塞曼效应实验中固体F-P标准具的应用与教学

塞曼效应实验是高校近代物理实验课程中的重要内容,学校大多采用空气隙法布里-珀罗(F-P)标准具作为分光元件,本文介绍了固体F-P标准具在塞曼效应实验中的教学与应用、干涉分光的基本原理与特征以及干涉图样的分布规律.结合相关现象与分析,给出了塞曼效应实验的光路调节、谱线观测等过程.该实验教学过程可以加深学生对F-P标准具原理的理解.

基于L型轮辐结构膜片的窄频光纤F-P声波传感器研究

光纤声传感器被广泛应用在工业、医疗等领域。为了提高光纤F-P声传感器的性能,本文提出了一种L型轮辐结构的F-P传感膜片。膜片的厚度为15μm、梁宽度为0.5 mm、中心膜片的半径为1 mm。膜片由激光加工技术在304不锈钢上刻蚀而成。实验对1000 Hz下的传感器灵敏度进行研究,将传感器应用于光声池共振频率为1600 Hz的光声光谱气体检测系统中,并实现对50~100×10^(-6)的乙炔(C_(2)H_(2))气体浓度测量。实验结果表明,该传感器在1000 Hz下的声压灵敏度为25.4 nm/Pa,传感器可实现的最小可探测声压(MDP)为38.2μPa/Hz^(1/2)@1 kHz,声压信噪比为76.8 dB。实验所得到的光声光谱二次谐波信号的峰值与乙炔浓度呈现良好的线性关系,乙炔浓度的响应度为1.8 pm/10^(-6)。该传感器在光声光谱等单频声信号检测领域具有广泛的应用前景。

基于F-P光纤传感器的变压器油中双局部放电源定位研究

电力变压器作为电力系统中至关重要的能量转换设备,其稳定运行对于保障电能供应的可靠性具有重大意义。局部放电影响高压电气设备绝缘性能。局部放电在线监测不仅可以获取设备老化信息,还可以预测变压器寿命。局部放电源准确位置信息可以帮助检修人员制定精准维护计划,确保电力系统稳定,设备制造商可利用此信息优化结构和安装方法。变压器内部双局部放电源放电是一种更为复杂的故障类型,传统的检测方法难以准确捕捉到此类放电波形。F-P光纤传感器是一种新型的局部放电声学检测方式,该传感器结构小,灵敏度高,而且有较强的抗电磁干扰能力,可以内置于变压器内部实现复杂情况下的局部放电检测。在本研究中,研制了基于F-P光纤传感器的双局部放电源检测系统,采用基于多信号分类(MUSIC)测向原理的交叉定位算法,可以实现对变压器油中双局部放电源定位。总的来说,F-P光纤传感器阵列有较好的方向清晰度,可以实现准确定位。将该双局部放电源定位系统应用到了35 kV单相变压器模型上,验证了其对外绕组双局部放电源定位的有效性。

基于F-P干涉仪CH_(4)气体点源探测关键参数仿真分析

基于多光束干涉光谱成像原理,研究一种高空间分辨率甲烷气体点源探测方法。首先,介绍了甲烷气体探测仪的工作原理和探测方案,详细设计法布里-珀罗干涉仪的系统参数,并建立甲烷气体探测正演模型。然后,分析了干涉信号和甲烷浓度之间的对应关系,以及仪器参数对探测灵敏度的影响。最终,迭代优化得到各光学结构参数的最优取值。结果表明,在甲烷探测波段为1630~1675 nm,自由光谱范围为12.5 nm,光谱分辨率为0.1 nm,法布里-珀罗标准具腔长为0.08 mm,腔内反射率为97.5%,截止滤光片范围为(1630±4)nm~(1675±4)nm时,探测源25%浓度变化对应的干涉信号相对变化量范围为[0.65%,4.30%],探测灵敏度较好。研究结果可为高精度碳监测提供理论依据和技术支撑。

Tolerance-enhanced SU(1,1) interferometers using asymmetric gain

SU(1,1) interferometers play an important role in quantum metrology. Previous studies focus on various inputs and detection strategies with symmetric gain. In this paper, we analyze a modified SU(1,1) interferometer using asymmetric gain. Two vacuum states are used as the input and on–off detection is performed at the output. In a lossless scenario,symmetric gain is the optimal selection and the corresponding phase sensitivity can achieve the Heisenberg limit as well as the quantum Cramer–Rao bound. In addition, we analyze the phase sensitivity with symmetric gain in the lossy scenario.The phase sensitivity is sensitive to internal losses but extremely robust against external losses. We address the optimal asymmetric gain and the results suggest that this method can improve the tolerance to internal losses. Our work may contribute to the practical development of quantum metrology.

