Analysis of the Risk of Water Breakout in the Bottom Plate of High-Intensity Mining of Extra-Thick Coal Seams

In order to clarify the danger of water breakout in the bottom plate of extra-thick coal seam mining, 2202 working face of a mine in the west is taken as the research object, and it is proposed to use the on-site monitoring means combining borehole peeping and microseismic monitoring, combined with the theoretical analysis to analyze the danger of water breakout in the bottom plate. The results show that: 1) the theoretically calculated maximum damage depth of the bottom plate is 27.5 m, and its layer is located above the Austrian ash aquifer, which has the danger of water breakout;2) the drill hole peeping at the bottom plate of the working face shows that the depth of the bottom plate fissure development reaches 26 m, and the integrity of the water barrier layer has been damaged, so there is the risk of water breakout;3) for the microseismic monitoring of the anomalous area, the bottom plate of the return air downstream channel occurs in the field with a one-week lag, which shows that microseismic monitoring events may reflect the water breakout of the underground. This shows that the microseismic monitoring events can reflect the changes of the underground flow field, which can provide a reference basis for the early warning of water breakout. The research results can provide reference for the prediction of sudden water hazard.

Behaviors of overlying strata in extra-thick coal seams using top-coalcaving method

Accidents such as support failure and excessive deformation of roadways due to drastic changes in strata behaviors are frequently reported when mining the extra-thick coal seams Nos.3e5 in Datong coal mine with top-coal caving method,which significantly hampers the mine's normal production.To understand the mechanism of strata failure,this paper presented a structure evolution model with respect to strata behaviors.Then the behaviors of strata overlying the extra-thick coal seams were studied with the combined method of theoretical analysis,physical simulation,and field measurement.The results show that the key strata,which are usually thick-hard strata,play an important role in overlying movement and may influence the mining-induced strata behaviors in the working face using top-coal caving method.The structural model of far-field key strata presents a 'masonry beam' type structure when'horizontal O-X' breakage type happens.The rotational motion of the block imposed radial compressive stress on the surrounding rock mass of the roadway.This can induce excessive deformation of roadway near the goaf.Besides,this paper proposed a pre-control technology for the hard roof based on fracture holes and underground roof pre-splitting.It could effectively reduce stress concentration and release the accumulated energy of the strata,when mining underground coal resources with top-coal caving method.

Numerical Study on an Applicable Underground Mining Method for Soft Extra-Thick Coal Seams in Thailand

The EGAT Mae Moh Mine is the largest open pit lignite mine in Thailand and it produces lignite about 16 million tons annually. In the near future, the pit limit of the mine will be reached and underground mine will then be developed through the open pit in the depth of 400 - 600 m from the surface. However, due to the challenges for underground mining such as poor geological conditions, extra thickness (20 - 30 m) of coal seams, and weak mechanical properties of coal seams and the surrounding rock, the success possibility of underground mining and an applicable underground mining method is being investigated at the present. The paper discusses the applicability of multi-slice bord-and-pillar method for the soft extra thick coal seams in the Mae Moh mine by means of numerical analyses using the 3D finite difference code “FLAC3D”.

Prediction and safety analysis of additional vertical stress within a shaft wall in an extra-thick alluvium

An alluvium with a sandy aquifer at the bottom,but lacking an effective impermeable layer between the sandy aquifer and bedrock is referred to as a special alluvial stratum.Impacted by the drainage of the aquifer due to mining activities,a shaft wall in this special alluvial stratum will be subject to a downward load by an additional vertical force which must be taken into consideration in the design of the shaft wall.The complexity of interaction between shaft wall and the surrounding walls makes it extremely difficult to determine this additional vertical force.For a particular shaft wall in an extra-thick alluvium and assuming that the friction coefficient between shaft wall and stratum does not change with depth,an analysis of a numerical simulation of the stress within the shaft wall has been carried out.Growth and size of the additional vertical stress have been obtained,based on specific values of the friction coefficient,the modulus of elasticity of the drainage layer and the thickness of the drainage layer.Subsequently, the safety of shaft walls with different structural types was studied and a more suitable structural design,providing an important basis for the design of shaft walls,is promoted.

