroundings areas. Two interview techniques were used: the individual interview and the participatory diagnostic technique. During one month of data collection, 175 respondents were interviewed. Respondents had diverse profiles according to sex, age, education level and ethnicity. Men were more represented as actors in pangolin exploitation (71.70%) than women (28.30%);the most represented age interval was 20 - 30 years. The education level is distinct amongst respondents: illiterate (37%), primary school (32.4%) and graduate from university (2.9%). An average number of respondents are motivated to consume pangolin as meat obtained by hunting at 50%. The main reason for its consumption is preference (44%) and habit (33%). The scales are pangolin derivatives most recognized by local people and widely used in the pharmacopoeia. Consequently, pangolin protection needs some rigorous measures to reinforce the current law implementation.

Economic Critical Resources for the Industrial Exploitation of Natural Gas Hydrate

Since the implementation of several pilot production tests were in natural gas hydrate(NGH) reservoirs in terrestrial and marine settings, the study of NGH has entered a new stage of technological development for industrial exploitation. Prior to the industrial exploitation of any given NGH reservoir, the economic feasibility should be examined. The first step of economic evaluation of a NGH reservoir is to know whether its resource amount meets the requirement for industrial exploitation. Unfortunately, few relevant studies have been conducted in this regard. In this study, the net present value(NPV) method is employed to estimate the economic critical resources required for the industrial exploitation of NGHs under different production scenarios. Sensitivity analysis is also performed in order to specify the effects of key factors, such as the number of production wells, gas price, technological improvement and tax incentive, on the economic critical resources. The results indicate that China requires the lowest economic critical resource for a NGH reservoir to be industrially exploited, ranging from 3.62 to 24.02 billion m3 methane. Changes in gas price and tax incentives also play significant roles in affecting the threshold and timeline for the industrial exploitation of NGH.

Stability analysis of seabed strata and casing structure during the natural gas hydrates exploitation by depressurization in horizontal wells in South China Sea

Natural gas hydrates(NGHs)are a new type of clean energy with great development potential.However,it is urgent to achieve safe and economical NGHs development and utilization.This study established a physical model of the study area using the FLAC^(3D) software based on the key parameters of the NGHs production test area in the South China Sea,including the depressurization method,and mechanical parameters of strata,NGHs occurrence characteristics,and the technological characteristics of horizontal wells.Moreover,this study explored the law of influences of the NGHs dissociation range on the stability of the overburden strata and the casing structure of a horizontal well.The results are as follows.With the dissociation of NGHs,the overburden strata of the NGHs dissociation zone subsided and formed funnelshaped zones and then gradually stabilized.However,the upper interface of the NGHs dissociation zone showed significant redistribution and discontinuity of stress.Specifically,distinct stress concentration and corresponding large deformation occurred in the build-up section of the horizontal well,which was thus prone to suffering shear failure.Moreover,apparent end effects occurred at the end of the horizontal well section and might cause the deformation and failure of the casing structure.Therefore,it is necessary to take measures in the build-up section and at the end of the horizontal section of the horizontal well to prevent damage and ensure the wellbore safety in the long-term NGHs exploitation.

Study of Natural and Fishing Mortality and Exploitation Rate of Anchovy Kilka Clupeonella engraufiformis in Southeast Part of the Caspian Sea （Babolsar）

The objective of this study was to estimate natural, fishing and total mortality, survival and exploitation rates of Clupeonella engrauliformis in the southern Caspian Sea. Survival rate and natural mortality were calculated using catch curve and Pauly methods, respectively. Natural and fishing mortality have been estimated up to 0.633 yr^-1 and 0.437 yr^-1, respectively. According to catch curve method, the annual survival rate of anchovy kilka has been estimated up to 0.343 yr^-1. With owning this survival rate, the instantaneous coefficient of total mortality of anchovy kilka has been estimated up to 1.07 yr^-1. The exploitation rate of anchovy kilka has been estimated up to 0.408. The catch amounts of anchovy kilka decreased gradually mainly due to overfishing, predators and ecological disturbances occurred in the Caspian Sea. The results suggest that the population of anchovy kilka were overexploited in the past years and were vulnerable to their natural predators.

