Diagnostic Study of an Extreme Explosive Cyclone over the Kuroshio/Kuroshio Extension Region

Explosive cyclones(ECs)occur frequently over the Kuroshio/Kuroshio Extension region.The most rapidly intensified EC over the Kuroshio/Kuroshio Extension region during the 42 years(1979-2020)of cold seasons(October-April)was studied to reveal the variations of the key factors at different explosive-developing stages.This EC had weak low-level baroclinicity,mid-level cyclonic-vorticity advection,and strong low-level water vapor convergence at the initial explosive-developing stage.The low-level baroclinicity and mid-level cyclonic-vorticity advection increased substantially during the maximum-deepening-rate stage.The diagnostic analyses using the Zwack-Okossi equation showed that diabatic heating was the main contributor to the initial rapid intensification of this EC.The cyclonic-vorticity advection and warm-air advection enhanced rapidly in the middle and upper troposphere and contributed to the maximum rapid intensification,whereas the diabatic heating weakened slightly in the mid-low troposphere.The relative contribution of the diabatic heating decreased from the initial explosive-developing stage to the maximum-deepening-rate stage due to the enhancement of other factors(the cyclonic-vorticity advection and warm-air advection).Furthermore,the physical factors contributing to this EC varied with the explosive-developing stage.The non-key factors at the initial explosive-developing stage need attention to forecast the rapid intensification.

Origin of nucleation and growth of extension twins in grains unsuitably oriented for twinning during deformation of Mg-1%Al

A large number of anomalous extension twins,with low or even negative twinning Schmid factors,were found to nucleate and grow in a strongly textured Mg-1Al alloy during tensile deformation along the extruded direction.The deformation mechanisms responsible for this behaviour were investigated through in-situ electron back-scattered diffraction,grain reference orientation deviation,and slip trace-modified lattice rotation.It was found that anomalous extension twins nucleated mainly at the onset of plastic deformation at or near grain boundary triple junctions.They were associated with the severe strain incompatibility between neighbour grains as a result from the differentbasal slip-induced lattice rotations.Moreover,the anomalous twins were able to grow with the applied strain due to the continuous activation ofbasal slip in different neighbour grains,which enhanced the strain incompatibility.These results reveal the complexity of the deformation mechanisms in Mg alloys at the local level when deformed along hard orientations.

Wellbore Cleaning Degree and Hydraulic Extension in Shale Oil Horizontal Wells

The efficient development and exploitation of shale oil depends on long-distance horizontal wells. As the degreeof cleaning of the wellbore plays a key role in these processes, in this study, this problem is investigated experimentallyby focusing on the dimensionless cuttings bed height. A method is proposed to calculate the horizontalwellhydraulic extension taking into account the influence of the wellbore cleaning degree on the wellborepressure distribution and assess the effect of a variety of factors such as the bottom hole pressure, the circulatingpressure drop, the drilling pump performance and the formation properties. The analysis shows that the hydraulicextension of horizontal wells decreases with an increase in the cuttings bed height, and the higher the displacementof drilling fluid, the faster the hydraulic extension declines. The annular pressure drop of the horizontalsection increases with the increase of the cuttings bed height, resulting in a higher bottom-hole pressure. Severalarguments are provided to guide the safe drilling of shale oil horizontal wells and overcome the limits of currenttechnological approaches.

Twin Horsetailing Structures in the Extensional Regime based on Physical Experiment

Horsetailing is an important feature to identify the strike-slip structure and indicates the movement mode of the fault.However,the formation mechanism of horsetailing in the extensional regime remains unclear.In this study,the formation process of horsetailing is reproduced through physical experiment,simulating the Linnan sag in the extensional regime.The results of the physical experiment demonstrates that the formation of the horsetailing in the extensional regime requires two phases of non-coaxial stretching plus the segment of the principal fault.The stretching distance in the early phase is slightly smaller than that in the middle-late phase.The segment point of the principal fault is only the intersection of the horsetailing structure and the principal fault.The horsetailing formed in the extensional regime is different from that in the strike-slip regime.For the formation of structure,the principal fault is dip-slip in the early phase and then becomes an oblique-slip in the middle-late phase,and the horsetailing is composed of the middle-late new tensile faults.The fault properties of the horsetailing in the extensional regime has important guiding significance for the longitudinal fluid migration along the fault in petroliferous basins.

