Coordinated Exploration Model and its Application to Coal and Coal-associated Deposits in Coal Basins of China

China is a top world producer of coal resources with numerous coal-rich basins country-wide that also contain coalbed methane(CBM),an unconventional natural gas resource.Recent exploration of coal and CBM resources has also led to the discovery of rare,precious,and scattered metal minerals,including sandstone-type U and Ga–Ge–Li.High-grade and industrial-value deposits have been discovered in the Ordos,Junggar,and other basins across China during exploration for coal resources.Application of coordinated exploration theories and techniques in multiple energy and coal-associated ore deposits,such as coal and unconventional natural gas in coal,achieves efficient and practical exploration of natural resources.Based on the systematic study of accumulation and occurrence of coal and coal-associated mineral resources in coal basins,the basic idea of coordinated exploration for coal and coal-associated deposits is proposed,and multi-targets and multi-methods based on a coordinated exploration model of coal-associated deposits is developed.Coordinated exploration expands the main exploration objective from coal seams to coal-associated series,extending the exploration target from targeting coal only to coal-associated deposits.Entrance times for exploration are decreased to realize coordinated exploration for coal,unconventional natural gas and syngenetic/associated mineral resources in coal by implementing a’one-time approach’―one time in and out of a coal seam to minimize disturbance and time needed for extraction.According to the differences of geological background in China’s coal basins,four coordinated exploration model types,including co-exploration of coal and coal-associated unconventional natural gas,coal and solid minerals,coal and metal minerals,and coal with water resources are established.Other models discussed include a multi-target coordinated exploration model for the combination of coal,coal-associated gas,solid minerals,and metal minerals accordingly.The exploration techniques of coal and coal-associated resources include regional geological investigation and research and synthetic application of other techniques including seismic surveys,drilling,logging,and geochemical exploration.Particularly,applying the’multi-purpose drill hole’or reworking coalfield drill holes into parameter wells,adding sample testing and logging wells,determining gas-bearing layers by logging and gas content measurement,jointly measuring multiple logging parameters,sampling,and testing of coal-strata help in the exploration and evaluation of coal resources,coal-associated unconventional natural gas resources,and coal-associated element minerals.Accordingly,a system of integrated Space–Air–Ground exploration techniques for coordinated exploration of coal and coal-associated minerals is established.This includes high-resolution,hyperspectral remote-sensing technique,high-precision geophysical exploration and fast,precise drilling,testing of experimental samples,as well as coordinated exploration and determination methods of multi-target factors,multi-exploration means,multi-parameter configuration and optimization,big data fusions and interpretation techniques.In recent years,the application of this integrated system has brought significant breakthroughs in coal exploration in Inner Mongolia,Xinjiang and other provinces,discovering several large,ten-billionton coalfields,such as the Eastern Junggar and Tuha basins,and also in exploration and development of CBM from lowrank coals in Fukang,Xinjiang,discovery the Daying U Deposit in Inner Mongolia,the Junggar Ultralarge Ga Deposit,Lincang,Yunnan,and the Wulantuga,Inner Mongolia,Ge-bearing coal deposits,and the Pingshuo Ultralarge Li–Ge Deposit.

Geological - Geophysical - Geochemical Exploration Models of Copper - Iron Deposits in Southeastern Hubei

This paper discusses geological-geophysical-geochemical models of such typical deposits as the Tieshan-type Fe-Cu deposit, the Tonglushan-type Cu-Fe deposit, the Yehuaxiang-type Cu deposit, the Jiguanzui-type Cu-Au deposit, and the Tongshankou-type Cu (Mo) deposit. The models were established based on practical data of the polymetallic deposits dominated by copper ore in southeastern Hubei. These models, which are graphically illustrated in the paper, systematically summarize the metallogenic geological conditions and the geophysical-geochemical characteristics of copper deposits in this area. The models are of practical significance for studying copper deposits, predicting mineral resources, choosing exploration methods, and searching for ore deposits based on existing ones in the study area.

Exploration of the Integrated Training Model for Information Technology Teachers

With the acceleration of the social information process,information awareness and information skills have become the basic qualities of every citizen.The establishment of the training mechanism for scientific and technological innovation talents from the beginning of higher education is insufficient to meet the needs of the development of the times.It is imperative to improve the training of information technology innovation talents and explore a new training model.This paper describes the general situation of the development of education in the field of information technology from a domestic and international perspective.It then analyzes the existing problems,explores new exploration models and implementation suggestions,and puts forward prospects at the end of the paper.

