Investigation of extraction fraction in confined impinging jet reactors for tri-butyl-phosphate extracting butyric acid process

The extraction fraction E and overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient kka of TBP extracting butyric acid pro- cess in confined impinging jet reactors （CIJR） with two jets were investigated. The main variables tested were the concentration of tri-butyl-phosphate （TBP） and butyric acid, the impinging velocity V, the impinging velocityratio of two phases Vorg/Vaq, the nozzle inner diameter di and the distance L between the jet axes and the top wall of the impinging chamber. The results showed that E and kLa increase with an increase of the impinging velocity V, the concentration ofTBP Corg, and the impinging velocity ratio Vor/Vaq. However, E and kta decrease with an increase of the inner diameter d1 from 1 to 2 mm, the concentration of butyric acid Caq from 0.5% （v/v） to 2% （v/v）. The factor L ranging from 3 to 11 mm has a negligible effect on E and kLa. A correlation on these variables and kLa was proposed based on the experimental data. These results indicated good mass transfer oerformance of CIJR in the extraction operation.

Measurement of Cerebral Oxygen Extraction Fraction Using Quantitative BOLD Approach:A Review

Quantification of brain oxygenation and metabolism,both of which are indicators of the level of brain activity,plays a vital role in understanding the cerebral perfusion and the pathophysiology of brain disorders.Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),a widely used clinical imaging technique,which is very sensitive to magnetic susceptibility,has the possibility of substitut-ing positron emission tomography(PET)in measuring oxygen metabolism.This review mainly focuses on the quantitative blood oxygenation level-dependent(qBOLD)method for the evaluation of oxygen extraction fraction(OEF)in the brain.Here,we review the theoretic basis of qBOLD,as well as existing acquisition and quantification methods.Some published clinical studies are also presented,and the pros and cons of qBOLD method are discussed as well.

Study of Constituents of Fractionated Extraction from Datong Coal

Datong coal was extracted with CS2, n-hexane, benzene, methanol, acetone, tetrahydro-furan（THF） and THF/methanol（1：3,v/v） mixed solvent sequentially. The extracts were analyzed with GC/MS. It is presented that group seperation of soluble organic compounds in the coal can be achieved by fractionated extraction using different solvents. The results show that CS2 was effective for extracting arenes from the coal sample, n-Hexane extractable fraction from Datong coal mainly consists of n-alkanes. A great variety of oxygen-containing compounds are dominant in the components of methanol-soluble fraction. Acyclic isoprenoids, pentecyclic triterpanes and a series of cyclohexanes with long-chain alkyl-substitutes are detected in acetone-soluble fraction. Dicyclic aramatic hydrocarbons are identified in benzene-soluble fraction and 4-6 cyclic condensed aramatic hydrocarbons are identified in THF-soluble fraction. The molecular structures detection of 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 2,4-dibromophnol, 2,4,6-tribromophenol and 4-chlorobenzophenone firstly provide information for existence form of bromine and chlorine in coal.

GC/MS analyses of fractionated extraction of Shenfu coal with CS2,n-hexane,benzene

Shenfu coal was extracted with 0S2, n-hexane, benzene sequentially. The extracts were analyzed with GC/MS. It is presented that group seperation of soluble organic compounds in the coal can be achieved by fractionated extraction using different solvents. Main components in CS2 soluble fraction from Shenfu coal are alkyl-substituted arenes. Aliphatic hydrocarbons are overwhelmingly predominant in n-hexane-soluble fraction. Dito tricyclic aramatic hydrocarbons are identified in benzene-soluble fraction. The molecular structures detection of 2, 4, 6-trichlorobenzenamine and 3, 3＇, 4, 4＇, 5, 5＇-hexachloro-1, 1＇- biphenyl and 2-chlorocyclohexanol firstly provide information for existence form of chlorine in coal.