Strata behavior in extra-thick coal seam mining with upward slicing backfilling technology

Based on the character of upward slicing backfilling mining and the condition of Gonggeyingzi coal mine in Inner Mongolia,this paper describes the studies of the strata behavior and the stress distribution in the process of backfilling mining in extra-thick coal seams.This was achieved by setting up and analyzing the elastic foundation beam model using the ABAQUS software.The results show that:(1) With the gradual mining of different slices,the roof appears to bend continuously but does not break.The vertical stress in the roof decreases and the decreasing amplitude reduces,while the tensile stress in the roof grows with the mining slices and the maximum tensile stress will not exceed the allowable tensile stress.(2) The front vertical stress at the working face exceeds the rear vertical stress and both show a trend of decrease with decreasing amplitude of decrease.(3) The slices mined early have more influence on the surrounding rock than the later ones.Similarly,the strata behavior experiences the same trend.The field measured data show that the roof does not break during the mining process,which is consistent with the conclusion.

Gas Drainage Technology in Fully Mechanized Caving Face with Horizontal Sublevel Mining in Steep and Extra-Thick Coal Seam

This paper analyzes the gas source of the horizontally sectioned fully mechanized caving face in the steeply inclined and extra-thick seam of Adaohai Coal Mine, and numerically simulates the stress distribution and pressure relief of the lower section coal after the upper section working face is mined. It theoretically analyzed the reasonable layout of the drainage boreholes, and designed the drainage borehole layout accordingly. In the upper and lower section of the working face, the actual drainage effect of the boreholes was inspected, and the air exhaust gas volume in the working face was statistically analyzed. It was confirmed that the layout of boreholes was reasonable, the gas control effect of working face was greatly improved and fully met the needs of safe mining. The control effect was greatly improved and the need for safe mining was fully met, and thus a gas drainage technology suitable for the coal seam storage conditions and mining technology of the Adaohai Coal Mine was found. That is to say: the gas emission from the working face of the section mining mainly comes from its lower coal body. Pre-draining the lower coal body of the section and depressurizing gas interception and drainage are the key to effectively solve the problem of gas emission from the working face. Drainage boreholes in the working face of the section should be arranged at high and low positions. The high-level boreholes are located about 2 m from the top of the working face, and the high-level boreholes are about 9 m away from the top of the working face. Through the pre drainage of high and low-level boreholes in advance and the interception and pressure relief drainage, the gas control in the horizontal sublevel fully mechanized caving mining face in steep and extra thick coal seam can realize a virtuous cycle.

Toughening Mechanism of Large Heat Input Weld Metal for Marine Engineering Extra-Thick Plate

In order to study the latest designed large heat input welding material of marine engineering extra-thick plate,EH36 steel was joined by using twin-wire submerged arc welding with heat inputs of 85,100 and 115 kJ/cm separately.Meanwhile,the microstructure and mechanical properties were evaluated to explore the toughening mechanism of weld metal.Results show that a lot of active inclusions are obtained in the weld metal due to the design idea of low carbon and oxide metallurgy,which contributes to the generation of numerous fine and interlocking acicular ferrite.The acicular ferrite volume ratio of weld metal exceeds 60%.Moreover,the impact energy at-40℃ surpasses 115 J and the crack tip opening displacement value at-10℃ is more than 0.2 mm under three heat inputs owing to the role of acicular ferrite,of which 85 kJ/cm is the best.The martensite-austenite constituents are minor in size and the microstructure of the weld metal in reheated zone is dominated by small massive equiaxed ferrite,without impairing the toughness.As the heat input increases,the content of acicular ferrite drops and then rises;the impact toughness and fracture toughness first worsen consequently and then stabilize on account of the dramatic expansion of the proeutectoid ferrite size.