Advances of experimental study on gas production from synthetic hydrate reservoir in China

China has entered the area of new normal economy which requires the harmonious development of energy consumption,environmental protection and economic development.Natural gas hydrate is a potential clean energy with tremendous reserve in China.The successful field test of marine hydrate exploitation in South China Sea created a new record of the longest continuous gas production from natural gas hydrate.However,the corresponding fundamental research is still urgently needed in order to narrow the gap between field test and commercial production.This paper reviewed the latest advances of experimental study on gas production from hydrate reservoir in China.The experimental apparatus for investigating the performance of hydrate dissociation in China has developed from one dimensional to two dimensional and three dimensional.In addition,well configuration developed from one tube to complicated multi-well networks to satisfy the demand of different production models.Besides,diverse testing methods have been established.The reviewed papers preliminary discussed the mechanical properties and the sediment deformation situation during the process of hydrate dissociation.However,most reported articles only consider the physical factor,the coupled mechanism of physical and chemical factor for the mechanical properties of the sediment and the sand production problem should be studied further.

Analysis of influencing factors on suction capacity in seabed natural gas hydrate by cutter-suction exploitation

The mathematical and simulation models of working head in the deep-sea working environment were built to analyze the effects of cutter-suction flow,cutter-head rotating speed,cutting depth and suction port position on the cutter-suction capacity.The efficiency of the cutter-suction is analyzed based on the analysis of the variation law of the solid-phase volume fraction of the flow field,the variation law of the velocity distribution in the flow field and the distribution law of the solid-phase concentration.The results show that the increase of cutter-suction flow can significantly improve the cutter-suction efficiency when it is less than1000m3/h.However,when it is more than1000m3/h,it is helpless.When the cutter-head rotate speed is within the range of10–25r/min,the cutter-suction efficiency stabilizes at about95%.While the speed is greater than25r/min,the cutter-suction efficiency decreases sharply with the increase of cutter-head rotate speed.With the increase of cutting depth,the cutter-suction efficiency first increases and then remains stable and finally decreases.The cutter-suction efficiency remains at about94%when the suction port position deviation ranges from0°to30°,but it has a sharply reduction when the deviation angle is more than30°.

Characteristics,Current Status and Strategy on Exploitation of Agricultural Natural Resources in China

This paper formulated the present characteristics, current status and the problems of agricultural natural China. Measures of preservation and strategy about exploitation of agricultural natural resources were put forward, provide a scientific basis for the government to make policies .

Local Perception on the Exploitation, the Current State and Taboos Related to Pangolins (Pholidota, Mammalia) by the Communities Living in the Tayna Nature Reserve and Its Surroundings (RNT) North Kivu DRC

Pangolins are currently considered the most endangered mammal species due to their high rank in local and international traffic. This species is protected in DRC and worldwide, unfortunately it is threatened by numerous human actions. The objective of this study is to identify the different reasons for which these animals are exploited, to provide information to determine from the opinions of the respondents the current state of the population from 2015 to today and to identify their hunting techniques by the local populations. We carried out surveys in the households of hunters, farmers and people practicing other professions in 12 villages, located within the RNT and surroundings areas. Two interview techniques were used: the individual interview and the participatory diagnostic technique. 175 people were interviewed individually. Nearly 97% of our respondents are motivated to consume pangolin as bush meat obtaining by hunting. The main reason for eating pangolin meat is 44% preference and 33% habit. The zone does not know the foreign solicitation of the exploitation of pangolins and its derivatives. The opinions of the population regarding the current state of pangolin in the Tayna Nature Reserve indicate that from 2015 to the present day the common pangolin “Manis tricuspis” has been abundant. Hunters use different hunting techniques, dominated by pickup for the Manis tricuspis, digging burrow, fire at the entrance of the burrow for Manis gigantea and the shotgun for the Manis tetradactyla.

Present Situation and Forecast of Natural Gas Exploitation and Utilization in China

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A Brief Introduction of Conceptual Metaphor Theory

This paper aims to give a brief introduction about conceptual metaphor theory by expounding its philosophical basis, nature, categorization and working mechanism so that readers can apply the paradigm better to their metaphor and linguistic study.

