Fractional Yield, Extract Composition and Variability from Jordanian Oil Shales

Surface and subsurface oil shale (OS) rocks in Jordan have potential economic value for the country and still unutilized. This research paper focuses on central and southern OS deposits in Jordan. Brief characterization of four OS deposits is presented. Size distribution test and elemental analysis were performed. Shale oil was extracted via three solvation methods: Soxhlet extraction, extraction via mixing and stirring, and lastly super-critical fluid extraction. Major shale oil fractions were obtained from extract fractionation on chromatographic column. The nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique was used to study qualitatively the fractional composition of OS extract. Results show that all studied OS deposits have quite similar trend in their particle size distribution and their elemental composition. These OS deposits are found to be varying in their solvation behavior, fractional yield, and shale oil composition. Highest yield is obtained from polar solvents. The OS extraction via solvation processes is promising under certain extraction conditions such as super-critical conditions. The solvation variability of Jordanian OS indicates that different extraction techniques suit different OS deposits. Such variability should be considered in any future extraction options.

Extraction of Cinnamomum longepaniculatum deciduous leaves essential oil using solvent-free microwave extraction: Process optimization and quality evaluation

The optimal process conditions for solvent-free microwave extraction(SFME)of essential oils from Cinnamomum longepaniculatum deciduous leaves after moisture conditioning were established by response surface methodology(RSM).A Box-Behnken design(BBD)was applied to evaluate the effects of three independent variables:moisture content(A:54%–74%),microwave power(B:300–500 W)and microwave time(C:20–40 min),on the extraction yield of essential oil.The compounds of the essential oils obtained by SFME,hydro-distillation and microwaveassisted hydro-distillation(MADE)were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS),and the total lipids of C.longepaniculatum fresh leaves and deciduous leaves were analyzed.The correlation analysis of the response regression model indicated that quadratic polynomial model could be employed to optimize the extraction of essential oil.The optimal extraction condition was A:58%,B:400 W and C:28 min.In the optimal condition,the maximum extraction yield was 4.475 mL/100 g dw and higher than that by MADE.The main compound of the essential oil was eucalyptol(63.54%),and total oxygenated compounds was 78.95%,mainly caused by SFME and the metabolism of endophytic bacteria with decreasing content of phospholipids and fatty acids.Analysis of variance under the extraction condition illustrated high fitness of the model and the success of RSM for optimizing and reflecting the expected process condition.SFME combined with moisture regulation was an effective method for extracting essential oil from C.longepaniculatum deciduous leaves.

Effect of Temperature on Extraction of Castor Oil from Castor Seeds Using Potential Green Solvents

Extraction of castor oil from castor seeds was investigated using different green solvents which include d-limonene, p-cymene, α-pinene, ethanol, and furfural at the temperature range of (323 - 413) K. The Soxhlet extraction method was employed to investigate the effect of temperature at atmospheric pressure. The focus of the study was to investigate a potential green solvent that can produce the high yields compared to the traditional solvent (hexane). The results show that at the average time of 3 hours and 30 minutes, the castor oil yield for green solvents were ranked as furfural (47.13%) > ethanol (45.37%) > p-cymene (39.15%) > d-limonene (39.13%) > α-pinene (38.11%). These castor oil yields were obtained at optimum temperatures for each green solvent. The castor oil yields were compared to the yield of hexane (31.36%) at same average time. The green solvents were recovered by using simple distillation, except furfural which was difficult to be recovered.

Effects of Peat Extract on Crop Yields

This paper reports the results of plot experiments canducted in 1991～1993 on the effects of a new plant growth regulator Shibide (SBD) on the yields of 4 grain crops, 5 vegetables and 2 cash crops. It also reports the effect of this product on plant growth vigors such as plant height, leaf width and diameter of plant stem.

响应面法优化锁阳水提物的制备工艺研究

以锁阳为原料,水提锁阳浸膏的质量为评价指标,在单因素试验和响应面试验基础上,利用响应面法对锁阳水提物的制备工艺(料液比、水提温度、水提时间、水提次数)进行优化。结果表明,当料液比为1∶14(g∶mL),水提时间160 min,水提次数4次,水提温度为100℃时,锁阳水提物(Aqueous extract of cynomorium songaricum,AECS)的浸膏得率为(78.34±0.43)%,回归模型的预测值与实测值的相对误差较小,说明该回归模型能够较好地优化该提取工艺。试验为锁阳的深加工产品的进一步研发提供了一定的理论依据。

Comparative evaluation of modified neem leaf, neem leaf and woodash extracts on soil fertility improvement, growth and yields of maize (<i>Zea mays</i>L.) and watermelon (<i>Citrullus lanatus</i>) (Sole and Intercrop)

Two field experiments were carried out at Akure (7oN, 5o101E) in the rainforest zone of Nigeria in 2006 and 2007 to determine the effectiveness of neem leaf, woodash and modified neem leaf extracts as fertilizer sources in improving soil fertility, growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L) and watermelon (Citrulus lanatus) sole and intercrop. There were six treatments namely, poultry manure, neem leaf extract (sole), woodash extract, modified neem leaf (neem leaf + woodash), NPK 15-15-15 and a control (no fertilizer nor extract), replicated three times and arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCB). The extracts (neem leaf, wood ash and modified neem leaf) were applied at 1200 litres per hectare each, NPK 15-15-15 at 300 kg/ha and poultry was applied at 6t/ha. The results showed that there were significant increases (P 2O), K, Ca, Mg, Na, O.M, P and N compared to NPK 15-15-15 and neem leaf extract. For instance, modified neem leaf extract increased soil pH (H2O), K, Ca, Mg, Na, O.M, P and N by 12.4%, 32.8%, 25%, 23.7%, 19.32%, 17.24% and 20% respectively compared to neem leaf extract under intercrop plot. The high soil K/Ca, K/Mg and P/Mg ratios in the NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer treatment led to an imbalance in the supply of P, K, Ca and Mg nutrients to maize and watermelon crops. The least values for growth, yield and soil parameters were recorded under the control treatment. In these experiments, modified neem leaf extract (woodash + neem leaf extracts) applied at 1200 litres/ha was the most effective in improving soil fertility, growth and yield of maize and watermelon (sole and intercrop) and could substitute for 6 tons per hectare of poultry manure and 300kg/ha of NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer.

微波辅助低液固比水剂法提取青梅核仁油

探索青梅核仁油的新型提取方法对拓展该新资源油脂的用途具有重要意义。通过探究液固比(加入水的体积与固体质量的比值)、NaCl质量浓度(NaCl溶解在水中的质量与溶液总体积之比)、微波预处理的功率和时间对青梅核仁油提取率的影响;以有机溶剂提取法作为参照,研究微波辅助低液固比水剂法对青梅核仁油的提取率以及理化指标的影响。结果表明,在低液固比(mL∶g)0.14时青梅核仁油提取率最高,比高液固比(mL∶g)1(传统水剂法)时增加了21.28%;与无预处理相比,微波(420 W,80 s)预处理显著提高了青梅核仁油的提取率(增加了11.34%)。此外,与有机溶剂提取法相比,微波辅助低液固比水剂法获得的青梅核仁油具有更低的酸价(2.22 mg/g)、硫代巴比妥酸值(0.014 mg/kg)、过氧化值(0.17 mmol/kg)和更高的皂化价(179.82 mg/g);且这2种方法对青梅核仁油的脂肪酸组成、色泽和DPPH自由基清除率无显著差异。研究表明,微波辅助低液固比水剂法可以有效提取青梅核仁油,且提取率和油脂品质表现良好,这为提高青梅核仁的附加值打下了基础。

植物乳杆菌发酵提取未成熟琯溪蜜柚果实果胶工艺优化

目的:利用植物乳杆菌发酵未成熟琯溪蜜柚果实提取果胶,并分析植物乳杆菌发酵提取果胶的性质。方法:以果胶提取率为指标,采用正交试验优化植物乳杆菌发酵未成熟琯溪蜜柚果实提取果胶的工艺条件,并测定果胶的半乳糖醛酸含量、酯化度、蛋白质、持水性、持油性、乳化活性以及乳化稳定性。结果:植物乳杆菌发酵未成熟琯溪蜜柚果实提取果胶的最佳工艺条件为发酵温度37℃、植物乳杆菌发酵接种量14%、液料比25∶1 (mL/g)、发酵时间12 h。此条件下未成熟琯溪蜜柚果胶提取率为11.60%;果胶的半乳糖醛酸含量、酯化度、蛋白质、持水性、持油性、乳化活性以及乳化稳定性分别为26.13%、68.58%、1.57%、0.53 g/g、7.01 g/g、14.33%和33%。结论:植物乳杆菌发酵提取的果胶提取率与酸法工艺的相似,所得果胶为高酯化度果胶,且应用性质良好。

核桃蛋白提取方法研究进展

核桃粕是核桃榨油后的副产物,富含蛋白质,核桃蛋白中必需氨基酸含量较高,成分均衡,是成人必需氨基酸的良好来源。核桃蛋白传统提取方法主要为碱溶酸沉法,随着提取设备及提取技术的进步,更多的新型方法及组合方式被开发且证实优于传统方法。然而,采用不同的方法提取核桃蛋白的提取率、纯度,以及结构和功能性质存在显著差异。因此本文重点介绍了具有潜在产业化应用价值的核桃蛋白提取方法,包括碱溶酸沉法、超声辅助、酶辅助以及反胶束法,阐述了不同提取方法对核桃蛋白质结构及功能的影响,并对其应用前景进行了展望,旨在为核桃蛋白质资源的深入研究及开发提供参考。

AHP-CRITIC法结合正交试验法优选如意凝胶贴膏提取工艺

目的优选如意凝胶贴膏提取工艺。方法以栀子苷含量、黄芩苷含量和干膏得率为评价指标,采用层次分析(AHP)-CRITIC法确定其权重系数;以加水量、浸泡时间、提取时间为考察因素,采用正交试验法优选如意凝胶贴膏的提取工艺,并验证。结果优选的工艺为第1次加12倍量水,提取2.0 h;第2次加10倍量水,提取1.5 h。按最优工艺进行提取,样品的干膏得率、栀子苷含量、黄芩苷含量分别为24.11%~24.23%、2.20~2.25 mg/g、12.10~12.15 mg/g。结论优选的提取工艺科学、合理,可为如意凝胶贴膏后续的研发提供依据。

酶辅助提取植物天然活性物质的研究进展

该文总结酶辅助提取技术的基本原理、工艺特点以及在提高多糖、黄酮、油脂、生物碱、皂苷和有机酸等各类天然活性物质提取率方面的应用。同时,比较酶辅助提取与传统方法在天然活性物质品质和生物活性方面的差异。酶辅助提取已发展为多种技术联合运用的方法是一种具有广阔前景的植物活性成分提取方法。该文针对酶辅助提取的技术难题和生产成本高等问题提出可行的解决方案。

疏花蔷薇花总多酚提取工艺优化及其抗氧化活性

以疏花蔷薇花中总多酚、鞣花酸、浸膏得率的综合评分作为评价指标,采用单因素试验结合响应面法优化疏花蔷薇花总多酚的提取工艺参数,并测定所得提取物对DPPH自由基和ABTS+自由基的清除能力及其还原能力。结果表明,疏花蔷薇花总多酚最佳提取工艺参数为采用55%乙醇作为提取溶剂,料液比1∶25(g/mL),回流提取2次、90 min/次,所得提取物的浸膏得率为(51.36±0.78)%,总多酚含量为(141.36±2.07)mg/g,鞣花酸含量为(13.46±0.14)mg/g,与模型预测值相当。疏花蔷薇花提取物对DPPH自由基、ABTS+自由基清除率的半抑制浓度(the half maximal inhibitory concentration,IC_(50))值分别为0.02、0.03 mg/mL,还原能力较强。

经典名方清金化痰汤基准样品HPLC指纹图谱及量值传递研究

基于建立的高效液相色谱(HPLC)指纹图谱结合多指标成分含量的测定方法,研究了清金化痰汤(QJHTD)的量值传递规律。制备15批QJHTD基准样品,建立其HPLC指纹图谱并进行相似度评价,确定共有峰;对QJHTD基准样品中4种指标性成分(栀子苷、芒果苷、黄芩苷、甘草酸)进行含量测定,分析饮片-基准样品的量值传递规律。结果表明,15批QJHTD基准样品指纹图谱的相似度均大于0.98。标定了26个共有峰,并对各共有峰进行药材归属。指标性成分栀子苷、芒果苷、黄芩苷、甘草酸的含量分别为44.60~76.82mg·g^(-1)、98.04~145.25 mg·g^(-1)、46.82~75.64 mg·g^(-1)、81.60~126.63 mg·g^(-1),转移率分别为32.91%~62.42%、21.78%~35.93%、29.98%~57.12%、27.51%~49.34%。15批QJHTD基准样品的出膏率为16.98%~25.19%,平均出膏转移率为67.19%。结合指纹图谱、多成分含量测定以及出膏率,研究经典名方QJHTD基准样品的量值传递规律,可为后续制剂质量控制提供参考。