急倾斜深埋巨厚煤层掘巷冲击地压前兆特征及其灾害防治

随着冲击地压矿井逐渐向深开采,其巷道掘进伴随的冲击显现愈发强烈。针对巷道掘进过程中的冲击地压有效防治问题,以新疆乌东煤矿急倾斜煤层矿井为例,运用微震监测对巷道掘进的冲击地压时空前兆特征加以分析。结合巷道掘进的应力与能量变化数值模拟分析,揭示巷道掘进的冲击地压发生机理,提出急倾斜巨厚煤层巷道冲击地压防治策略,并完成现场工程实践验证。研究结果表明:急倾斜巨厚煤层巷道掘进的冲击地压发生前第2~5天出现微震总能量极低值,或存在至少4 d的能量潜伏期;冲击地压发生前5 d普遍存在3 d以上的最大能量占比高频波动期。冲击地压发生前存在明显缺震现象,发生位置集中分布在距离掘进工作面较近的微震能量极小值区间范围内,或位于微震能量极值区间附近的微震频次极小值区间范围内,且冲击地压事件位于冲击变形能指数较高区域。急倾斜巨厚煤层水平分段综放开采的坚硬覆岩结构不易破断,使得巷道掘进存在上水平采空区两侧“双翼型”应力集中,掘进工作面前方与巷道底部受顶底板岩层相互挤压的应力集中分布且能量积聚显著,随着巷道掘进深度增加其应力集中与能量积聚进一步增强,容易诱发冲击地压等动力灾害。综合分析形成急倾斜巨厚煤层巷道掘进的工作面爆破卸压、巷道钻孔卸压与补强支护、复杂区域架蓬的冲击地压防治策略。结合冲击地压时空前兆异常为及时加强卸压力度提供时机。通过工作面与巷道卸压使得掘进期间未发生单日累计1×105 J以上微震能量,在对支护优化调整与复杂区域重点防护后,巷道掘进日均微震能量降至2.2 kJ,其1 kJ以上微震事件占比下降且巷道断面整体平整。研究结果为急倾斜巨厚煤层巷道安全掘进提供了科学依据。

特厚煤层大巷变形破坏特征及控制技术研究

针对特厚煤层大巷变形破坏特征分析及控制技术难题,以砚北煤矿二水平回风大巷为研究背景,在分析巷道围岩地质力学测试及围岩变形破坏特征与机理的基础上,提出了全断面注浆加固与高预应力支护综合围岩控制技术,制定了煤层大巷修复加固具体实施方案,并确定了相应的技术参数,开展了井下工业试验,试验结果表明:修复加固后35 d左右巷道变形趋于稳定,两帮最大位移量63.5 mm,顶底板最大移近量79.8 mm;注浆后水泥浆液与巷帮煤体裂隙及破碎区充分胶结,围岩裂隙明显减少,钻孔成型效果显著提高。研究表明采用高预应力锚杆支护及全断面注浆加固后,在巷道围岩内形成锚注加固体,提高了巷道围岩稳定性与抗变形能力以及浅部锚杆(索)锚固基础力学性能,巷道围岩变形得到有效控制。

深埋倾斜特厚煤层窄煤柱护巷机理与围岩控制

我国中东部地区采深大、巷道变形和冲击风险大,窄煤柱沿空掘巷技术可改善巷道围岩环境。为掌握窄煤柱护巷机理并形成针对性围岩控制技术体系,以800 m埋深倾斜特厚煤层3 m窄煤柱沿空掘巷为背景,开展了理论分析、现场实测及数值模拟研究,结果表明:①该巷围岩破碎程度及变形煤柱侧比实体煤侧严重,煤柱破碎程度及变形采空区侧比巷道侧大,尽管埋深大,但已稳定采空区承担较大覆岩载荷,高应力已充分向深部岩体分流;②巷道变形非对称,实体煤侧顶板下沉量比煤柱侧大,巷帮以浅部变形为主,煤柱帮上部和实体煤帮中部变形较大;③采空区是掘巷卸荷后主要的形变通道,利于形变能向采空区缓释、降低冲击风险;④卸压区形状由掘巷前三角形扩展为掘巷后平行四边形,掘巷后应力集中区转移至实体煤帮右上方实体煤岩体中;⑤窄煤柱一次和二次剪切破坏的交界面及掘巷右上方实体高应力区为围岩关键控制区,据此提出基于煤柱多重塑性破坏区发育规律的煤柱加固和高应力区精准卸压联合的围岩控制技术体系。研究可为邻近工作面以及其他类似深埋倾斜特厚煤层开采提供理论支撑和科学依据。

建筑物下特厚煤层镁渣基全固废连采连充开采技术与实践

我国建筑物下压煤量巨大,同时煤矸石、粉煤灰等煤基工业固体废弃物排放量日益增加,严重制约地方经济社会发展。以榆林麻黄梁煤矿为试验矿井,针对其特厚煤层、建筑物下压煤、充填成本高等问题,提出了特厚煤层全固废连采连充开采技术。采用四阶段工序并将特厚煤层分为上、下2部分二次回采压覆煤炭,最大程度控制地面沉降。为降低充填原材料成本,采用化学优化剂对镁渣进行源头改性,抑制镁渣冷却粉化,稳定水化活性,协同粉煤灰、脱硫石膏等煤基固废,研发了改性镁−煤渣基胶凝材料。采用改性镁−煤渣基胶凝材料胶结煤矸石、粉煤灰制备了全固废充填材料。针对麻黄梁煤矿四阶段强、弱充填强度要求,设计不同配比的改性镁渣基充填材料试验,优选配比并应用于井下充填。论述了膏体充填系统与充填接顶方法。麻黄梁煤矿全固废胶结充填工艺试验显示,井下28 d龄期充填体钻芯平均单轴抗压强度超设计强度27%,钻芯浸出毒性满足相关国家标准要求,成功回收了建筑物下压覆煤炭资源,社会经济效益显著。麻黄梁煤矿特厚煤层全固废胶结充填开采实践为国内类似矿井提供了有益借鉴,同时为我国大型煤炭基地的“煤−电−化−冶”固废大规模资源化利用提供了新的思路。

特厚煤层沿空掘巷围岩支卸协同控制技术

针对特厚煤层小煤柱沿空掘巷大范围塑性全煤巷道锚网索的支护难题,以塔山煤矿8204-2小煤柱工作面为工程背景,采用现场实测、理论分析等方法,揭示了锚杆、锚索对沿空大范围塑性全煤巷道的支护机理。锚杆支护主要作用于浅部二次破碎区煤体,形成浅部连续承载结构;锚索主要作用于深部处于三向受力状态的稳定煤体,形成更大范围的连续稳定承载结构;进一步明确了锚杆、锚索有效长度的计算方法,形成了以高预紧力、高强“锚-网-索”支护为基础,以坚硬顶板井下磨料水射流切顶卸压、巷帮大直径钻孔卸压、底板卸压槽卸压为辅的“支卸协同”小煤柱沿空巷道围岩控制技术体系。工程应用结果表明,试验巷道围岩最大变形量小于700 mm,能够满足使用要求。

特厚煤层小煤柱沿空掘巷支护技术研究

小煤柱沿空掘巷过程中易出现巷道围岩变形大、局部鼓出等现象,针对这一问题,采用理论分析、数值模拟、工程类比的方法,对巷道基本顶破断方式进行了判断,并采用数值模拟分析不同宽度下煤柱的应力及位移变化规律,初步确定了煤柱留设宽度为8 m;对比邻近矿井的沿空掘巷案例,采用工程类比法最终确定了煤柱宽度,并对巷道支护方案进行设计,现场应用效果良好。

深部巨厚承压含水层采动疏水诱冲机理

陕蒙地区覆岩普遍赋存较厚承压含水砂岩层,工作面涌水量大、承压含水层水位显著下降,巨厚覆岩承压含水层下冲击地压和高能矿震监测表明覆岩承压水的采动疏放具有一定的诱冲效应。为揭示覆岩承压含水层采动疏水诱冲机理,开展了流固耦合数值模拟,分析了不同孔隙水压岩体力学行为及巨厚覆岩承压含水层采动疏水条件下围岩应力-能量场演化特征,揭示了覆岩承压含水砂岩层采动疏水对围岩应力场作用机制;并考虑巨厚覆岩对围岩动静载应力作用效应,提出了覆岩承压含水层采动疏水诱冲机理。研究结果表明:覆岩巨厚承压含水砂岩层下动力显现均发生在覆岩承压水位快速下降期间,覆岩承压水的采动疏放对围岩产生应力扰动;采动疏水条件下覆岩承压含水岩层孔隙水压降低,岩层强度和承载能力增大,覆岩载荷向采场两侧转移,导致围岩应力升高、能量进一步积聚,其对围岩应力场-能量场作用程度与采场尺度和疏放程度正相关,与煤层-承压含水层距离、承压含水层岩层厚度及强度负相关;巨厚覆岩承压含水层下顶板大尺度悬臂-铰接结构导致采场围岩高静载及强动载,在覆岩承压含水层采动疏水对围岩应力场作用下,煤岩体中叠加应力超过其临界载荷且释放的总能量超过其破坏所消耗能量,诱发冲击地压,其中高静载是冲击地压发生的应力基础,矿震动载和覆岩承压含水层采动疏水导致的应力扰动是重要诱因。针对覆岩承压含水层采动疏水及巨厚承压含水层覆岩结构对冲击风险的影响特征,提出了巨厚承压水含水层注浆堵水和优化盘区尺寸的防冲措施,通过地面注浆和降低采场尺寸能够降低覆岩承压含水层采动疏水对围岩应力场的作用效应、避免巨厚覆岩形成大尺度悬臂-铰接结构,从而降低巨厚承压含水层下冲击地压风险。

近距离特厚煤层回采巷道合理布置优化研究

针对近距离煤层开采后遗留煤柱下位特厚煤层回采巷道布置的技术难题,以开滦集团唐山矿为研究对象,综合采用理论分析、数值模拟和现场实测等研究手段,对上位煤层采动后的底板破坏深度、残留煤柱底板应力分布及下位煤层巷道顶板非均布载荷下易被破坏的原因进行了研究。研究表明:上位煤层开采引起的支承应力导致的最大破坏深度为31.5 m,对下位煤层回采巷道布置产生影响;煤柱底板的垂直应力分布具有明显的非均布性,下位煤层回采巷道更易达到抗拉极限而产生变形破坏。同时对比了下位煤层四种巷道布置方式下的主应力分布特征,优选出内错式和平移式布置方式。进一步,通过巷道的应力改变量Δσ和位移改变量ΔD评估回采巷道顶板受应力及变形的不均衡程度,结合数值模拟计算和现场工业性试验数据印证,得出9~#煤层工作面回采巷道最佳内错距离为37.5 m,为特厚煤层回采巷道布置提供了借鉴依据。

不规则采空区下特厚煤层综放面注浆扩散规律及加固技术

为了解决不规则采空区下特厚煤层综放强采动过程中矿压与围岩控制难题,以山西宁武榆树坡煤矿5106综放面为工程背景,通过现场监测的手段研究了不规则采空区下特厚煤层综放面矿压显现特征,并在此基础上采用数值模拟的方法分析了不同裂隙特征参数的浆液羽状扩散规律,揭示了三角锯齿形动态循环脉冲注浆增注机理,形成了三角锯齿形动态循环脉冲注浆加固技术,制定了围岩注浆加固技术实施方案,并进行了工程应用。研究结果表明:回采期间工作面支架阻力整体呈现出“两端小、中间大”的趋势,不同推进距离工作面方向支架工作阻力分布特征存在明显差异;注浆扩散形状受裂隙分布的影响,随裂隙数量的增加,注浆扩散形状从初始的圆形转变为裂隙引导的不规则羽状;实施脉冲注浆加固技术后,实测发现脉冲注浆扩散速率提升了约25%,综放面煤体裂隙被充分充填,围岩加固效果显著,实施效果良好。

麻地梁煤矿首采综放面收作期间防灭火技术研究

麻地梁煤矿507首采面是采用放顶方法开采埋藏浅特厚的长焰煤,漏风严重,丢煤多,尤其在工作面收作期间未进行放顶,采空区遗煤量更大。另外,工作面未采阶段推进速度慢,遗煤氧化时间长,极易引起采空区煤自然发火。针对以上情况,采取注氮降氧、高位钻孔注浆和注高固水材料覆盖隔氧、堵漏控风等的综合防灭火措施,保证了该工作面支架的安全撤出,为类似回采条件的工作面收作期间的防灭火提供参考。

结晶器电磁搅拌对475 mm特厚板坯表层大颗粒夹杂物控制研究

特厚板坯已成为基础建设所依赖的重要钢铁材料,广泛应用于军用和民用领域。铸坯表层大颗粒夹杂物是影响铸坯质量的关键因素之一。在475 mm特厚板坯连铸生产过程中,为探究结晶器电磁搅拌(M-EMS)对铸坯表层夹杂物的影响,进行有M-EMS和无M-EMS的对比试验。采用无水电解法提取试样中的大颗粒夹杂物,计算其数量密度和质量密度。结果表明,与无M-EMS时相比,有M-EMS时铸坯表层各尺寸夹杂物质量密度和数量密度均明显减小,其中,尺寸大于150μm的大颗粒夹杂物减少幅度最大,质量密度由3.817 mg/kg减小至1.511 mg/kg,表明M-EMS能有效控制特厚板坯表层大颗粒夹杂物。对夹杂物进行成分分析,结果表明,夹杂物的来源可能是生产过程中产生的脱氧产物(Al_(2)O_(3)-SiO_(2)或单一的Al_(2)O_(3))、浇注过程中卷入的保护渣(含有Na_(2)O)以及由于钢水冲刷落入钢液中的耐火材料。

Demonstration Project of Safe and Efficient Mining Operations in Extra-thick Coal Seam

Mineable coal reserves in thick and extra-thick seams account for 44% of the total deposit in China. Fullymechanized top-coal caving technology is a new mining method of safe and efficient underground operations in extra-thick seams in China. The development of fullymechanized top-coal caving technology in China, which was successfully applied in Face 8105 in Tashan Coal Mine, Datong, Shanxi, China, is analyzed in this paper.Studies on movement pattern of top-coal and roof from fully-mechanized top caving face in 14–20 m extra-thick seams have been carried out. A series of key technologies were successfully developed, including strata control technology, equipment for high-efficient and high-recovery top caving operations, and safety guarantee technology for low gas occurrence and high gas emission. As a result, the fully-mechanized top-coal caving Face 8105, with large mining height in Tashan Coal Mine, has achieved a recovery rate of 88.9% and an average equipment operation rate of 92.1%. With coal production of 10.84 Mt in 2011,the demonstration project is a technology and equipment breakthrough for fully-mechanized top-coal caving face in extra-thick coal seams with large mining height.

同忻矿8311工作面坚硬顶板破断特征与矿压显现规律研究

特厚煤层综放开采是煤炭资源开发中的一项重要课题,其开采过程中存在着一系列的难题,其中最为突出的是顶板破断引发强矿压显现。文章基于同忻矿特厚煤层8311工作面,在关键层理论基础上,采用公式计算的方法得出了坚硬顶板的初次和周期来压步距;采用离散单元软件UDEC模拟煤层开挖,得出了坚硬顶板断裂步距与结构。通过现场矿压监测,分析了坚硬顶板的来压步距、周期来压动载强度和“大小周期”现象,探究了坚硬顶板破断与矿压规律之间的关系,为特厚煤层的安全高效开采提供了有力的理论支撑。