Protect the Environment and Speed up the Sustainable Development of Chinese Agriculture

Strengthening the environmental protection, deepening rural reform, increasing agricultural input, and promoting a more stable and higher-speed growth of peasants＇ income, all of these are playing a very important role in the sustainable development of agriculture. The environment problems are not only economic problems, but also important political problems. And they constitute an urgent and arduous task that we meet, and need a long time to be conquered. Under the present new historical circumstances, we should establish a scientific development philosophy, strengthen the environment protection, and build up a harmonious society in which urban and rural areas are progressing coordinately.

INSTITUTE OF MECHANICS: GIVING FULL PLAY OF ITS MULTIDISCIPLINARY NATURE

The CAS Institute of Mechanics is a multi-disci-plinary research institution, with applied mechanics as its main body. In this respect, it has achieved great success in basic research, development research and hi-tech production work, which are considered as three mainstay fields, because the institute sticks to the line of "taking national economic development as the goal, high-level research and advanced scientific and technical achievements as the target." In recent years, the general planning of the research and development work at the Institute of Mechanics has focused on the goal of promoting economic and social development in China.

Novel concepts of mechanical technology for gas recovery from marine hydrate reservoir

According to the characteristics of marine natural gas hydrate,China has proposed the solid-state fluidization exploitation technology or natural gas hydrate,with subsea exploitation being key to the commercial recovery of gas.In this paper,two new integrated tools are proposed for breaking and collecting natural gas hydrate,and their working principles and steps are illustrated.Finite element analysis,three-dimensional modeling,and simulations were conducted for both exploitation tools to verify their technological feasibility.The results show that the two exploitation tools can effectively improve the efficiency of hydrate exploitation and ensure the stability of the hydrate reservoir.This provides a reference for further research on the solid-state fluidization exploitation technology of marine gas hydrates.

Evaluation of urban underground space resources using a negative list method: Taking Xi'an City as an example in China

Utilization of urban underground space has become a vital approach to alleviate the strain on urban land resources,and to optimize the structure and pattem of the city.It is also very important to improve the city environment,build livable city and increase the capacity of the city.Based on the analysis of existing evaluation methods and their problems,a method for evaluating underground space resources based on a negative list of adverse factors affecting underground space development is proposed,to be primarily used in urban planning stages.A list of the adverse factors is established,including limiting factors,constraining factors and influencing factors.Taking Xi'an as an example,using a geographical information system platform,a negative list of adverse factors for the underground space resources in Xi'an City are evaluated,and preventive measures are proposed.Natural resources,exploitable resources,and the potential growth of exploitable underground space resources are evaluated.Underground space assessment in the different development stages of the city,collaborative utilization and safety evaluation for multiple subsurface resources,environmental impact and assessment,as well as evaluation methods based on big data and intelligent optimization algorithms are all discussed with the aim of serving city planning and construction.

A Study of Resource Curse Effect of Chinese Provinces Based on Human Developing Index

Traditional opinion considers that natural resources play an important positive role in economic development, while resource curse theory holds that natural resources usually obstruct economic increase. This debate needs further exploration. In most of empirical studies on resource curse theory, the economic development of an area is mainly evaluated by the Gross Domestic Product(GDP), however, the social and cultural contents of economic development are seldom considered. Thus, the Human Developing Index(HDI) was chosen to describe the comprehensive developing situation of an area in our study. Based on the panel data from the year of 2000 to 2011, the relationship between Human Developing Index and resource exploitation degree(RED) of 30 provinces in China(Tibet, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao were not included because of the restriction of data acquisition) was investigated by correlation coefficient analysis and regression analysis. We found that resource curse did exist over the entire country and its effect on 30 provinces were not exactly the same. According to the effects of resource curse, these provinces could be classified into four types: no resource curse provinces, slight resource curse provinces, severe resource curse provinces, and extreme resource curse provinces. Testing from two short time periods 2000–2005, and 2006–2011, the resource curse effect was not prominent. However, testing from the entire period of 2000–2011, the effect was obvious among each province.