Changes in Soil Hot-Water Extractable C,N and P Fractions During Vegetative Restoration in Zhifanggou Watershed on the Loess Plateau

The study was conducted in Zhifanggou Watershed,Shaanxi Province,China,to evaluate the effect of different vegetation types on hot-water extractable C,N and P fractions,with the aim to determine whether hot-water extractable fractions could be used as indicators of soil quality change in Loess Plateau.The six vegetation types established in 1975 were（i） Robinia pseudoacacia L.,（ii） Caragana korshinkii Kom.,（iii） Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.,（iv） P.tabulaeformis-Amorpha fruticosa L.,（v） R.pseudoacacia-A.fruticosa,and（vi） grassland.A cropped hillslope plot and a Platycladus orientalis L.native forest plot were used as references.The results indicated that the conversion of native forest to cropland resulted in a significant decline in the hot-water extractable C,N and P fractions.Hot-water extractable C,N,and P increased when cultivated land was revegetated,but after 30 years the amount of hot-water extractable C,N,and P in revegetated fields was still much lower compared to native forest.Hot-water extractable fractions increased more under mixed-forest than under pure-forest stands.Furthermore,there was a significant correlation between the hot-water extractable fractions and soil chemical and microbiological properties.The results showed that hot-water extractable fractions could be used as indicators of soil quality change on the Loess Plateau.

Study of Oil/Water Interfacial Tension of Vacuum Residual Fractions from Iranian Light Crude Oil

The vacuum residual from Iranian Light crude oil are separated into a series of 16 narrow fractions according to the molecular weight by the supercritical fluid extraction and fractional (SFEF) technology. The chemical element and the UV spectrum of each fraction are analyzed. The effects of several factors on the interfacial tension are investigated, which are the fraction concentration in oil phase, the ratio of oil component, the salts dissolved in the water phase and the pH value. The interfacial tension decreases rapidly as the concentration of the residual fraction in the oil increases, showing a higher interfacial activity of the fraction. The interfacial tension changes, as the amount of absorption or the state of the fractions in the interface changes resulting from different ratios of oil, different kinds or concentrations of salts in water, and different pH values. It is concluded that the interfacial tension changes regularly, corresponding to the regular molecular parameters of the vacuum residual fractions.

Larvicidal efficacy of crude and fractionated extracts of Dracaena loureiri Gagnep against Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Anopheles minimus mosquito vectors

Objective:To evaluate the larvicidal efficacy of crude and fractionated extracts of Dracaena loureiri endocarp against Aedes aegypti,Aedes albopictus,Culex quinquefasciatus,and Anopheles minimus mosquitos.Methods:Larvicidal activity was tested according to World Health Organization standard protocol.The third-stage larvae of each mosquito species were exposed to various concentrations of Dracaena loureiri crude extract and six groups of Dracaena loureiri fractionated extracts(RC-DT 009-014).Larval mortality rates were observed after 24 h and48 h of exposure.Then,a computerized probit analysis of the mortality data was performed to determine lethal concentration 50(LC_(50))and lethal concentration 90 values.Results:Anopheles minimus larvae(24-h LC_(50)77.88 mg/L)had the highest susceptibility to crude extract,whereas others(Aedes aegypti,24-h LC_(50)224.73 mg/L;Aedes albopictus,24-h LC_(50)261.75 mg/L;and Culex quinquefasciatus,24-h LC_(50)282.86 mg/L)were significantly less susceptible.The most effective groups of fractionated extracts were RC-DT 012 and RC-DT 013.The mosquito species most susceptible to fractionated extracts was Culex quinquefasciatus,with 24-h LC_(50)values of 0.66 and 0.94 mg/L for RC-DT 012 and RC-DT 013,respectively.Conclusions:The larvicidal activity of fractionated extracts is more effective than that of crude extract against all tested mosquito species.For the most effective alternative larvicide,purification and a phytochemical constituent analysis must be performed.