A mechanically coupled MEMS filter with high-Q width extensional mode resonators

This work presents a novel radio frequency(RF)narrowband Si micro-electro-mechanical systems(MEMS)filter based on capacitively transduced slotted width extensional mode(WEM)resonators.The flexibility of the plate leads to multiple modes near the target frequency.The high Q-factor resonators of around 100000 enable narrow bandwidth filters with small size and simplified design.The 1-wavelength and 2-wavelength WEMs were first developed as a pair of coupled modes to form a passband.To reduce bandwidth,two plates are coupled with aλ-length coupling beam.The 79.69 MHz coupled plate filter(CPF)achieved a narrow bandwidth of 8.8 kHz,corresponding to a tiny 0.011%.The CPF exhibits an impressive 34.84 dB stopband rejection and 7.82 dB insertion loss with near-zero passband ripple.In summary,the RF MEMS filter presented in this work shows promising potential for application in RF transceiver front-ends.

Estimation of Displacement and Extension due to Reverse Drag of Normal Faults: Forward Method

In the case of reverse drag of normal faulting, the displacement and horizontal extension are determined based on the established equations for the three mechanisms: rigid body, vertical shear and inclined shear. There are three sub-cases of basal detachment for the rigid body model: horizontal detachment, antithetic detachment and synthetic detachment. For the rigid body model, the established equations indicate that the total displacement on the synthetic base (Dt2) is the largest, that on the horizontal base (Dt1) is moderate, and that on the antithetic base (Dt3) is the smallest. On the other hand, the value of (Dt1) is larger than the displacement for the vertical shear (Dt4). The value of (Dt1) is larger than or less than the displacement for the inclined shear (Dt5) depending on the original fault dip δ0, bedding angle θ, and the angle of shear direction β. For all original parameters, the value of Dt5 is less than the value of Dt4. Also, by comparing three rotation mechanisms, we find that the inclined shear produces largest extension, the rigid body model with horizontal detachment produces the smallest extension, and the vertical shear model produces moderate extension.

Analysis of the Digital Skill Gap of Agricultural Extension Personnel in South-East, Nigeria

The study analysed the digital skill gap of agricultural extension personnel on the use of digital technologies for extension services delivery in South-East, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to describe the socioeconomic characteristics of agricultural extension personnel in South-East Nigeria and identify the digital skill gaps among agricultural extension personnel in the area of study. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 364 Agricultural Extension personnel for the study. Data were collected through the use of structured questionnaire and were analysed using simple descriptive statistical tools such as percentages, mean score, and standard deviation. Findings indicated that most of the personnel were male (57.8%), within the age bracket of 38 - 47 years (62.9%), had B.Sc./HND as their highest educational qualification (74.7%), married (86.3%), and had a household size of 6 - 10 Persons (57.7%). It was further revealed that the majority (70.1%) were members of professional organization, earned a monthly income of N50,001.00 - N100,000.00 (65.7%), had a work experience of 11 - 15 years (51.1%), and owned a smartphone/ iPad/laptop (91.5%). Findings further indicated that they had moderate skill gap in Basic Computer skills (Mean = 4.32), and digital communication and collaboration skills (Mean = 4.26). Findings also showed that they had a high skill gap in digital technical skills (Mean = 2.46), digital data analysis skills (Mean = 2.09), digital content creation skills (Mean = 2.43), digital ethical skills (Mean = 2.79), multimedia production skills (Mean = 2.81), and video library management skills (Mean = 2.39). The study concluded that though there exists a high digital skill gap among agricultural extension personnel in South-East, Nigeria, their socioeconomic characteristics are capable of supporting the implementation of digital extension services in the area. The study recommended that the management of Agricultural Development Programs in South-East, Nigeria, should provide digital training for extension personnel to close the digital skill gap that currently exists among the personnel.