Anxiety from a Work Conflict May Be Exacerbated by Lack of Knowledge of Work Life Rules—A Case Series

Job performance is dependent on a multitude of factors in the work place, the personal characteristics of the employees and the personal performance or leading strategies of the employer. Food retail shops in Norway are staffed with young persons, often students seeking part time jobs. Trade union membership is rare, and occupational health service is distant if existing at all. The aim was to present the development of three young workers in relation to the handling of length and timing of workdays and sickness absence. All three were referred to a private psychiatric practice because of increasing anxiety and depressive traits. Two had symptoms interfering with their academic study performance leading to sickness absence. A hitherto unknown bipolar disorder became evident and needed medication and further psychotherapy. The unfavourable work environment was deemed the most probable provoking factor for the reduction in functional performance in these otherwise healthy young students.

Proposal and analysis of a coupled power generation system for natural gas pressure reduction stations

With the increased use of natural gas,it is valuable to study energy recovery ratio in the natural gas pressure reduction stations(PRSs).This paper focused on recovering the energy in PRSs as well as low-grade waste heat by a coupled power generation system(CPGS).The CPGS integrates a natural gas expansion(NGE)subsystem and an organic Rankine cycle(ORC)subsystem driven by low-temperature waste heat.Firstly,a comparative analysis is carried out between the separated natural gas expansion system and the separated ORC system.Then,the effects of heat source conditions,upstream pressure of natural gas and the isentropic efficiency of the natural gas expander are investigated.At last,working fluids selection is conducted with respect to two different pressure ranges of natural gas.The results show that there is an optimal temperature and mass flow rate of the heat source that maximizes the system exergy efficiency.With the increase of the upstream pressure of natural gas,the net power output and waste heat recovery factor increase while the system exergy efficiency has an optimal point.Furthermore,the isentropic efficiency of the natural gas expander has a great influence on the net power output of the system.

Changes in Natural Mortality of Atlantic Cod(Gadus morhua) on Eastern Georges Bank

The assessment of Eastern Georges Bank cod with the assumption of a constant natural mortality of 0.2 has over-estimated stock productivity, resulting in a severe retrospective pattern since the late 2000 s. Comparing relative exploitation rate(ratio of fishery catch at age to survey abundance indices at age) with total mortality calculated from the age distribution in surveys indicated a conflict when constant natural mortality was assumed. This inconsistency implies an increase in natural mortality since the mid-1990 s. In this paper, natural mortality estimated by Virtual Population Analysis(VPA) indicated that natural mortality for this stock has increased to 0.8 since the mid-1990 s for ages 6+. Potential factors contributing to this elevated natural mortality, including poor fish conditions and increased losses due to seal predation were discussed.

中国海洋自然资源调查现状与展望

海洋自然资源是国民经济和社会发展的重要保障,也是海洋强国建设和生态文明建设的必要基础。为全力支撑自然资源部履行“两统一”职责(统一行使全民所有自然资源资产所有者职责和统一行使所有国土空间用途管制和生态保护修复职责),中国地质调查局组织实施海洋自然资源综合调查评价,开展我国重点海域海洋自然资源综合调查与评价试点示范。基于我国已开展的海洋自然资源相关的综合性调查评价数据资料,结合我国重点海域海洋地质、海洋生物、物理海洋等补充调查评价结果,基本查明了我国海洋矿产、海洋能、海洋生物、海洋空间等海洋自然资源的主要特征;通过梳理总结国内外自然资源体系研究进展,基于我国基本国情,以自然资源科学和地球系统科学理论为指导,面向自然资源综合管理为基本原则,结合资源自然属性和国家相关法律法规,初步提出了涉及多学科、多门类的海洋自然资源三级分类体系,从分类体系、空间分层、工作流程等不同角度,提出了3种构建海洋自然资源调查标准体系的方法。下一步,将大力加强地质科技创新能力,加快构建动态海洋自然资源数据库,快速提升海洋自然资源公益服务水平,进一步完善海洋自然资源综合监测体系,推动海洋自然资源工作高质量发展。