Solubilization of small molecules from coal and the resulting effects on the pore structure distribution

The solubilization of small molecules from coal by solvent extraction and the resulting effects on the pore distribution of a low rank coal were studied. Samples were extracted, in succession, with petroleum ether and with CS2. Extract and residue fractions collected during the solubilization process were analyzed by FTIR and by surface area and porosimetry. The results show that an obvious inflection point exists that allows separating the dissolution sequence into stages. Small molecules are first extracted from the free state, then molecules trapped in micropores are extracted and, finally, molecules trapped in the coal-matrix network are extracted. This is indicated from the extraction yield curves. Chain-like carbonyl compounds, -OH (or -NH) containing compounds that are hydrogen bonded and phenolics dominate the petroleum ether extracts. Chain-like carbonyl components and ether compounds (aliphatic ethers and aromatic ethers) dominate the CS2 extracts. A solvent dissolution mechanism and the effect of small molecule extraction on the pore structure are put forward. Diffusion, dissolution, pore opening, pore shrinking or even collapsing caused by swelling, creating of new micropores, pore opening and, finally, colloidallization of some micropores occurs. In the later stages of the extraction the internal structure of the coal is colloidallized due to swelling and the pore number or volume is greatly reduced.

Assessing tree crown fire damage integrating linear spectral mixture analysis and supervised machine learning on Sentinel-2 imagery

Crown fire damage is a mixture of three principal fire-related components:charred material,scorched foliage,and unaltered green canopy.This study estimated the abundance of these physical alterations in two immediate post-fire Mediterranean forest contexts(Portugal and Italy)by applying linear spectral mixture analysis(LSMA)on Sentinel-2 imagery.The tree crowns fire damage was subsequently mapped,integrating fractional abundance information in a random forest(RF)algorithm,comparing the accuracy resulting from the adoption of generic or image spectral libraries as the primary investigative goal.Although image-derived endmembers resulted in more effectiveness in terms of fire-related components abundance quantification(LMSAderived RMSE<0.1),the F-scores always were≥90%whether generic endmembers or image endmembers derived information was employed.The environmental heterogeneity of the two study areas affected the fire severity gradients,with a prevalence of the charred(PT)(45–46%)and green class(IT)(44–53%).Post-fire temporal monitoring was initialized by applying the proposed strategies,and the preliminary results showed a positive recovery trend in forest vegetation from the first year following the fire event,with a reduced charcoal predominance and an increasing proportion of green components.

Inhibitory effects of the extracts with different solvents from three compositae plants on cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosas

The algicidal activity of the terrestrial plants is a novel and promising means for alga control of eutrophic waters. In this study, three compositae plants-Artemisia annua （A. annua）, Conyza canadensis （ C. canadensis）, and Erigeron annuus （E. annuus） were selected and antialgal activity of petroleum ether （PE）, ethyl acetate （EA） and ethanol extracts of these plants on blue algae Microcystis aeruginosa was investigated. The result shows the EA extracts of these plants present the stronger inhibitory effects. The results of the further separation of PE and EA extracts according to water-solubility and acidity or alkalinity show that fatty acids and telpenoids in A. annua, terpenoids and organic acid in C. Canadensis and E. Annuus may be the main antialgal active constituents. This study suggested that the EA extracts of these plants could become the potential algicide to prevent water blooming.

A separation processing for industrial rare earth feed solution by phosphonium ionic liquid type saponification strategy

A novel ionic liquid type saponification processing based on quaternary phosphonium type bifunctional IL was developed for yttrium separation from ion-adsorbed rare earth deposit.The extractabilities of（[trihexyl（tetradecyl）phosphonium][sec-octylphenoxy acetate]（[P_（6,6,6,14）][SOPAA]） were pronouncedly higher than those of sec-octylphenoxy acetic acid（HSOPAA）,a mixture of HSOPAA and[P_（6,6,6,14）]Cl for rare earth elements（REEs）.The ion association extraction mechanism contributed to avoiding the numerous saponification procedures using alkali and resulting in saponification wastewater.After 13 stages of extraction and 6 stages of scrubbing sections,the Y（Ⅲ） was successfully separated from industrial heavy RREs feed,the purity of Y（Ⅲ） in raffinate was approximately to be 98.9%.Stripping by distilled water was effectively achieved for REEs,which contributed to the decreased consumption of acid to a considerable extent.