AIM To highlight the salient magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) features of the intraneural ganglion cyst(INGC) of various peripheral nerves for their precise diagnosis and to differentiate them from other intra and extr...AIM To highlight the salient magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) features of the intraneural ganglion cyst(INGC) of various peripheral nerves for their precise diagnosis and to differentiate them from other intra and extraneural cystic lesions.METHODS A retrospective analysis of the magnetic resonance(MR) images of a cohort of 245 patients presenting with nerve palsy involving different peripheral nerves was done.MR images were analyzed for the presence of a nerve lesion,and if found,it was further characterized as solid or cystic.The serial axial,coronal and sagittal MR images of the lesions diagnosed as INGC were studied for their pattern and the anatomical extent along the course of the affected nerve and its branches.Its relation to identifiable anatomical landmarks,intraarticular communication and presence of denervation changes in the muscles supplied by involved nerve was also studied.RESULTS A total of 45 cystic lesions in the intra or extraneurallocations of the nerves were identified from the 245 MR scans done for patients presenting with nerve palsy.Out of these 45 cystic lesions,13 were diagnosed to have INGC of a peripheral nerve on MRI.The other cystic lesions included extraneural ganglion cyst,paralabral cyst impinging upon the suprascapular nerve,cystic schwannoma and nerve abscesses related to Hansen's disease involving various peripheral nerves.Thirteen lesions of INGC were identified in 12 patients.Seven of these affected the common peroneal nerve with one patient having a bilateral involvement.Two lesions each were noted in the tibial and suprascapular nerves,and one each in the obturator and proximal sciatic nerve.An intra-articular connection along the articular branch was demonstrated in 12 out of 13 lesions.Varying stages of denervation atrophy of the supplied muscles of the affected nerves were seen in 7 cases.Out of these 13 lesions in 12 patients,6 underwent surgery.CONCLUSION INGC is an important cause of reversible mono-neuropathy if diagnosed early and surgically treated.Its classic MRI pattern differentiates it from other lesions of the peripheral nerve and aid in its therapeutic planning.In each case,the joint connection has to be identified preoperatively,and the same should be excised during surgery to prevent further cyst recurrence.展开更多
针对飞机舵机电动加载系统存在多余力矩干扰的问题,提出了以改进型基于信度分配的小脑模型关节控制器为前馈控制,以增量式比例积分微分(proportion integral derivative,PID)为反馈控制的复合控制策略。在前馈控制器中,结合变刚度金属-...针对飞机舵机电动加载系统存在多余力矩干扰的问题,提出了以改进型基于信度分配的小脑模型关节控制器为前馈控制,以增量式比例积分微分(proportion integral derivative,PID)为反馈控制的复合控制策略。在前馈控制器中,结合变刚度金属-橡胶缓冲弹簧、力矩测速反馈及梯度加载法,采用基于Sigmoid函数变平衡学习常数的权值调整算法,设计三维参考输入型神经网络结构。在反馈控制器中,采用增量式PID控制解决积分项溢出问题,同时为神经网络提供训练学习样本,最后通过理论分析证明改进算法的收敛特性及闭环系统的稳定性。仿真结果表明,该方法提高了系统的加载精度及在线实时控制能力,在一定程度上抑制了多余力矩干扰。展开更多
文摘AIM To highlight the salient magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) features of the intraneural ganglion cyst(INGC) of various peripheral nerves for their precise diagnosis and to differentiate them from other intra and extraneural cystic lesions.METHODS A retrospective analysis of the magnetic resonance(MR) images of a cohort of 245 patients presenting with nerve palsy involving different peripheral nerves was done.MR images were analyzed for the presence of a nerve lesion,and if found,it was further characterized as solid or cystic.The serial axial,coronal and sagittal MR images of the lesions diagnosed as INGC were studied for their pattern and the anatomical extent along the course of the affected nerve and its branches.Its relation to identifiable anatomical landmarks,intraarticular communication and presence of denervation changes in the muscles supplied by involved nerve was also studied.RESULTS A total of 45 cystic lesions in the intra or extraneurallocations of the nerves were identified from the 245 MR scans done for patients presenting with nerve palsy.Out of these 45 cystic lesions,13 were diagnosed to have INGC of a peripheral nerve on MRI.The other cystic lesions included extraneural ganglion cyst,paralabral cyst impinging upon the suprascapular nerve,cystic schwannoma and nerve abscesses related to Hansen's disease involving various peripheral nerves.Thirteen lesions of INGC were identified in 12 patients.Seven of these affected the common peroneal nerve with one patient having a bilateral involvement.Two lesions each were noted in the tibial and suprascapular nerves,and one each in the obturator and proximal sciatic nerve.An intra-articular connection along the articular branch was demonstrated in 12 out of 13 lesions.Varying stages of denervation atrophy of the supplied muscles of the affected nerves were seen in 7 cases.Out of these 13 lesions in 12 patients,6 underwent surgery.CONCLUSION INGC is an important cause of reversible mono-neuropathy if diagnosed early and surgically treated.Its classic MRI pattern differentiates it from other lesions of the peripheral nerve and aid in its therapeutic planning.In each case,the joint connection has to be identified preoperatively,and the same should be excised during surgery to prevent further cyst recurrence.
文摘针对飞机舵机电动加载系统存在多余力矩干扰的问题,提出了以改进型基于信度分配的小脑模型关节控制器为前馈控制,以增量式比例积分微分(proportion integral derivative,PID)为反馈控制的复合控制策略。在前馈控制器中,结合变刚度金属-橡胶缓冲弹簧、力矩测速反馈及梯度加载法,采用基于Sigmoid函数变平衡学习常数的权值调整算法,设计三维参考输入型神经网络结构。在反馈控制器中,采用增量式PID控制解决积分项溢出问题,同时为神经网络提供训练学习样本,最后通过理论分析证明改进算法的收敛特性及闭环系统的稳定性。仿真结果表明,该方法提高了系统的加载精度及在线实时控制能力,在一定程度上抑制了多余力矩干扰。