Comparative Study of the Socioeconomic Characteristics and Digital Literacy Level of Agricultural Extension Personnel in Imo and Ebonyi States, South-East, Nigeria

The study comparatively analysed the socioeconomic characteristics and digital literacy level of Agricultural Extension personnel (AEP) in Ebonyi and Imo States, South-East, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to describe the socioeconomic characteristics of agricultural extension personnel in Ebonyi and Imo States, and to ascertain the digital literacy level of AEP in the studied states. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 312 Agricultural Extension personnel (132 from Ebonyi State Agricultural Development Program and 180 from Imo State Agricultural Development Program) for the study. Data were collected through the use of validated and structured questionnaire, and administered through the help of well-trained enumerators. Data were analysed using simple descriptive statistical tools such as percentages mean score, standard deviation and weighted mean. Findings indicated that they were more male in the both States (55.3% and 57.8%) for Ebonyi and Imo State respectively and that the average age of AEP in Ebonyi and Imo States were 44.7 years and 49.2 years respectively. It was further revealed that the majority (77.3% and 82.8%) had B.Sc./HND as their highest academic qualifications, belonged to professional organisations (62.1% and 75%), and were earning an average monthly income of N58,798 and N62,648 for Ebonyi and Imo State respectively. Also, it was revealed that their mean years of service were 12.4 years and 13.4 years for Ebonyi and Imo State respectively. Almost all of them (87.9% and 95.0%) own a smartphone, had access to the internet (80.3% and 90.0%), but do not own a laptop/ipad (82.6% and 72.8%) for Ebon-yi and Imo State respectively. Results further revealed that Agricultural extension personnel in both Ebonyi and Imo State respectively had low digital literacy level ( = 2.41 and 2.32). The study concluded that AEP in Ebonyi and Imo State respectively had similar socioeconomic characteristics and low level of digital literacy. The study recommended that the management of ADPs in both Ebonyi and Imo State should ensure the training of AEP in digital skills to enhance their digital literacy level to enable them use digital technologies in their work.

Robust high frequency seismic bandwidth extension with a deep neural network trained using synthetic data

Geophysicists interpreting seismic reflection data aim for the highest resolution possible as this facilitates the interpretation and discrimination of subtle geological features.Various deterministic methods based on Wiener filtering exist to increase the temporal frequency bandwidth and compress the seismic wavelet in a process called spectral shaping.Auto-encoder neural networks with convolutional layers have been applied to this problem,with encouraging results,but the problem of generalization to unseen data remains.Most published works have used supervised learning with training data constructed from field seismic data or synthetic seismic data generated based on measured well logs or based on seismic wavefield modelling.This leads to satisfactory results on datasets similar to the training data but requires re-training of the networks for unseen data with different characteristics.In this work seek to improve the generalization,not by experimenting with network architecture(we use a conventional U-net with some small modifications),but by adopting a different approach to creating the training data for the supervised learning process.Although the network is important,at this stage of development we see more improvement in prediction results by altering the design of the training data than by architectural changes.The approach we take is to create synthetic training data consisting of simple geometric shapes convolved with a seismic wavelet.We created a very diverse training dataset consisting of 9000 seismic images with between 5 and 300 seismic events resembling seismic reflections that have geophysically motived perturbations in terms of shape and character.The 2D U-net we have trained can boost robustly and recursively the dominant frequency by 50%.We demonstrate this on unseen field data with different bandwidths and signal-to-noise ratios.Additionally,this 2D U-net can handle non-stationary wavelets and overlapping events of different bandwidth without creating excessive ringing.It is also robust in the presence of noise.The significance of this result is that it simplifies the effort of bandwidth extension and demonstrates the usefulness of auto-encoder neural network for geophysical data processing.

The Effects of Infrastructure Projects on House Prices and Rents:Evidence from the HS2 Extension Cancellation in the UK

This paper uses the HS2 extension cancellation in November 2021 as a quasi-experiment to study its impact on house prices and rents in Leeds.Using a DiD approach on repeat sales and monthly rents,I compare property values near the HS2 station and proposed construction site before and after the announcement.Results show a 3.6%decrease in house prices and a 3.9%decline in rents near the station,while properties near the construction site experienced a 2.4%increase in prices and a 2.1%rise in rents.This is the first paper to analyse the HS2 cancellation effect using panel data methods.