Integrated Exploration Model for Concealed Ore Deposit:A Case Study from Shuitou Fluorite Deposit,Inner Mongolia,North China

The demand for fluorite resource is increasing rapidly as most fluorite deposits on Earth’s surface have been exhausted.The newly discovered fluorite deposits in Inner Mongolia are hosted by Permian metamorphosed sandy slate,intermediate-acid intrusive rocks and Cretaceous volcanic sedimentary rocks.The ore bodies are strictly controlled by faults and buried by cover rocks.The feasibility and effectiveness of multi-techniques for prospecting concealed fluorite ore bodies are evaluated,and 10 anomalies are delineated.On the basis of geological features and effectiveness of different methods,the optimum combinations of ore prospecting techniques are proposed for the exploration of zonal type and burial type concealed fluorite ore bodies.Based on comprehensive researches,an integrated exploration model is proposed:(i)select key prospecting targets based on geological backgrounds,regional geochemical anomalies of F and Ca,and remote sensing images;(ii)identify the spatial distribution of low resistivity anomaly and ore-controlling structure from geophysical survey;(iii)evaluate the mineralization potential in fault zone based on F and Ca anomalies in key sections selected from low resistivity anomaly zones;and(iv)evaluate the mineralization potential and reveal the spatial distribution of fluorite ore bodies and ore-controlling faults based on integrated geophysical and geochemical anomalies.The integrated exploration model is verified to be a powerful tool for prospecting concealed fluorite ore bodies in coverage area.

Geology, geochronology, and exploration of the Jiama giant porphyry copper deposit (11 Mt), Tibet, China: A review

Jiama,with more than 11 Mt of copper metal,is the largest porphyry-skarn copper system in the Gangdese metallogenic belt,Tibet,China,creating ideal conditions for deciphering the origin of porphyry ores in a collision setting.Despite massive studies of the geology,chronology,petrogenesis,and ore-related fluids and their sources in Jiama,there is a lack of systematic summaries and reviews of this system.In contrast to traditional porphyry copper systems in a subduction setting,recent studies and exploration suggest that the Jiama deposit includes porphyry-type Mo-Cu,skarn-type Cu polymetallic,vein-type Au and manto orebodies.This paper reviews the latest studies on the geology,chronology,petrogenesis,fluid inclusions,and isotopic geochemistry(hydrogen,oxygen,sulfur,and lead)of the Jiama deposit.Accordingly,a multi-center complex mineralization model was constructed,indicating that multi-phase intrusions from the same magma reservoir can form multiple hydrothermal centers.These centers are mutually independent and form various orebodies or are superimposed on each other and form thick,high-grade orebodies.Finally,a new comprehensive exploration model was established for the Jiama porphyry copper system.Both models established in this study help to refine the theories on continental-collision metallogeny and porphyry copper systems.

AN EXPLORATION TO THE MODELLING OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL COMPLEX TURBULENT SHEAR FLOWS

The regions with shear stress and mean velocity gradient of opposite sign often exist in complex turbulent shear flows.In these cases,the eddy viscosity hypothesis breaks down.Hinze regards the,departure from eddy viscosity hypothesis as a result from transportation of mean momentum over distance by the large structures and arrives at a shear stress expression including the second order derivatives of the mean velocity.However,his expression greatly overestimates the shear stress.This implies that the flow particles are unlikely to have enough memory of the mean momentum over distance.By assuming the departure from eddy viscosity hypothesis as a result from transportation of the shear stress contained in smaller eddies over distance by the large structures,the present author has arrived at a new shear stress expression.The shear stress estimated so far is in good agreement with the experiments.

Research and exploration progress on lithium deposits in China

Since 2012,some advances have been made through the resource investigation,metallogenesis research,and comprehensive utilizing of lithium deposits in China.Firstly,the progress of lithium exploration has been made in Sichuan,Xinjiang,Qinghai and Jiangxi provinces(autonomous region).Li deposits are not only found within the pegmatite rocks but also within the granitic rocks and sedimentary rocks.Secondly,the methods of geological survey,geochemical and geophysical exploration,remote sensing technology and even drilling technology have been improved,which can be delineating orebodies quickly.Thirdly,the mechanisms of Li mineralization were summarized by analyzing the relationship between the Li contents and kinds of geological phenomena.Based on practice,a new understanding of"multi-cycle,deep circulation,integration of internal and external"metallogenic mechanism or"MDIE"metallogenic mechanism for short has been put forwarded further in this paper,and the"five levels+basement"exploration model has been successfully expanded to guide the prospecting work both in the Jiajika and Keeryin pegmatite ore fields in western Sichuan Province.Besides,new progress has been made in the aspect of amblygonite deposits of granite-type and hydrothermal type in the Mufushan-Jiuling ore district,which points out a new direction for prospecting new types of lithium deposits in China.

Analysis of the Collaborative Education System of Local Universities under the Fundamentals of“New Engineering”Construction

Based on the fundamentals of“new engineering”construction,this article briefly introduces the development standards of local colleges and universities,analyzes the significance of the collaborative education system of local universities under the fundamentals of“new engineering”construction,and explores the fundamentals of“new engineering.”The specific implementation strategy of the collaborative education system of industry-university collaboration in local colleges and universities.