Real-time data processing method for CO_(2) dispersion interferometer on EAST

A real-time data processing system is designed for the carbon dioxide dispersion interferometer(CO_(2)-DI)on EAST.The system utilizes the parallel and pipelining capabilities of an fieldprogrammable gate array(FPGA)to digitize and process the intensity of signals from the detector.Finally,the real-time electron density signals are exported through a digital-to-analog converter(DAC)module in the form of analog signals.The system has been successfully applied in the CO_(2)-DI system to provide low-latency electron density input to the plasma control system on EAST.Experimental results of the latest campaign with long-pulse discharges on EAST(2022–2023)demonstrate that the system can respond effectively in the case of rapid density changes,proving its reliability and accuracy for future electron density calculation.

A polarization sensitive interferometer:Delta interferometer

A new type of polarization sensitive interferometer is proposed,named the Delta interferometer,inspired by its geometry resembling the Greek letter Delta.The main difference between the Delta interferometer and other existing interferometers,such as Michelson,Mach-Zehnder and Young's double-slit interferometers,is that the two interfering paths are asymmetrical in the Delta interferometer.The visibility of the first-order interference pattern observed in the Delta interferometer is dependent on the polarization of the incidental light.Optical coherence theory is employed to interpret this phenomenon and single-mode continuous-wave laser light is employed to verify the theoretical predictions.The theoretical and experimental results are consistent.The Delta interferometer is a perfect tool to study the reflection of electromagnetic fields in different polarizations and may find applications in polarization-sensitive scenarios.

Electron density measurement by the three boundary channels of HCOOH laser interferometer on the HL-3 tokamak

Far-infrared(FIR)interferometer is widely used to measure the electron density in the magnetically confined fusion plasma devices.A new FIR laser interferometer with a total of 13 channels(8 horizontal channels and 5 oblique channels)is under development on the HL-3tokamak by using the formic-acid laser(HCOOH,f=694 GHz).In order to investigate the boundary electron density activity during the divertor discharge,three horizontal interferometry channels located at Z=-97,-76,76.5 cm have been successfully developed on HL-3 in 2023,and put into operation in recent experimental campaign,with a time resolution of<1.0μs and lineintegrated electron density resolution of~7.0×10^(16) m^(-2).This paper mainly focuses on the optical design of the three-channel interferometry system,as well as optical elements and recent experimental result on HL-3.

A fringe jump counting method for the phase measurement in the HCN laser interferometer on EAST and its FPGA-based implementation

Electron density in fusion plasma is usually diagnosed using laser-aided interferometers. The phase difference signal obtained after phase demodulation is wrapped, which is also called a fringe jump. A method has been developed to unwrap the phase difference signal in real time using FPGA, specifically designed to handle fringe jumps in the hydrogen cyanide(HCN) laser interferometer on the EAST superconducting tokamak. This method is designed for a phase demodulator using the fast Fourier transform(FFT) method at the front end. The method is better adapted for hardware implementation compared to complex mathematical analysis algorithms, such as field programmable gate array(FPGA). It has been applied to process the phase measurement results of the HCN laser interferometer on EAST in real time. Electron density results show good confidence in the fringe jump unwrapping method. Further possible application in other laser interferometers, such as the POlarimeter-INTerferometer(POINT)system on EAST tokamak is also discussed.

First results of CO_(2) dispersion interferometer on EAST tokamak

A dispersion interferometer(DI)has been installed and operates on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak(EAST).This DI system utilizes a continuous-wave 9.3μm CO_(2)laser source to measure line-averaged electron densities accurately.In contrast to conventional interferometers,the DI does not require substantial vibration isolations or compensating systems to reduce the impact of vibrations in the optical path.It also employs a ratio of modulation amplitudes,ensuring it remains immune to the variations in detected intensities.Without a variation compensation system,the DI system on EAST reaches a density resolution of less than1.8×10^(-2)πrad and a temporal resolution of 20μs.The measurements made by the POlarimeterINTerferometer(POINT)system and the far-infrared hydrogen cyanide(HCN)interferometer are remarkably consistent with the DI’s results.The possibility of fringe jumps and the impact of refraction in high-density discharge can be significantly decreased using a shorter wavelength laser source.A rapid density change of 3×10^(19)m^(-3)during 0.15 s has been measured accurately in shot No.114755 of EAST.Additionally,the DI system demonstrates dependability and stability under 305 s long-pulse discharges in shot No.122054.

面向光纤与高Q值F-P谐振腔高效耦合的六维系统设计

基于法布里-珀罗(Fabry-Pérot,F-P)谐振腔的光学传感器具有结构简单、灵敏度高、抗电磁干扰能力强等优点,在工业、生物医学、航空航天等领域具有较高的应用价值。设计了自聚焦透镜、单模尾纤插芯、玻璃套管组成的输入/输出光纤结构和一系列六维对准系统,高效降低了高Q值F-P腔与光纤的耦合难度,使F-P腔的Q值达到4.247×10^(7),为高灵敏度光学传感器的一体化、工业化制造奠定了基础。

高灵敏硅凹槽膜片型光纤F-P局部放电超声传感器

文中设计并制备了一种硅凹槽膜片型光纤法布里-珀罗(Fabry-Perot,F-P)超声传感器,用于电力设备局部放电检测。采用有限元软件优化设计传感膜片的凹槽参数,与传统圆形膜片相比,硅凹槽膜片的静态灵敏度提升4.09倍且谐振频率基本不变。通过耦合效率修正传统双光束干涉模型,研究F-P腔长对传感器干涉光谱对比度的影响,以提升传感器的声压灵敏度。利用微机电系统(micro-electro-mechanical system,MEMS)制备硅凹槽膜片,其凹槽直径为829.44μm,厚度为2.09μm,F-P腔长为163.600μm。在谐振频率61.5 kHz处,传感器声压灵敏度可达357.78 mV/Pa,并结合气体绝缘开关(gas insulated switchgear,GIS)局部放电缺陷模型对传感器性能进行验证。实验结果表明,文中所制备的光纤F-P超声传感器具有声压灵敏度高、实时性好、超声信号检测能力强等优点。

具有F-P标准具照明系统的白光干涉仪测量量块的测量不确定度分析

文献[1]F-P标准具用于量块量值的传递与溯源一文(中国测试技术2012年增刊第2期54-58页)介绍具有F-P标准具的白光干涉仪检定量块的光学原理及其结构,以及检定F-P标准具的等倾干涉的原理。而进一步对具有F-P标准具的白光干涉仪检定量块的测量不确定度的分析,则由本文完成。该文首先对F-P标准具的检定及其测量不确定度就行了分析。量块尺寸在白光干涉仪上与标准具作比较测量。为减少标准具的数量,量块尺寸可以与两块或三块标准具组成的尺寸进行比较,也可以是由一块尺寸较小的标准具经过光学倍增法实现与被检量块尺寸相同进行比较。例如80mm的量块用40mm的标准具进行比较,这时在量块上的光路在标准具中多一次反射达到;90mm量块则用30mm标准具进行比较。他们也可以由两块标准具组成的尺寸进行比较。分析时以倍增法测量误差最大,以其进行计算。充分证明具有F-P标准具的白光干涉仪完全满足检定1等量块的要求。通过文献[1]及本文的介绍,映证该技术可以实现普及1等量块的检定及量块的自动化检定,特别适用于量块生产厂00级、K级、0级量块的自动化检定。

Elementary analysis of interferometers for wave particle duality test and the prospect of going beyond the complementarity principle

A distinct method to show a quantum object behaving both as wave and as particle is proposed and described in some detail. We make a systematic analysis using the elementary methodology of quantum mechanics upon Young＇s two-slit interferometer and the Mach-Zehnder two-arm interferometer with the focus placed on how to measure the interference pattern （wave nature） and the which-way information （particle nature） of quantum objects. We design several schemes to simultaneously acquire the which-way information for an individual quantum object and the high-contrast interference pattern for an ensemble of these quantum objects by placing two sets of measurement instruments that are well separated in space and whose perturbation of each other is negligibly small within the interferometer at the same time. Yet, improper arrangement and cooperation of these two sets of measurement instruments in the interferometer would lead to failure of simultaneous observation of wave and particle behaviors. The internal freedoms of quantum objects could be harnessed to probe both the which-way information and the interference pattern for the center-of-mass motion. That quantum objects can behave beyond the wave-particle duality and the complementarity principle would stimulate new conceptual examination and exploration of quantum theory at a deeper level.

基于光纤F-P超声传感器的复合材料分层检测系统设计研究

碳纤维复合材料的分层缺陷对其安全性能有着严重影响。采用超声检测方法可以有效检验复合材料构件分层缺陷,通常超声信息的探测采用超声换能器,频带窄,检测精度低,无法适应嵌入式检测。针对这个问题,设计一非本征型光纤F-P干涉腔结构,研究了F-P腔的光学干涉模型,设计了F-P腔的初始腔长,建立了碳纤维复合材料分层缺陷光纤F-P超声在线检测系统,开展了分层缺陷的嵌入式检测实验研究。结果表明,设计的嵌入式检测系统能可靠用于碳纤维复合材料分层缺陷实时在线检测,具有结构简单、易操作、便于安装调试等优点,整体成本较低,具有较好工程应用价值。

Comparison of the sensitivities for atom interferometers in two different operation methods

We investigated the sensitivities of atom interferometers in the usual fringe-scanning method （FSM） versus the fringe- locking method （FLM）. The theoretical analysis shows that for typical noises in atom interferometers, the FSM will degrade the sensitivity while the FLM does not. The sensitivity-improvement factor of the FLM over the FSM depends on the type of noises, which is validated by numerical simulations. The detailed quantitative analysis on this fundamental issue is presented, and our analysis is readily extendable to other kinds of noises as well as other fringe shapes in addition to a cosine one.

Atom interferometers with weak-measurement path detectors and their quantum mechanical analysis

According to the orthodox interpretation of quantum physics, wave-particle duality(WPD) is the intrinsic property of all massive microscopic particles. All gedanken or realistic experiments based on atom interferometers(AI) have so far upheld the principle of WPD, either by the mechanism of the Heisenberg’s position-momentum uncertainty relation or by quantum entanglement. In this paper, we propose and make a systematic quantum mechanical analysis of several schemes of weak-measurement atom interferometer(WM-AI) and compare them with the historical schemes of strongmeasurement atom interferometer(SM-AI), such as Einstein’s recoiling slit and Feynman’s light microscope. As the critical part of these WM-AI setups, a weak-measurement path detector(WM-PD) deliberately interacting with the atomic internal electronic quantum states is designed and used to probe the which-path information of the atom, while only inducing negligible perturbation of the atomic center-of-mass motion. Another instrument that is used to directly interact with the atomic center-of-mass while being insensitive to the internal electronic quantum states is used to monitor the atomic centerof-mass interference pattern. Two typical schemes of WM-PD are considered. The first is the micromaser-cavity path detector, which allows us to probe the spontaneously emitted microwave photon from the incoming Rydberg atom in its excited electronic state and record unanimously the which-path information of the atom. The second is the optical-lattice Bragg-grating path detector, which can split the incoming atom beam into two different directions as determined by the internal electronic state and thus encode the which-path information of the atom into the internal states of the atom. We have used standard quantum mechanics to analyze the evolution of the atomic center-of-mass and internal electronic state wave function by directly solving Schr¨odinger’s equation for the composite atom-electron-photon system in these WM-AIs. We have also compared our analysis with the theoretical and experimental studies that have been presented in the previous literature. The results show that the two sets of instruments can work separately, collectively, and without mutual exclusion to enable simultaneous observation of both wave and particle nature of the atoms to a much higher level than the historical SM-AIs, while avoiding degradation from Heisenberg’s uncertainty relation and quantum entanglement. We have further investigated the space–time evolution of the internal electronic quantum state, as well as the combined atom–detector system and identified the microscopic origin and role of quantum entanglement, as emphasized in numerous previous studies. Based on these physics insights and theoretical analyses, we have proposed several new WM-AI schemes that can help to elucidate the puzzling physics of the WPD of the atoms. The principle of WM-AI scheme and quantum mechanical analyses made in this work can be directly extended to examine the principle of WPD for other massive particles.

双F-P型高温/应变复合光纤传感器

针对机电设备多状态监测的需求,提出了一种新双F-P腔光纤温度/应变复合传感模型。该光纤复合传感器采用纯石英光纤作为材料,通过化学腐蚀法及使用准直毛细管制作了双F-P腔,分别用以温度和应变测量,并对制作的传感器进行了传感性能的模拟仿真和实验验证。实验结果表明:该双F-P腔光纤复合传感器测量的最高温度为1000℃,温度灵敏度为10.998 pm/℃,满量程温度测量误差小于2%;该双F-P腔光纤复合传感器测量的最大应变为10000με,应变灵敏度为3.268μm/με,应变测量误差小于2%。所提出的双F-P腔温度/应变光纤复合传感器实现了温度和应变的同时测量,可用于机电装备同一位置的温度、应变测量。

Time-Modulated Hamiltonian for Interpreting Delayed-Choice Experiments via Mach-Zehnder Interferometers

Many delayed-choice experiments based on Mach-Zehnder interferometers （MZI） have been considered and made to address the fundamental problem of wave-particle duality. Conventional wisdom long holds that by inserting or removing the second beam splitter （BS2） in a controllable way, microscopic particles （photons, electrons, etc.） transporting within the MZI can lie in the quantum superposition of the wave and particle state as ψ= aw ψ wave ＋ ap ψ particle. Here we present an alternative interpretation to these delayed-choice experiments. We notice that as the BS2 is purely classical, the inserting and removing operation of the BS2 imposes a time- modulated Hamiltonian H mod （t） = a（t）Hin ＋ b（t）Hout, instead of a quantum superposition of H in and Hour as H = awHin ＋ apHout, to act upon the incident wave function. Solution of this quantum scattering problem, rather than the long held quantum eigen-problem yields a synchronically time-modulated output wave function as ψ mod （t） = a（t） ψ wave ＋b（t） ψ particle, instead of the stationary quantum superposition state ψ = aw ψ wave ＋ ap ψ particle. As a result, the probability of particle output from the MZI behaves as if they are in the superposition of the wave and particle state when many events over time accumulation are counted and averaged. We expect that these elementary but insightful analyses will shed a new light on exploring basic physics beyond the long-held wisdom of wave-particle duality and the principle of complementarity.

On Gravitational Waves: Did We Simply Detect the Gravitational Effect of the Sun on the Photons Moving in the Cavity of Interferometers LIGO and VIRGO?

On September 14, 2015 09:50:45 UTC, the two laser interferometers of the LIGO program simultaneously observed a first gravitational wave signal called GW150914. With the commissioning of the VIRGO interferometer in 2017, two other detections, GW170814 and GW170817, were observed and their positions given accurately by LIGO and VIRGO. In this article, I argue that the photons circulating in the cavities of the three interferometers of LIGO and VIRGO were sensitive to the field of attraction of the planets of our Solar System and more particularly to that of the Sun, and would not be due to a coalescence of black hole or neutron stars. The shape of the signals obtained by my interaction model (called GEAR) between the photons in the interferometer cavity and the gravitational field of the Sun is very similar to that of a compact binary coalescence, identical to those obtained by general relativity. Solving the equations of GEAR also gives the exact positions and pseudo-date of the coalescences of all the LIGO and VIRGO detections detected so far, and probably those that will come at the end of 2018 and beyond.