Field observations and interpretation of extensional fracture in hard rock surrounding deep underground openings

Extensional fracturing often occurs in hard rock masses during excavation at depths,for example,>1000 m below the ground surface.Surface-parallel fractures are created in the surrounding rock mass,which is typically subjected to stresses parallel to the free rock surfaces after excavation.These are called extensional fractures because the strains perpendicular to the fracture planes are extensional and the opposite surfaces of each fracture tend to separate from each other as soon as the fracture is created.These fractures predominantly propagate parallel to the maximum principal stressσ1 in the surrounding rock mass.This study analyses extensional fractures observed during excavations in cut-and-fill mining stopes in a deep metal mine.This analysis explores the process of extensional fracturing during excavation in an undisturbed rock mass.In general,intensive spalling occurred on the roof surfaces immediately after the excavation of the undisturbed rock mass.This spalling terminated after a certain depth of rock failure,while burst sounds intermediately emitted from the surrounding rock mass,indicating that rock fracturing was ongoing at depth.In the subsequent cutting slices,the spacing between the extensional fractures decreased with increasing mine-out space in the stope.An extensional fracturing criterion was proposed based on microscopic observations of microcrack development in the rock in response to applied stress.The crack initiation and extensional fracturing processes are associated with two critical extensional strains which are related to the secondary stress state in the position.In areas close to the free rock surface whereσ3=0,the stress for crack initiation is(σ1+σ2)=0.4σc,whereas the stress for extensional fracturing is(σ1+σ2)=0.8σc.

改进邻域扩展A^(*)算法的移动机器人路径规划

为解决A^(*)算法在规划路径时存在转折角度过大、路径不平滑的问题,提出改进邻域扩展A^(*)算法。首先,对A^(*)算法搜索范围扩展至24邻域,然后对邻域进行二次数量优化处理得到最终邻域搜索节点。其次,设计具有双层位置导向信息的评价函数,最后对所得路径进行二次平滑处理以剔除冗余节点并削弱路径尖峰的剧烈程度。仿真结果表明,改进邻域扩展A^(*)算法在路径长度、搜索节点数量、规划时间上均优于传统A^(*)算法,且路径无尖峰转角,整体趋势平缓。

有限性与延展性:新中国国家安全思想的演进

文章从国家安全本体论、安全体系认识论与安全实践方法论三个维度考察新中国的国家安全思想,以社会主义革命和建设时期、改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期以及中国特色社会主义新时代进行时间分段,讨论新中国国家安全思想的演进。有限性与延展性是这一演进过程中安全思想的连贯体现,分别涵盖了安全目标、认知与方法在各阶段静态与动态、横向与纵向的特征。虽然新中国在不同时期面临不同的安全环境和安全需求,安全形势愈加复杂,但是安全思想和实践总体符合安全有限、延展演进的特征。安全具有弹性但不可过载,不存在绝对安全的空间,而狭义的、单一领域或维度的安全亦无法有效支撑对国家安全的维护,特别是在愈加复杂和不确定的国家安全环境中更是如此。新中国国家安全思想“有限—延展”的演进特征反映了安全环境的客观变化与领导人主观能动的决策部署。

1993—2022年间黑潮延伸体及黑潮与亲潮交汇区水文特性年代际至长期变化

大尺度大气强迫驱动了黑潮延伸体(Kuroshio Extension,KE)系统的年代际至长期变化。其中,研究长期变化趋势对认识KE系统如何响应全球气候变化具有重要意义。本文基于1993—2022年期间的卫星遥感数据,对比分析了2010年前后两个时期KE系统和黑潮-亲潮交汇区(Kuroshi-Oyashio Confluence,KOC)区域的热、动力特征及中尺度涡旋变化,同时结合横跨北太平洋的海面风场及海表面异常信号讨论了北太平洋大尺度海表动力异常与KE-KOC区域变化之间的对应关系。结果表明,2010年之前,KE系统主要由两个时间跨度长、强度较强的不稳定态主导。不稳定时期,更多的反气旋式涡旋向北分离,将KE区域的海表信号传递给KOC区域。在2010年之后,KE系统的长期变化特征占主导地位,主要表现为KE流轴整体北移,对应海表面温度异常(Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly,SSTA)和海表面高度异常(Sea Level Anomaly,SLA)整体升高,KE上游两个曲流附近的海表地转流东向分量变平缓、南向分量减弱。这期间KOC区域的SSTA和SLA也存在类似变化。2010年之后在北太平洋中纬度负的风应力旋度异常驱使下,太平洋十年涛动(Pacific Decadal Oscillation,PDO)的负相位开始占主导,对应北太平洋中部海表面高度和海表面温度(Sea Surface Temperature,SST)出现显著正异常。该海洋信号传递到西北太平洋,主导KE-KOC区域的水文特性变化。2010年往后的差异性长期变化仍需在更长时间尺度上进行验证,这也为未来的黑潮延伸体区域模型预测提供了有效参考。

