Acute cholangitis with Achromobacter xylosoxidans bacteremia after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in hilar cholangiocarcinoma:A case report

BACKGROUND Achromobacter xylosoxidans is a Gram-negative opportunistic aerobe,usually causing nosocomial infections in immunocompromised patients with manifestations including bacteremia,pneumonia,and catheter-related infections.However,A.xylosoxidans have not yet been reported to cause biliary system infections.CASE SUMMARY A 72-year-old woman presented to the outpatient department of our hospital with a chief complaint of jaundice.Computed tomography of her abdomen revealed the presence of a mass of approximately 2.4 cm in the hilar portion of the common hepatic duct,consistent with hilar cholangiocarcinoma.We performed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)to decompress the obstructed left and right intrahepatic ducts(IHDs)and placed 10 cm and 11 cm biliary stents in the left and right IHDs,respectively.However,the day after the procedure,the patient developed post-ERCP cholangitis as the length of the right IHD stent was insufficient for proper bile drainage.The blood culture of the patient tested positive for A.xylosoxidans.Management measures included the replacement of the right IHD stent(11 cm)with a longer one(12 cm)and administering culturedirected antibiotic therapy,solving the cholangitis-related complications.After the cholangitis had resolved,the patient underwent surgery for hilar cholangiocarcinoma and survived for 912 d without recurrence.CONCLUSION A.xylosoxidans-induced biliary system infections are extremely rare.Clinical awareness of physicians and endoscopists is required as this rare pathogen might cause infection after endoscopic procedures.

Advances in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma

Cholangiocarcinoma(CCA) is a malignancy of the bileducts that carries high morbidity and mortality. Patients with CCA typically present with obstructive jaundice, and associated complications of CCA include cholangitis and biliary sepsis. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) is a valuable treatment modality for patients with CCA, as it enables internal drainage of blocked bile ducts and hepatic segments by using plastic or metal stents. While there remains debate as to if bilateral(or multi-segmental) hepatic drainage is required and/or superior to unilateral drainage, the underlying tenant of draining any persistently opacified bile ducts is paramount to good ERCP practice and good clinical outcomes. Endoscopic therapy for malignant biliary strictures from CCA has advanced to include ablative therapies via ERCP-directed photodynamic therapy(PDT) or radiofrequency ablation(RFA). While ERCP techniques cannot cure CCA, advancements in the field of ERCP have enabled us to improve upon the quality of life of patients with inoperable and incurable disease. ERCP-directed PDT has been used in lieu of brachytherapy to provide neoadjuvant local tumor control in patients with CCA who are awaiting liver transplantation. Lastly, mounting evidence suggests that palliative ERCP-directed PDT, and probably ERCPdirected RFA as well, offer a survival advantage to patients with this difficult-to-treat malignancy.

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma diagnosed via endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with a short double-balloon enteroscope

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) using a double-balloon enteroscope (DBE) in patients with bowel reconstruction due to a previous abdominal surgery is now widely accepted. In particular, a short DBE, which has a 2.8-mm working channel and 152-cm working length, is useful for ERCP because of its good rotational and straightening ability and the availability of various conventional ERCP accessories through the working channel. Herein we report a case of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma via ERCP with a short DBE. This is the first report in which the pre-cutting and the brush cytological examination were performed successfully under a DBE to diagnose intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma pathologically. The short DBE allowed us to perform all diagnostic and therapeutic procedures accepted in conventional ERCP in patients with surgically altered anatomies.

Removal of intrahepatic bile duct stone could reduce the risk of cholangiocarcinoma: A single-center retrospective study in South Korea

BACKGROUND Intrahepatic duct(IHD)stones are among the most important risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma(CCC).Approximately 10%of patients with IHD stones develop CCC;however,there are limited studies regarding the effect of IHD stone removal on CCC development.AIM To investigate the association between IHD stone removal and CCC development.METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 397 patients with IHD stones at a tertiary referral center between January 2011 and December 2020.RESULTS CCC occurred in 36 of the 397 enrolled patients.In univariate analysis,chronic hepatitis B infection(11.1%vs 3.0%,P=0.03),carbohydrate antigen 19-9(CA19-9,176.00 vs 11.96 II/mL,P=0.010),stone located in left or both lobes(86.1%vs 70.1%,P=0.042),focal atrophy(52.8%vs 26.9%,P=0.001),duct stricture(47.2%vs 24.9%,P=0.004),and removal status of IHD stone(33.3%vs 63.2%,P<0.001)were significantly different between IHD stone patients with and without CCC.In the multivariate analysis,CA19-9>upper normal limit,carcinoembryonic antigen>upper normal limit,stones located in the left or both lobes,focal atrophy,and complete removal of IHD stones without recurrence were independent factors influencing CCC development.However,the type of removal method was not associated with CCC risk.CONCLUSION Complete removal of IHD stones without recurrence could reduce CCC risk.

Endoscopic diagnosis of extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma:Advances and current limitations

The accurate diagnosis of extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma is difficult,even now.When ultrasonography(US)shows dilatation of the bile duct,magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography followed by endoscopic US(EUS)is the next step.When US or EUS shows localized bile duct wall thickening,endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography should be conducted with intraductal US(IDUS)and forceps biopsy.Fluorescence in situ hybridization increases the sensitivity of brush cytology with similar specificity.In patients with papillary type bile duct carcinoma,three biopsies are sufficient.In patients with nodular or infiltrating-type bile duct carcinoma,multiple biopsies are warranted,and IDUS can compensate for the limitations of biopsies.In preoperative staging,the combination of dynamic multidetector low computed tomography(MDCT)and IDUS is useful for evaluating vascular invasion and cancer depth infiltration.However,assessment of lymph nodes metastases is difficult.In resectable cases,assessment of longitudinal cancer spread is important.The combination of IDUS and MDCT is useful for revealing submucosal cancer extension,which is common in hilar cholangiocarcinoma.To estimate the mucosal extenextension,which is common in extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma,the combination of IDUS and cholangioscopy is required.The utility of current peroral cholangioscopy is limited by the maneuverability of the“baby scope”.A new baby scope(10 Fr),called“SpyGlass”has potential,if the image quality can be improved.Since extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma is common in the Far East,many researchers in Japan and Korea contributed these studies,especially,in the evaluation of longitudinal cancer extension.

Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma:Current status of endoscopic approach and additional therapies

The prognosis of patients with advanced or unresectable extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is poor.More than 50%of patients with jaundice are inoperable at the time of first diagnosis.Endoscopic treatment in patients with obstructive jaundice ensures bile duct drainage in preoperative or palliative settings.Relief of symptoms(pain,pruritus,jaundice)and improvement in quality of life are the aims of palliative therapy.Stent implantation by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is generally preferred for long-term palliation.There is a vast variety of plastic and metal stents,covered or uncovered.The stent choice depends on the expected length of survival,quality of life,costs and physician expertise.This review will provide the framework for the endoscopic minimally invasive therapy in extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.Moreover,additional therapies,such as brachytherapy,photodynamic therapy,radiofrequency ablation,chemotherapy,molecular-targeted therapy and/or immunotherapy by the endoscopic approach,are the nonsurgical methods associated with survival improvement rate and/or local symptom palliation.

Metal Stenting with or without Endobiliary Radiofrequency Ablation for Unresectable Extrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma

Background: Retrospective comparison of stent patency and survival of patients with unresectable extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) treated by placement of self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) with or without endobiliary radiofrequency ablation (ERFA). Methods: Between January 2010 and September 2014, 76 patients with biliary obstruction caused by unresectable extrahepatic CCA (27 patients with Bismuth type I hilar CCA and 49 patients with distal CCA) were recruited into this study. Patients either received ERFA with SEMS (n = 34) or SEMS only (n = 42). Stent patency and survival of both groups were compared and predictors for overall survival were analyzed. Results: Demographic data were not different between the two groups. Complication rates of both groups were similar. Thirty-day stent patency was obtained in all patients and the median stent patency in the ERFA + SEMS group (9.5 months, 4.5 - 14.0 months) was significantly longer than that in the SEMS group (8.4 months, 4.9 - 11 months) (P = 0.024). The overall survival curve in the ERFA + SEMS group was significantly better than that of the SEMS group (P = 0.036). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses showed that ERFA, tumor AJCC stage, extrahepatic CCA type, serum albumin and adjuvant chemotherapy were significant prognostic factors for overall patient survival. Conclusions: ERFA is effective for unresectable extrahepatic CCA and may improve metal stent patency and patient survival for unresectable extrahepatic CCA with biliary obstruction. Prospective randomized trials will be needed to confirm these findings.

Effect of the extrahepatic bile duct anatomy on choledocholithiasis and its clinical significance

BACKGROUND A comprehensive understanding of the extrahepatic bile duct anatomy is vital to guide surgical procedures and perform endoscopic retrograde cholangiography.Anatomical irregularities within the extrahepatic bile duct may increase susceptibility to bile duct stones.AIM To investigate the anatomical risk factors associated with extrahepatic bile ducts in patients diagnosed with choledocholithiasis,with a specific focus on preventing stone recurrence after surgical intervention and endoscopic lithotomy.METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 124 patients without choledocholithiasis and 108 with confirmed choledocholithiasis who underwent magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography examinations at our center between January 2022 and October 2022.Logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify the anatomical risk factors influencing the incidence of common bile duct stones.RESULTS Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that several factors independently contributed to choledocholithiasis risk.Significant independent risk factors for choledocholithiasis were diameter of the common hepatic[adjusted odds ratio(aOR)=1.43,95%confidence interval(CI):1.07-1.92,adjusted P value=0.016]and common bile(aOR=1.68,95%CI:1.27-2.23,adjusted P value<0.001)ducts,length of the common hepatic duct(aOR=0.92,95%CI:0.84-0.99,adjusted P value=0.034),and angle of the common bile duct(aOR=0.92,95%CI:0.89–0.95,adjusted P value<0.001).The anatomical features of the extrahepatic bile duct were directly associated with choledocholithiasis risk.Key risk factors include an enlarged diameter of the common hepatic and bile ducts,a shorter length of the common hepatic duct,and a reduced angle of the common bile duct.

Real-time continuous image guidance for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography based on 3D/2D registration and respiratory compensation

BACKGROUND It has been confirmed that three-dimensional(3D)imaging allows easier identification of bile duct anatomy and intraoperative guidance of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP),which reduces the radiation dose and procedure time with improved safety.However,current 3D biliary imaging does not have good real-time fusion with intraoperative imaging,a process meant to overcome the influence of intraoperative respiratory motion and guide navigation.The present study explored the feasibility of real-time continuous image-guided ERCP.AIM To explore the feasibility of real-time continuous image-guided ERCP.METHODS We selected 23D-printed abdominal biliary tract models with different structures to simulate different patients.The ERCP environment was simulated for the biliary phantom experiment to create a navigation system,which was further tested in patients.In addition,based on the estimation of the patient’s respiratory motion,preoperative 3D biliary imaging from computed tomography of 18 patients with cholelithiasis was registered and fused in real-time with 2D fluoroscopic sequence generated by the C-arm unit during ERCP.RESULTS Continuous image-guided ERCP was applied in the biliary phantom with a registration error of 0.46 mm±0.13 mm and a tracking error of 0.64 mm±0.24mm.After estimating the respiratory motion,3D/2D registration accurately transformed preoperative 3D biliary images to each image in the X-ray image sequence in real-time in 18 patients,with an average fusion rate of 88%.CONCLUSION Continuous image-guided ERCP may be an effective approach to assist the operator and reduce the use of X-ray and contrast agents.

Intraductal endoscopic radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of hilar non-resectable malignant bile duct obstruction

AIM: To evaluate the safety and technical success of endoscopic radiofrequency ablation(RFA) for palliative treatment of malignant hilar bile duct obstruction. METHODS: In this study, a recently CE and FDA-approved endoscopic RFA catheter was first tested in an ex vivo pig liver model to study the effect of electrosurgical variables on the extent of the area of induced necrosis. Subsequently, a retrospective analysis was conducted of all patients treated with endoscopic RFA for malignant biliary obstruction at our center between February 2012 and April 2013. All patients received an additional plastic stent implantation into the biliary tree following RFA. RESULTS: In the pig model, ablation time of 60-90 seconds using the bipolar soft coagulation mode at 8-10 watts with an effect of 8 was found to be the most feasible setting. Twelve patients(5 females, 7 males; mean age, 70 years) underwent 19 endoscopic RFA(range, 1-5) sessions. Deployment of RFA was successful in all patients. Systemic chemotherapy was administered in four patients. We observed biliary bleeding 4-6 wk after the intervention in three cases and two of these patients died: in one patient, spontaneous hemobilia occurred, whereas bleeding started during stent extraction in the other. In the third patient, bleeding was stopped by insertion of a non-covered self-expanding metal stent. Another three patients developed cholangitis during follow-up. Seven patients died during follow-up and median survival was 6.4 mo(95%CI: 0.05-12.7) from the time of the first RFA. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic RFA is an easy to perform and technically highly successful procedure. However, hemobilia possibly associated with RFA occurred in three of our patients. Therefore, larger prospective studies are needed to further evaluate the safety and efficacy of this promising new method.

肝外胆管细胞癌的CT诊断

目的:分析肝外胆管细胞癌的CT表现,探讨其诊断价值。材料和方法:23例病理证实的肝外胆管癌均行螺旋CT动态增强检查和ERCP检查,分析其影像表现和诊断准确性。结果:CT诊断符合率78.3%(18/23),均表现为特征软组织肿块(直接征象)和肝内胆管及胆总管扩张(间接征象)。CT同时提供了较好的肿瘤分期诊断。ERCP诊断符合率91.3%(21/23),表现为肝内胆管均呈不同程度的扩张,肝外胆管狭窄、截断。CT结合ERCP后全部诊断正确,并提供详细信息。结论:肝外胆管细胞癌的螺旋CT检查有较好的诊断,结合ERCP可以获得更高的诊断准确率。

ERCP、B超、CT检查对梗阻性黄疸的诊断价值

目的:探讨内窥镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)、体表B超(US)、CT对梗阻性黄疸的诊断价值。方法:对47例梗阻性黄疸病人的ERCP、US、CT检查资料进行回顾性分析。结果:ERCP、B超、CT的诊断符合率分别为93.61%(44/47)3、4.04%(16/47)、53.19%(25/47)。结论:不同的诊断方法对不同原因所致的梗阻性黄疸的敏感性不同,US可作为首选筛查方法,而ERCP对梗阻性黄疸的定性及定位起着决定性的作用。

ERCP结合MSCT对肝外胆管梗阻性病变病因分析及微创治疗

目的探讨ERCP及MSCT对肝外胆管梗阻性病变不同病因的定位定性诊断价值及ERCP微创治疗方案。方法回顾性分析2010年2月~2014年6月间经手术病理及ERCP组织活检病理证实的129例患者的ERCP及MSCT影像学表现、ERCP微创治疗方案,并与手术所见对照分析。结果 ERCP对肝外胆管病变定位诊断准确率92.2%,定性诊断准确率87.6%,CT定位诊断准确率82.9%,定性诊断准确率80%,术中实施镜下治疗117例,治疗病例占90.7%,插管成功率95.3%。结论 ERCP与MSCT结合对肝外胆管梗阻性病变具有很高的诊断价值,治疗性ERCP技术微创、安全、并发症少,是肝外胆管梗阻性病变的最佳微创治疗方案之一,ERCP术中选择性插管及术后ENBD能有效预防和降低术后急性胰腺炎、高淀粉酶血症等并发症。

Surgical procedure and prognosis of hilar cholangiocarcinoma

BACKGROUND: Hilar cholangiocarcinoma has a low radi-cal resection rate and a poor long-term survival rate. In re-cent years, its prognosis has been improved with advance-ment of preoperative diagnostic techniques and surgicaltechniques. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prog-nostic factors of hilar cholangiocarcinoma and the relationsof surgical procedure to the prognosis of the carcinoma.METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was done in 198patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma (117 men and 81women, aged from 27 to 81 years) , who had been admit-ted to this hospital from December 1997 to December 2002.Their symptoms were jaundice (94.5%), pruritus (56.6%)and abdominal pain (33.8%). Bismuth-Corlette classifica-tion showed type in 14 patients, type in 19, type in12, type in 15, type in 112, and unclassifiable typein 26. 144 patients underwent laparotomy and others re-ceived bile drainage endoscopically (including endoscopicretrograde biliary drainage (ERBD) or endoscopic metalbiliary endoprosthesis (EMBE) in 21 patients, endoscopicnose-biliary drainage (ENBD) in 31 or percutaneous trans-hepatic cholangiodrainage in 2. 120 patients (83.3%) re-ceived tumor resection including radical resection in 59 pa-tients (41.0%). Twenty-three patients underwent paunchedbiliary exploration and drainage.RESULTS: Cox' s regression model analysis showed thatoccupation, preoperative total serum bilirubin level, opera-tive procedure and postoperative adjuvant radiation weresignificantly related to postoperative survival rate in con-trast to gender, age, choledocholithiasis, hepatitis, preope-rative serum CA19-9 level, Bismuth-Corlette type, his-topathologic grading and postoperative chemotherapy. Thesurvival of patients in groups of biliary drainage, palliativeresection and radical resection differed statistically and pro-longed in a descending order. No statistical difference wasfound between ERBD or EMBE group and palliative resec-tion group. So was between ERBD or EMBE group andbiliary drainage group, or between ENBD group and biliarydrainage group. The survival differed statistically betweenERBD or EMBE group and ENBD group.CONCLUSIONS: Operative procedure is the most impor-tant prognostic factor affecting the operative results of hilarcholangiocarcinoma. Radical resection is still the primarymeasure for a cure and long-term survival of the patients.For patients with irresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma, noevidence has shown that the prognosis after treatment ofERBD or EMBE is poorer than that after laparotomy.

Diagnostic and therapeutic direct peroral cholangioscopy using an intraductal anchoring balloon

AIM:To report our experience using a recently introduced anchoring balloon for diagnostic and therapeutic direct peroral cholangioscopy(DPOC).METHODS:Consecutive patients referred for diagnostic or therapeutic peroral cholangioscopy were evaluated in a prospective cohort study.The patients underwent DPOC using an intraductal anchoring balloon,which was recently introduced to allow consistent access to the biliary tree with an ultraslim upper endoscope.The device was later voluntarily withdrawn from the market by the manufacturer.RESULTS:Fourteen patients underwent DPOC using the anchoring balloon.Biliary access with an ultraslim upper endoscope was accomplished in all 14 patients.In 12(86%) patients,ductal access required sphincteroplasty with a 10-mm dilating balloon.Intraductal placement of the ultraslim upper endoscope allowed satisfactory visualization of the biliary mucosa to the level of the confluence of the right and left hepatic ducts in 13 of 14 patients(93%).Therapeutic interventions by DPOC were successfully completed in all five attempted cases(intraductal biopsy in one and DPOC guided laser lithotripsy in four).Adverse events occurred in a patient on immunosuppressive therapy who developed an intrahepatic biloma at the site of the anchoring balloon.This required hospitalization and antibiotics.Repeat endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography 8 wk after the index procedure showed resolution of the biloma.CONCLUSION:Use of this anchoring balloon allowed consistent access to the biliary tree for performance of diagnostic and therapeutic DPOC distal to the biliary bifurcation.

肝门部胆管癌ERCP术后胆道感染患者的血清PCT、CRP水平、病原菌分布及危险因素分析

目的研究肝门部胆管癌经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)术后胆道感染患者的血清降钙素原(PCT)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)水平、病原菌分布及危险因素。方法选择2018年3月至2019年5月在上海市宝山区罗店医院接受治疗的肝门部胆管癌的患者50例作为研究对象,按照感染情况分为感染组18例和非感染组32例。比较两组患者的血清PCT、CRP水平及感染组的病原菌状况。结果感染组患者的病原菌感染以G-菌为主,约占83.33%,主要为大肠埃希菌(33.33%)、阴沟肠杆菌(22.22%)、肠炎克雷伯菌(22.22%)、铜绿假单胞菌(5.56%);感染组患者的血清PCT、CRP水平分别为(10.41±3.32)ng/mL、(23.42±2.23)mg/L,明显高于非感染组患者的(5.12±0.31)ng/mL、(8.55±2.15)mg/L,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);单因素分析结果显示,患者的年龄、性别、是否置入胆道支架与术后胆道感染无关(P>0.05),而恶性病变、肝门部梗阻、手术操作时间≥30 min与术后胆道感染有关(P<0.05);将单因素分析中P<0.05的指标纳入多因素分析,多因素Logistic回归分析显示,恶性病变、肝门部梗阻、手术操作时间≥30 min是术后发生胆道感染的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论肝门部胆管癌ERCP术后胆道感染患者的血清PCT、CRP水平均明显升高,病原菌感染多以G-菌为主;恶性病变、肝门部梗阻、手术操作时间≥30 min是术后发生胆道感染的独立危险因素。

MSCT联合ERCP对十二指肠憩室合并胆结石患者术后感染的影响

探究基于多层螺旋CT(MSCT)、内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)观察对十二指肠憩室合并胆结石患者术后感染控制的影响。选取210例十二指肠憩室合并胆结石患者,随机分为研究组和对照组,各105例。对照组行ERCP内镜取石术,研究组行基于MSCT、ERCP的内镜取石术。结果显示,研究组ERCP插管成功率高于对照组,手术时间、鼻胆管引流时间及术后住院时间短于对照组(P<0.05);两组术后1 d、3 d血清C反应蛋白(CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、血糖(Glu)、皮质醇(Cor)水平均高于术前,但研究组均低于对照组(P<0.05);两组术后1 d、3 d血清CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)水平均低于术前,但研究组均高于对照组(P<0.05),两组术后1 d血清CD8^(+)水平均低于术前(P<0.05);研究组切口感染、胆道感染发生率,以及术后6个月、1年复发率均低于对照组(P<0.05)。可见,基于MSCT、ERCP观察行内镜下取石术,能降低十二指肠憩室合并胆结石患者术后感染发生率,有效减少术后复发。

CT胆道仿真内窥镜在胆总管下段阴性结石诊断中的应用

目的:探讨CT胆道仿真内窥镜(CTVC)在胆总管下段阴性结石诊断中的应用价值。方法:选取76例胆总管下段阴性结石患者作为研究对象,所有患者通过手术病理诊断为胆总管下段阴性结石,与术后结果对比观察螺旋CT薄层扫描、CTVC和内窥镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)的诊断结果,分析CTVC在胆总管下段阴性结石中的诊断价值。结果:三种检测方法对左右肝管、肝总管、胆总管显示率对比均无统计学差异(均P>0.05),胆囊管和三、四级肝内胆管分支显示率对比均有统计学差异(均P<0.05),ERCP诊断显示率更高(P<0.05),但ERCP与CTVC对比无统计学差异(P>0.05);76例胆总管下段阴性结石患者,CTVC诊断的结石直径大小与术后手术确诊无明显差别,而且其诊断准确率均高于螺旋CT和ERCP(均P<0.05),三种检测方法对于胆管扩张检出数对比无统计学差异(P>0.05)。在阴性结石检出数上,CTVC的检出率最高(P<0.05),其中ERCP将6例患者误诊为气泡,2例患者诊断为正常,螺旋CT将23例患者诊断为炎性狭窄可能,有8例患者未诊断出确切异常。螺旋CT诊断不良反应发生率为1.32%,ERCP诊断不良反应发生率为15.18%,CTVC诊断不良反应发生率为3.95%,ERCP的诊断不良反应发生率明显高于其他两组(P<0.05);三种诊断方法的特异度、阴性预测值对比均无统计学差异(均P>0.05),CTVC检查的准确度、敏感度和阳性预测值明显高于ERCP和螺旋CT(均P<0.05)。结论:CTVC虽然诊断耗时多,需要静脉滴注胆影葡胺后再进行CT扫描,但是诊断无创伤,没有严重不良反应,对于胆总管下段阴性结石中的诊断与手术诊断病理结果相符,可以为患者提供更可靠的临床诊断依据。

Fasciola hepatica infestation as a very rare cause of extrahepatic cholestasis

Fasciola hepatica,an endemic parasite in Turkey,is still a very rare cause of cholestasis worldwide.Through ingestion of contaminated water plants like watercress,humans can become the definitive host of this parasite.Cholestatic symptoms may be sudden but in some cases they may be preceeded by a long period of fever,eosinophilia and vague gastrointestinal symptoms.We report a woman with cholangitis symptoms of sudden onset which was proved to be due to Fasciola hepatica infestation by an endoscopic retrograde cholangiography.

肝外胆管恶性狭窄的鉴别诊断

引起肝外胆管狭窄的病因很多,其中良性狭窄可以通过药物治疗及内镜干预获得较好的疗效。恶性狭窄如能早期诊断,并及时行手术治疗有望延长患者的生存期。然而,肝外胆管恶性狭窄的鉴别诊断迄今为止仍然较为困难。本文就血清学、影像学、内镜相关技术及人工智能技术在肝外胆管恶性狭窄鉴别诊断中的进展进行综述,以期为制订临床诊疗方案提供策略和参考。