三相萃取法提取油莎豆油的工艺研究

利用三相萃取法提取油莎豆油(TNO)。在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面试验优化提取工艺,并分析了三相萃取法提取的TNO的脂肪酸组成和基本理化性质。结果表明:TNO的最佳提取工艺为以300 g油莎豆料浆为基准,硫酸铵添加量28%、料浆与叔丁醇体积比1∶1.2、pH 5.2、提取温度40℃、提取时间1.0 h,在此条件下TNO得率为22.46%±0.82%。

补肾止带颗粒水提取工艺研究

目的:优选补肾止带颗粒的水提取工艺。方法:采用单因素考察法,以干浸膏得率为评价指标,优选出(煅)牡蛎最佳的先煎工艺;采用正交试验法,优选出(煅)牡蛎与其余饮片合煎的最佳的水提取工艺,以提取液中二苯乙烯苷的含量和干浸膏得率为评价指标,对加水倍数,提取时间,提取次数进行考察。结果:煅牡蛎最粗粉、先煎60min、加10倍水作为最佳先煎工艺;合煎最佳的水提取工艺确定为加12倍水,提取3次,每次提取30min为最佳水提取工艺。结论:优选的水提取工艺稳定可行,可用于补肾止带颗粒的提取制备。

蚕豆蛋白的分离提取方法

蚕豆富含蛋白质、淀粉和脂肪等多种营养成分,营养价值丰富,是我国重要的植物资源。本文结合国内外相关领域的研究文献,阐述蚕豆蛋白的分离提取方法,旨在为提高蚕豆蛋白提取率及蚕豆深加工水平提供一定的理论支持。

制远志配方颗粒制备工艺研究

目的优化制远志配方颗粒最佳水提取制备工艺,为工业化生产制远志配方颗粒提供理论依据。方法以出膏率、细叶远志皂苷、远志酮Ⅲ和3,6′-二芥子酰基蔗糖的含量及含量转移率为考察指标,设计以加水倍量、煎煮次数、煎煮时间为因素的L 9(34)正交试验,筛选出制远志配方颗粒最佳水提取工艺。结果制远志配方颗粒最佳提取工艺为提取3次,加水倍量分别为10/8/8倍量,煎煮时间分别为1.0/1.0/1.0 h。结论该工艺稳定、可靠,可为制远志配方颗粒标准化、工业化生产提供一定的参考依据。

血栓栓塞性疾病药物达比加群酯的合成工艺研究

研究血栓栓塞性疾病药物达比加群酯的合成工艺,提高达比加群酯的反应收率与提取纯度。基于达比加群酯概述与基本合成方法,对达比加群酯的合成工艺进行改进;通过反复实验确定最优反应条件。实验表明:在1.5 eq乙酰氯下醇解、20℃的温度下氨解,3.0 eq对甲苯磺酸成盐的条件得到化合物2和以二氯甲烷作为反应溶剂得到化合物3,可以节约投入成本,提高反应收率和提取纯度。

T/JSQA 179-2023《蒸馏酒用麦芽》团体标准解读

目前麦芽制备工厂主要参考QB/T 1686—2008《啤酒麦芽》生产威士忌蒸馏麦芽,但啤酒麦芽与蒸馏酒用麦芽在用途上存在明显差异,亟待出台威士忌生产专用的蒸馏酒用麦芽产品标准。本研究在介绍新标准T/JSQA 179—2023《蒸馏酒用麦芽》基本框架的基础上,阐述了脆度、细粉热水萃取率、可发酵性、可发酵性萃取率、预估产酒率、粗细粉差和库尔巴哈值等主要技术指标的确立依据,讨论了上述指标对威士忌酿造的潜在影响,还与啤酒麦芽行业标准进行了对比,为国内威士忌蒸馏麦芽生产厂商和威士忌生产企业正确理解和执行标准提供理论依据和技术参考。

苋菜籽油提取工艺的研究

苋菜籽油因其不饱和脂肪酸含量高、生物活性成分特别是角鲨烯丰富而受到越来越多的关注,角鲨烯含量高于橄榄油,被认为是角鲨烯的天然来源之一。为研究苋菜籽油的提取工艺,以出油率为指标,采用索氏提取法,考察溶剂、时间、温度3个因素对提取效果的影响。结果表明,以石油醚为提取溶剂,时间为2 h,温度为40℃时,可得到最大出油率为4.558%。该方法简单易工业化,优化的提取工艺经济、方便、可行。