我国冰雪运动“南展西扩东进”战略推进研究

运用文献资料、专家访谈、实地考察等方法,探究后冬奥时期我国冰雪运动“南展西扩东进”战略推进的内在逻辑、困境,并提出路径。内在逻辑:以国家体育发展需要为根本遵循,以加快推动体育强国建设为价值目标,以“点—面—全”循序渐进为战略布局。困境:冰雪文化底蕴薄弱,常态化参与者数量不足;冰雪运动资源短缺,服务供给质量不高;冰雪产业不健全,现代化水平较低;冰雪整体竞技实力薄弱,后备人才培养体系待完善。路径:加强冰雪文化传播,营造冰雪文化氛围;统筹推进资源建设,提供高质量冰雪服务;打造冰雪全产业链,推动冰雪产业升级;提升冰雪整体竞技实力,完善后备人才培养体系。

大兴安岭南段黄岗梁地区早白垩世正长花岗岩成因及构造启示:锆石U−Pb年龄、岩石地球化学和Sr−Nd−Pb同位素证据

【研究目的】大兴安岭南段黄岗梁锡铁矿区及外围发育大面积花岗岩类,加强其成岩时代、岩石成因类型、成岩成矿物质来源等研究,有利于探究该区成岩与成矿关系和早白垩世碰撞造山机制。【研究方法】采集大兴安岭南段黄岗梁锡铁矿区及外围样品,进行岩相学、锆石U−Pb测年、岩石地球化学及Rb−Sr、Sm−Nd、Pb同位素研究。【研究结果】获得岩浆结晶年龄为141.9~139.1 Ma,较成矿年龄早约3 Ma,形成于早白垩世。岩石具有高硅、低铝、低镁、富钾少钠特征,为高钾钙碱性A型花岗岩。(^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr)_(i)和^(143)Nd/^(144)Nd值分别介于0.70031~0.70543和0.512572~0.512636之间,ε_(Nd)(t)值为0.07~1.18,Nd同位素模式年龄T_(DM2)为926~838 Ma。【结论】黄岗梁矽卡岩型锡铁矿床成岩物质于新元古代从亏损地幔分离,在上升侵位过程中受到地壳物质混染。大兴安岭南段地区在早白垩世经历了蒙古–鄂霍次克洋碰撞闭合伸展作用和古太平洋高角度俯冲作用叠加。

岩石圈伸展的壳/幔拆离模型(Parallel Extension Tectonics):华北克拉通东部早白垩世岩石圈减薄与破坏机理

华北克拉通岩石圈减薄和破坏机理长期以来存在争议,基于岩石学、岩石地球的化学分析研究突出强调深部过程的重要性。前人提出了两种重要模式:包括以拆沉作用为代表的top-down tectonics模型和以热-机械侵蚀与化学侵蚀,或地幔置换、交代作用的bottom-up tectonics模型。然而,对于这两种模式而言尚存在许多无法合理解释的问题,比如在此深部过程中,区域性岩石圈伸展有多大的贡献?地壳伸展构造是作为深部过程的响应,还是同为岩石圈伸展的产物?本文基于早白垩世东亚地区(尤其是华北克拉通东部地区)伸展构造与岩浆活动的综合分析,揭示出华北克拉通东部不同地区伸展构造变形与岩浆活动之间的时、空和成因关系有一定的差异。但整体上看,岩石圈伸展起着主导作用,控制着岩浆上侵和就位,在拆离断层下盘侵入形成各种规模的花岗质为主的侵入体,或于上盘喷发形成火山-沉积岩盆地。在伸展构造发育的不同阶段,可以有伸展早期、伸展期及伸展期后的岩浆活动。岩浆活动的强度及岩浆源区特点有显著的时空变化。一方面,在同一地区不同演化阶段其源区有很大的差异。表现为主体上是早期以古老下地壳源为主,随着壳/幔伸展作用演化,逐渐向混合源或独立幔源的演化。同时,不同地区岩浆源区的变化规律也显著不同。以胶辽地区为例,胶东整体上是壳幔混合源区对于岩浆演化有重要贡献;而辽东地区具有显著的源区演化特点:从剪切早期古老下地壳源区为主,并伴有幔源物质加入,剪切期古老下地壳为主,到剪切晚期和剪切期后以新生下地壳为主。本文认为岩石圈伸展的壳/幔拆离模型(Parallel Extension Tectonics),可以合理地解释华北克拉通及邻区早白垩世构造-岩浆活动性。在该模型中,遭受伸展的华北克拉通岩石圈发生壳-幔拆离作用。在岩石圈伸展作用期间,地壳层次的拆离作用与岩石圈地幔层次上的拆离作用可以是耦合的或者是解耦的,从而导致华北克拉通岩石圈减薄过程中在地壳尺度上的拆离作用与变质核杂岩的剥露有三种不同的类型:同岩浆活动型伸展(C型:Co-magmatism mode extension)、无岩浆活动型伸展(A型:Amagmatism mode extension)和多阶段混合型(M型:Multi-mode extension)。

