Analysis on sports and recreation activity-related eye injuries presenting to the Emergency Department

AIM：To investigate the incidence and general characteristics of sports-related eye injuries in patients visiting the Emergency Department. METHODS： A cross-sectional,multi-center,observational study.Patients with an injured eye who visited the Emergency Department at one of nine hospitals in Korea were enrolled.All data were prospectively collected between March and September 2010 using a questionnaire.Eye injuries that occurred during risky sports were examined by gender and age.Additionally,the rate of open globe injuries that occurred with and without protective eyewear was examined for each activity.Continuous variables were compared using Student＇s t-test and categorical variables were compared using Chi-square test.RESULTS： A total of 446 patients had sports-related eye injuries.Teenagers（10-19 years old） and young adults（20-29 years old） had the most eye injuries.Eye injuries accounted for 0.2% of Emergency Department patients.Baseball was the most common cause of sports-related eye injuries,followed by soccer and hiking.Protective gear was worn by 9.4% of all patients.Patients that were 30-39 years of age had the highest rate of protective gear use,followed by patients that were 40-49 years of age.The proportion of sports-related eye injuries that were open-globe injuries was highest for soccer and hiking.CONCLUSION： Although injuries were most common in patients below the age of 10 years,these patients had the lowest rate of protective eyewear use.Injuries in adults over 40 years of age most commonly occurred during hiking,but the rate of protective eyewear use was low.Young athletes should be educated on and provided with protective eyewear and policies protective gear use should be established.For older adults,eye protection should be encouraged,especially during hiking.

A 10-Year Survey of Severe Eye Injuries in Sport in Belgrade,Serbia 2000-2009

Introduction: The eye injuries inflicted in different sport activities are relatively rare and depend upon the type of sport. They are more common in recreational sport activities. These injuries are generally minor but may be very severe and result in permanent vision impairment. One must be aware of the fact that these sport activities, either recreative or professional, are exercised by young people. Methods: All analyzed patients were hospitalized at the Clinic of Eye Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, for severe eye injuries which occurred in sport activities. The analyzed period included 10 years, from the beginning of 2000 to the end of 2009. Results: In this period, a total of 117 patients with eye injuries sustained in some of sport activities were hospitalized. There were 114 (97.5%) injured males. Mean age of the injured was 25.8 years, and there were no individuals older than 50 years of age. Closed eyeball injures were reported in 96.6% and open injuries were seen in the remaining 3.4% of cases. During recreational sports, the eye injuries occurred in 76.1%, in the school—19.6%, and in professional sport—4.3% of the time. The injured individuals were as follows: pupils—35.0%, students—17.9%, workers—22.2%, clerks—20.6% and professional players—4.3% of cases. Upon completed treatment, visual acuity was normal in 77.8%, subnormal in 16.2%, impaired in 3.4% and amaurosis in 2.6% of cases.

Explosive eye injuries: characteristics, traumatic mechanisms, and prognostic factors for poor visual outcomes

Background: Explosions can produce blast waves, high-speed medium, thermal radiation, and chemical spatter,leading to complex and compound eye injuries. However, few studies have comprehensively investigated the clinical features of different eye injury types or possible risk factors for poor prognosis.Methods: We retrospectively reviewed all consecutive records of explosive eye injuries(1449 eyes in 1115 inpatients)in 14 tertiary referral hospitals in China over 12 years(between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2019). Data on demographics, eye injury types, ocular findings, treatments, and factors affecting visual prognosis were extracted from a standardized database of eye injuries and statistically analyzed.Results: Mechanical ocular trauma accounted for 94.00% of explosion-related eye injuries, among which intraocular foreign bodies(IOFBs) resulted in 55.17% of open globe injuries(OGIs) and contusion caused 60.22% of close globe injuries(CGIs). Proliferative vitreous retinopathy(PVR) was more common in perforating(47.06%) and IOFB(26.84%)than in penetrating(8.79%) injuries, and more common with laceration(24.25%) than rupture(9.22%, P<0.01).However, no difference was observed between rupture and contusion. Ultimately, 9.59% of eyes were removed and the final vision was ≤4/200 in 45.82% of patients. Poor presenting vision [odds ratio(OR)=5.789], full-thickness laceration of the eyeball ≥5 mm(OR=3.665), vitreous hemorrhage(OR=3.474), IOFB(OR=3.510), non-mechanical eye injury(NMEI, OR=2.622), rupture(OR=2.362), traumatic optic neuropathy(OR=2.102), retinal detachment(RD,OR=2.033), endophthalmitis(OR=3.281), contusion(OR=1.679), ciliary body detachment(OR=6.592), zone Ⅲ OGI(OR=1.940), and PVR(OR=1.615) were significant negative predictors for poor visual outcomes(P<0.05).Conclusions: Explosion ocular trauma has complex mechanisms, with multiple eyes involved and poor prognosis. In lethal level Ⅰ explosion injuries, eyeball rupture is a serious condition, whereas contusion is more likely to improve. In level Ⅱ injuries, IOFBs are more harmful than penetrating injuries, and level Ⅳ represents burn-related eye injuries.PVR is more associated with penetrating mechanisms than with OGI. Identifying the risk predictors for visual prognosis can guide clinicians in the evaluation and treatment of ocular blast injuries.

Common eye drops and their implications for p H measurements in the management of chemical eye injuries

Dear Sir,Eye drops(single use)commonly used in clinics do have varying pH values.The use of such drops in the initial management of chemical eye injury may influence the accuracy of pH measurement of the eye,and subsequently influence its management.Chemical eye injury is an ophthalmic emergency,which may be caused by exposure to an acidic(pH【4)or an alkali(pH】10)solution to the eye.Rinsing the eye decreases the concentration of these solutions on ocular surface.The initial management would be copious irrigation with clean or sterile water or Ringer’s solution(pH 7.3-7.4)or its equivalent,of a

Epidemiology of children and adolescent eye injuries in British Columbia

To quantify and characterize children and adolescent eye injuries treated in trauma department.METHODSA retrospective analysis was conducted of children and adolescent patients （0-19 years of age） with eye injuries using the British Columbia Trauma Registry （BCTR） data. BCTR data was obtained from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2008. The BCTR provides the most detailed information on severe injuries throughout the province of BC. There are 12 trauma-receiving facilities in BC from which BCTR collects data.RESULTSA total of 162 patients with eye injuries were registered in BCTR during the data collection period. The highest number of injuries occurred in the 15-19 age group, followed by 10-14 and 5-9 age groups. Seventy-one point six percent of all patients were male. The mean age for all patients was 12.9 （SD = 5.8） years. Vehicular crash was by far the most common mechanism of injury among all patients （42.0%） followed by blunt injury （14.2%） and cuts （12.3%）. The child and adolescent eye injury data set we used for our study indicated that there were in total, 50 patients that were tested for alcohol and drug use. The majority of them were 15-19 years of age （ n = 38）. Among the tested eye injury patients in the 15-19 age group, 47% （18/38） tested positive for alcohol. There were approximately 30 cases of physical fighting （assault） and fighting-related injury among adolescents. Some injuries were caused by use of fire arms and knife during the assaults. Out of all patients, 62 （38%） were seen by an Ophthalmologist on admission, whereas 100 （62%） patients were not seen by an eye specialist on admission. The most common injury diagnosis among the patients not consulted by ophthalmologist was conjunctiva injury （53%）, whereas almost 9 out of 10 patients with ophtha-lmological consultation had laceration of cornea injury diagnoses. Using Glasgow Coma Scale （GCS）-basedclassification of brain injury severity, 3.7% of all patients were classified with severe brain injury （GCS ≤ 8）, while more than 64% had diagnosed with a mild brain injury （GCS ≥ 13）.CONCLUSIONThis study suggests that most child and adolescent eye injuries in BC occur at street/highway locations followed by incidents at home. Vehicular crash was by far the most common mechanism of injury among all patients （42%）. Sixty-four point two percent of child and adolescent eyeinjury patients also had mild brain injuries. Further, the child and adolescent eye injury data set we used for our study indicated that there were in total, 50 patients tested for alcohol and drug use. There is an urgent need for a child and adolescent eye injury prevention plan in our province.

Epidemiological aspects of ocular superglue injuries

AIM： To report the frequency, associated risk factors and characteristics of cases referred to Farabi Eye Hospital with ocular superglue injuries. METHODS： In a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted between December 2012 and February 2013, patients with ocular superglue injuries were evaluated. Age, sex, educational level, location, time, mechanism, type, site and time of eye injury were gathered through interview using a customized questionnaire. All participants had given consent to undergo thorough eye examination. RESULTS： Over the course of three months, 105 patients with ocular superglue injuries enrolled in the study, including 56 （53.3%） men and 49 （46.7%） women with the mean age of 24.7±11.6 （range, 2 to 53）y. The right eye, left eye and both eyes were involved in 52%, 42% and 6% of the patients, respectively. Most of injuries had occurred at home （72.4%） and at night （55%）. More than half of patients （52.4%） did not take any primary aids following the ocular injury. Patient carelessness （78.1%）, childhood curiosity and lack of parental supervision （11.4%）, storing superglue in inappropriate places and inadvertently using superglue as eye drops due to poor vision （2.9%）, inadequate awareness of superglue applications [used to stick on artificial nails （3.8%）, artificial eyelashes （1.9%） and broken tooth （1%）] and being assaulted with glue （1%） were common risk factors. CONCLUSION： The frequency of ocular superglue injuries in patients referred to Farabi Eye Hospital is relatively high. This finding underlines the importance of public education and awareness about superglue injuries to the eye and taking protective measures and safety strategies in order to prevent these injures.

Predictive value and applicability of ocular trauma scores and pediatric ocular trauma scores in pediatric globe injuries

AIM: To evaluate the predictive value and applicability of Ocular Trauma Score(OTS) and Pediatric Ocular Trauma Score(POTS) for closed and open globe injuries in the pediatric group.METHODS: A retrospective study of closed and open globe injuries in children age of 0-18-year-old between 2012-2019 was conducted.Medical records were collected,and injuries were classified using Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology System(BETTS).The predictive value and applicability of both OTS and POTS to final visual acuity(VA) were analyzed.RESULTS: Of 84 patients,59(70.2%) presented with closed globe injuries(CGI) and 25(29.8%) with open globe injuries(OGI).The mean of initial VA was 0.832±0.904 log MAR.OTS and POTS was calculated.Initial VA(P<0.001) and traumatic cataract(P<0.001) were significantly associated with visual outcome,followed by organic/unclean wound (P=0.001),delay of surger y(P=0.001),iris prolapse(P=0.003),and globe rupture(P=0.008).A strong correlation between OTS and POTS and final VA(r=-0.798,P<0.001;r=-0.612,P<0.001) was found.OTS was more applicable in all age group of pediatric and in contrast to POTS,it was designed for 0-15 years old.POTS requires eleven parameters and OTS six parameters.Even though initial VA was not available,we could still calculate into POTS equation.CONCLUSION: OTS and POTS are highly predictive prognostic tools for final VA in CGI and OGI's in children.

Silicone oil migrating into the conjunctival space and orbit after surgery for an eye-penetrating injury:A case report

BACKGROUND We report a case of eye-penetrating injury in which a massive silicone oil migration into the patient’s subconjunctival space and orbit occurred after vitrectomy.CASE SUMMARY A 30-year-old male patient sought medical attention at Ganzhou People’s Hospital after experiencing pain and vision loss in his left eye due to a nail wound on December 9,2023.Diagnosis of penetrating injury caused by magnetic foreign body retention in the left eye and hospitalization for treatment.On December 9,2023,pars plana vitrectomy was performed on the left eye for intraocular foreign body removal,abnormal crystal extraction,retinal photocoagulation.Owing to the discovery of retinal detachment at the posterior pole during surgery,silicone oil was injected to fill the vitreous body,following which upper conjunctival bubble-like swelling was observed.Postoperative orbital computed tomography(CT)review indicated migration of silicone oil to the subconjunctival space and orbit through a self-permeable outlet.On December 18,2023,the patient sought treatment at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University,China.The patient presented with a pronounced foreign body sensation following left eye surgery.On December 20,2023,the foreign body was removed from the left eye frame and an intraocular examination was conducted.The posterior scleral tear had closed,leading to termination of the surgical procedure following supplementary laser treatment around the tear.The patient reported a significant reduction in ocular surface symptoms just one day after surgery.Furthermore,a notable decrease in the migration of silicone oil was observed in orbital CT scans.CONCLUSION The timing of silicone oil injection for an eye-penetrating injury should be carefully evaluated to avoid the possibility of silicone oil migration.

Epidemiology and risk factors for sports-and recreation-related eye injury:a multicenter prospective observational study

AIM:To identify the epidemiologic characteristics of sportsand recreation-related eye injuries in a large metropolitan city and investigate risk factors associated with visual impairment.METHODS:We performed a multicenter prospective observational study on patients using the regional eye injury registry data.This study included patients with sportsand recreation-related eye injury in four tertiary teaching hospitals in Daegu,Republic of Korea,from August 2016 to July 2018.The primary outcome was visual impairment at the first hospital visit.Distributions of sex,age,place,and causative materials were analyzed according to causative activities.To examine the association between causative activities and visual impairment,a Logistic regression analysis was used.RESULTS:Of the 349 sports-and recreation-related eye injuries,soccer was the most common causative activity,with 21.8%(n=76).Sports-and recreation-related eye injuries occurred mainly in teenagers,individuals in their 20 s,and men.Badminton and soccer were significantly associated with visual impairment at the first hospital visit compared with combat sports[(adjusted odds ratio(AOR),5.18;95%confidence interval(CI),1.67-16.09 for badminton and AOR,3.87;95%CI,1.36-10.99 for soccer].CONCLUSION:Intervention efforts such as deployment of protective eyewear in sports facilities and schools and promotion of wearing protective eyewear during these activities in teenagers and individuals in their 20 s are mandatory.

Surgeon-performed point-of-care ultrasound in severe eye trauma: Report of two cases

The indications of point-of-care ultrasound(POCUS) in the management of multiple trauma patients have been expanding. Although computed tomography(CT) scan of the orbit remains the gold standard for imaging orbital trauma, ultrasound is a quick, safe, and portable tool that can be performed bedside. Here we report two patients who had severe eye injuries with major visual impairment where surgeon-performed POCUS was very useful. One had a foreign body injury while the other had blunt trauma. POCUS was done using a linear probe under sterile conditions with minimum pressure on the eyes. Ultrasound showed a foreign body at the back of the left eye globe touching the eye globe in the first patient, and was normal in the second patient. Workup using CT scan, fundsocopy, optical coherence tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging of the orbits confirmed these findings. The first patient had vitreous and sub retinal haemorrhage and a full thickness macular hole of the left eye, while the second had traumatic optic neuropathy. POCUS gave accurate information concerning severe eye injuries. Trauma surgeons and emergency physicians should be trained in performing ocular ultrasound for eye injuries.

GFAP expression in the optic nerve and increased Н2S generation in the integration centers of the rainbow trout（Oncorhynchus mykiss） brain after unilateral eye injury

Hydrogen sulfide(H2S)is considered as a protective factor against cardiovascular disorders.However,there are few reports on the effects of H2S in the central nervous system during stress or injury.Previous studies on goldfish have shown that astrocytic response occurs in the damaged and contralateral optic nerves.Glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP)concentration in the optic nerves of rainbow trout has not been measured previously.This study further characterized the astrocytic response in the optic nerve and the brain of a rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)after unilateral eye injury and estimated the amount of H2S-producing enzyme cystathionineβ-synthase(CBS)in the brain of the rainbow trout.Within 1 week after unilateral eye injury,a protein band corresponding to a molecular weight of 50 kDa was identified in the ipsi-and contralateral optic nerves of the rainbow trout.The concentration of GFAP in the injured optic nerve increased compared to the protein concentration on the contralateral side.The results of a quantitative analysis of GFAP+cell distribution in the contralateral optic nerve showed the largest number of GFAP+cells and fibers in the optic nerve head.In the damaged optic nerve,patterns of GFAP+cell migration and large GFAP+bipolar activated astrocytes were detected at 1 week after unilateral eye injury.The study of H2S-producing system after unilateral eye injury in the rainbow trout was conducted using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,western blot analysis,and immunohistochemistry of polyclonal antibodies again st CBS in the integrative centers of the brain:telencephalon,optic tectum,and cerebellum.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results showed a 1.7-fold increase in CBS expression in the rainbow trout brain at 1 week after unilateral eye injury compared with that in intact animals.In the ventricular and subventricular regions of the rainbow trout telencephalon,CBS+radial glia and neuroepithelial cells were identified.After unilateral eye injury,the number of CBS+neuroepithelial cells in the pallial and subpallial periventricular regions of the telencephalon increased.In the optic tectum,unilateral eye injury led to an increase in CBS expression in radial glial cells;simultaneously,the number of CBS+neuroepithelial cells decreased in intact animals.In the cerebellum of the rainbow trout,neuroglial interrelationships were revealed,where H2S was released,apparently,from astrocyte-like cells.The organization of H2S-producing cell complexes suggests that,the amount of glutamate produced in the rainbow trout cerebellum and its reuptake was controlled by astrocyte-like cells,reducing its excitotoxicity.In the dorsal matrix zone and granular eminences of the rainbow trout cerebellum,CBS was expressed in neuroepithelial cells.After unilateral eye injury,the level of CBS activity increased in all parts of the cerebellum.An increase in the number of H2S-producing cells was a response to oxidative stress after unilateral eye injury,and the overproduction of H2S in the cerebellum occurred to neutralize reactive oxygen species,providing the cells of the rainbow trout cerebellum with a protective effect.A structural reorganization in the dorsal matrix zone,associated with the appearance of an additional CBS+apical zone,and a decrease in the enzyme activity in the dorsal matrix zone,was revealed in the zones of constitutive neurogenesis.All experiments were approved by the Commission on Biomedical Ethics,A.V.Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology(NSCMB),Far Eastern Branch,Russian Academy of Science(FEB RAS)(approval No.1)on July 31,2019.

Evidence for a Potential “Knee-Eye-Brain Axis” Involved in Mobility and Navigation Control: Knee Injury and Obesity May Disrupt Axis Integrity

Humans depend on the coordinated activity of their lower extremities for mobility, an essential feature of Homo sapiens. In addition, they use vision to use this mobility to successfully navigate through their environment. During development, mobility appears to mature first, and then it is coordinated with navigation. Thus, the two, mobility and navigation are likely interdependent in function. Recent studies have indicated that compromising the integrity of the knee, a central element of the lower extremity motion segment, can lead to molecular alterations in both the cornea including the central cornea where light passes, as well as the interior of the eye (the vitreous humor). Not all insults to the knee lead to reproducible alterations in the eye, indicating some specificity in the response. In addition, it was recently reported that alterations to the cells in the vitreous humor occur following dietary induction of obesity in a rat model. As humans with obesity, as well as arthritis of the knee are at risk for ocular involvement and exhibit altered gait characteristics, the clinical and preclinical data raise the possibility of a “knee-eye-brain axis” to control or regulate mobility and navigation. Better delineation of such an axis could have implications for variations in control during maturation, and well as during aging when vision and mobility can be compromised, with increased risk for serious falls and failure to successfully navigate the environment.

Clinical effect of deproteinized calfblood extract eye gel for corneal epithelial defect

Objective: To observe the clinical effect of 20% deproteinized calfblood extract eye gel on the treatment of mechanical injury to corneal epithelium. Methods: 120 cases of patients with corneal epithelial defect caused by mechanical injury were selected and randomly divided into observation group (60 eyes, deproteinized calfblood extract eye gel in use) and control group (0.3% ofloxacin eye drops in use). Both two groups of patients were given eye gel or eye drops 4 times per day. Moreover, the two groups of eye symptoms and corneal epithelial healing were observed on the 3rd day and the 7th day after drug usage respectively. Results: The effective rates of 20% deproteinized calfblood extract eye gel on the treatment of mechanical corneal epithelial defect on the 3rd day and the 7th day were 78.33% and 93.33% respectively. Meanwhile, the effective rates of 0.3% ofloxacin eye drops were 55.00% and 71.67%. The difference in the comparison of the effective rate between two groups was of statistical significance (p < .05). Conclusions: 20% deproteinized calfblood extract eye gel can significantly promote the healing of corneal epithelium in a short time, and it is worthy to be widely applied clinically.

Hospitalized eye injury in a Chinese urban population:a 7-year retrospective analysis

AIMTo present the epidemiology, cause of injury, ocular status and final visual acuity after management of severe ocular trauma required hospitalization during 7 years in a representative urban Chinese population.

Retinal injury following intravitreal injection of a dexamethasone implant in a vitrectomized eye

Lee SM, Jung JW, Park SW, Lee JE, Byon IS. Retinal injury following intravitreal injection of a dexamethasone implant in a vitrectomized eye. Int J Ophthalmo12017; 10（6）： 1019-1020

Mechanical Eye Trauma Epidemiology, Prognostic Factors, and Management Controversies—An Update

Purpose of Review: The management of eye injuries is both difficult and argumentative. This study attempts to highlight the management of ocular trauma using currently available information in the literature and author experience. This review presents a workable framework from the first presentation, epidemiology, classification, investigations, management principles, complications, prognostic factors, final visual outcome and management debates. Review Findings: Mechanical ocular trauma is a leading cause of monocular blindness and possible handicap worldwide. Among several classification systems, the most widely accepted is Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology (BETT). Mechanical ocular trauma is a topic of unsolved controversy. Patching for corneal abrasion, paracentesis for hyphema, the timing of cataract surgery and intraocular lens implantation are all issues in anterior segment injuries. Regarding posterior segment controversies, the timing of vitrectomy, use of prophylactic cryotherapy, the necessity of intravitreal antibiotics in the absence of infection, the use of vitrectomy vs vitreous tap in traumatic endophthalmitis is the issues. The pediatric age group needs to be approached by a different protocol due to the risk of amblyopia, intraocular inflammation, and significant vitreoretinal adhesions. The various prognostic factors have a role in the final visual outcome. B scan is used to exclude R.D, Intraocular foreign body (IOFB), and vitreous haemorrhage in hazy media. Individual surgical strategies are used for every patient according to the classification and extent of the injuries. Conclusion: This article examines relevant evidence on the management challenges and controversies of mechanical trauma of the eye and offers treatment recommendations based on published research and the authors’ own experience.

Orchard Sports Injury and Illness Classification System (OSIICS) Version 15

Background:Sports medicine(injury and illnesses)requires distinct coding systems because the International Classification of Diseases is insuf-ficient for sports medicine coding.The Orchard Sports Injury and Illness Classification System(OSIICS)is one of two sports medicine coding systems recommended by the International Olympic Committee.Regular updates of coding systems are required.Methods:For Version 15,updates for mental health conditions in athletes,sports cardiology,concussion sub-types,infectious diseases,and skin and eye conditions were considered particularly important.Results:Recommended codes were added from a recent International Olympic Committee consensus statement on mental health conditions in athletes.Two landmark sports cardiology papers were used to update a more comprehensive list of sports cardiology codes.Rugby union protocols on head injury assessment were used to create additional concussion codes.Conclusion:It is planned that OSIICS Version 15 will be translated into multiple new languages in a timely fashion to facilitate international accessibility.The large number of recently published sport-specific and discipline-specific consensus statements on athlete surveillance warrant regular updating of OSIICS.

Comparison between local-made and imported porous polyethylene orbital implant:a randomized controlled equivalence trial and multicenter study

AIM:To compare the exposure rate,infection rate,percentage of enhancement,and success rate between Medpor and the three-dimensional printed polyethylene(3DP-PE)orbital implant in a preliminary report.METHODS:This prospective,randomized,equivalence,controlled trial was conducted at two institutes.The equivalent margin was±10%.The sample size for the equivalence trial was 174 participants per group.Patients who were eligible for enucleations received either Medpor or 3DP-PE implants based on a randomized block of six.The surgeries were performed by five oculoplastic surgeons.The assessor and patients were masked.The magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)of the orbit was performed at least 6mo after operation and the fibrovascular ingrowth was analyzed using the Image J software.Follow-up continued at least 1y after surgery.The intention to treat and per protocol approaches were used.RESULTS:Totally 128 patients met the criteria in the report.Fifty Medpor and 553DP-PE cases completed the trial.The most common cause of blindness was trauma.The mean follow-up times of Medpor and 3DP-PE were 33 and 40mo respectively.The exposure rate was not statistically significant between two groups(6.0%and 7.3%),P<0.05,95%CI(-9.8%,+12.0%).The success rates were 94%(Medpor)and 92.7%(3DP-PE).No postoperative infection was reported.Nine patients had MRI tests and two had implant exposures with 66.3% enhancement at 75mo(Medpor)and 58% enhancement at 57mo(3DP-PE)postoperatively.CONCLUSION:There is no statistically significant difference in exposure rate and success rate between Medpor and 3DP-PE in enucleation in the report.However,we cannot conclude that they are equivalent in terms of the exposure rate and success rate because the 95%CI is wider than±10%.The infection rate is equivalent in both groups.

A new classification for epidemiological study of me- chanical eye injuries

Objective： Considering the difficulty in classifying some cases with eye trauma by Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology （BETT） in our epidemiological study, we introduce a new classification for epidemiological study of mechanical eye injuries based on BETT. Methods： A retrospective investigation was carried out in 31 hospitals from January 2005 to December 2010. All medical records of inpatients with eye injuries were reviewed. A total of l0 718 patients （11 227 eyes） were diagnosed as mechanical eye injuries. All mechanical eye injuries were tried to be classified using BETT. While some eye injuries were difficult to categorize. We recorded the injury type and case number. A new classification based on BETT was also used for the same project. Results： Of 10 718 patients （11 227 eyes） with me- chanical eye injuries, the following cases cannot be classi- fied by BETT： 1 488 patients （1 559 eyes） with merely orbitalor ocular adnexa injury, 1 961 （2 054） globe injuries associ- ated with orbital or ocular adnexa injury, 271 （284） ocular surface foreign body （OSFB） or ocular wall foreign body （OWFB）, 77 （89） contusion, 9 （11） lamellar laceration asso- ciated with OSFB or OWFB, 29 （30） rupture associated with OSFB, OWFB or intraocular foreign body and 60 （62） lace- ration associated with OSFB or OWFB. While according to our new classification, all eye injuries can be categorized without any difficulty. Conclusion： Difficulty in classifying some eye injuries in epidemiological study by BETT brings some trouble to our study, which can be solved by our new eye injury clas- sification to some extent. It is hoped that other ophthal- mologists present better ones to make the classification more perfect.

Epidemiology of eye injuries sustained by military personnel in China

Objective： To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of eye injuries sustained by military personnel in Chinese army. Methods： Eleven military evacuation hospitals located in different regions were selected for this study. We reviewed all the medical records of eye injuries sustained by military personnel between January 2005 and December 2009. Patients＇ information was collected. All data were put into database and analyzed statistically. Results： Totally there were 415 inpatients with eye injuries （442 eyes） and their mean age was 24.40 years. Eye injury accounts for 13.51% of all eye diseases in this study. From 2006 to 2009, the number of eye injury increased gradually. Among them, 175 （42.17%） were injured in leisure time, and 145 （34.94%） in working time. Twenty-two （5.30%） patients had an eye surgery or history of eye disease before injury. In all, 246 patients （59.28%） were sent to evacuation hospital within 24 hours and 64 （56.64%） underwent surgeries in 24 hours after injury. There were 389 patients （93.73%） hospitalized for 1 time. Visual acuities of 187 eyes （42.31%） were grade 1 （≥ 20/40） after injury. When discharge, 349 eyes （78.96%） obtained a visual acuity of grade 1. Conclusion： Eye injury has a very frequent incidence in Chinese army and much more attention should be paid to prevent it.