我国学前教育优质均衡的探索历程、反思与展望

随着高质量学前教育体系建设的持续推进,我国学前教育正朝着优质均衡的目标迈进,推动了相关研究的持续深入。通过对相关文献的系统梳理,发现我国学前教育大致经历了重点关注“规模发展”、全面关注“均衡发展”、转向关注“优质均衡”三大阶段,并且各阶段研究普遍比较丰硕。但是,相关研究探索尚未形成系统、多元、特色的研究体系,主要局限于研究特色趋同、交叉研究不足、实证研究欠缺、指标体系缺乏等方面。后续研究需要超越单一层面的重复探索,走向更具独特性、多视域、针对性、可行性的策略体系创新,立足县域管理,从静态关注转向动态发展探索;重视政策优化,从单一均衡转向多元视角的优质均衡关注;着眼实践成效,从外延式均衡转向内涵式优质均衡关注;聚焦路径创新,从发散式关注转向聚焦式优质均衡探索。

Site-directed Mutagenesis Based on Overlap Extension PCR

[Objective] To establish an efficient, convenient and economical method for site-directed mutagenesis. [Method] The target mutation was introduced into primers designed by DNAMAN5.0 software. Through overlap extension PCR for twice obtained the mutation gene which of the full length of the recombinant Human Tissue type plasminogen activator （Reteplase）. The mutation gene cloned it into pEASY- blunt simple cloning vector for sequencing. [Result] The sequencing results showed that three site mutations were fully consistent with the expected results （10~ site had been added a base-pair of A, C had been changed into G at 137~ site, G had been changed into A at 686~ site）.Three site mutations were introduced by using overlap extension PCR on one-step. The overall rate of obtaining the mutant sites was 100%. Site-directed mutagenesis will clone the recombinant Human Tissue type plas- minogen activator and laid the basis for the functional study. [Conclusion] Site-directed mutagenesis was successfully implemented based on the overlap extension PCR which is an efficient, convenient and economical DNA-directed mutagenesis method.

Research on the extension of Tamarix shrubs resulted from devel-opment projects in arid area

Tamarix plant is widely distributed in the arid areas of China for its great tolerance of draught, salt and alkali and attracts more attention by its strong capacity in windbreak and sand-fixations. “Tamarix dunes” constitute special desert bio-landscape in arid area. During last several decades,Tamarix shrubs declined and “Tamarix dunes” were also severely destroyed due to the land exploitation and serious deforestation, etc. From the 1980s until now, the extending phenomenon ofTamarix shrubs caused by developmental projects such as building highway, railway was studied in the western dry area of China, including western section of Hexi Corridor of Gansu, railroads and highways around the two greatest basin in Xinjiang and interior regions in Gurbantonggut desert, through on-the-spot survey along the transportation lines and setting up sampling plots along the roads. It was found that large quantities ofTamarix plants grow in the catchment area of low-lying lands that were formed by bulldozer operation during road building period. The extension ofTamarix shrubs caused by engineering was similar to that of the other section of the area to some extent, but went beyond the original distribution. This extension is beneficial to the ecological restoration and re-vegetation of western region of China and plays an important role in control of the sandstorms and improvement of ecological environments. As a result, it is necessary to make a further study on the extending phenomenon ofTamarix shrubs and to seek approach to promote wider extension ofTamarix shrubs in suitable habitats. Key words Arid area - Tamarix - Development engineering - Vegetation extension CLC number S718.541 Document code A Article ID 1007-662X(2004)01-0045-04 Foundation Item: This study is supported by key projects of National Natural Science Foundation (39730100), National Foundation (30070640) and part of Project 973(G19990435).Biography: Huang Pei-You (1936-), Male, Professor in College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai