Studying solutions for the fatigue of the FAST cable-net structure caused by the process of changing shape

The Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope （FAST） is supported by a cable-net structure, whose change in shape leads to a stress range of approximately 500 MPa. This stress range is more than twice the standard recom- mended value. The cable-net structure is thus the most critical and fragile part of the FAST reflector system. In this study, we first search for a more appropriate deforma- tion strategy that reduces the stress amplitude generated by the process of changing shape. Second, we roughly estimate the tracking trajectory of the telescope during its service life, and conduct an extensive numerical investigation to assess the require- ments for fatigue resistance. Finally, we develop a new type of steel cable system that satisfies the cable requirements for construction of FAST.

Chemical interaction motivated structure design of layered metal carbonate hydroxide/MXene composites for fast and durable lithium ion storage

Rational architecture design has turned out to be an effective strategy in improving the electrochemical performance of electrode materials for batteries.However,an elaborate structure that could simultaneously endow active materials with promoted reaction reversibility,accelerated kinetic and restricted volume change still remains a huge challenge.Herein,a novel chemical interaction motivated structure design strategy has been proposed,and a chemically bonded Co(CO_(3))_(0.5)OH·0.11 H_(2)O@MXene(CoCH@MXene)layered-composite was fabricated for the first time.In such a composite,the chemical interaction between Co^(2+)and MXene drives the growth of smaller-sized CoCH crystals and the subsequent formation of interwoven CoCH wires sandwiched in-between MXene nanosheets.This unique layered structure not only encourages charge transfer for faster reaction dynamics,but buffers the volume change of CoCH during lithiation-delithiation process,owing to the confined crystal growth between conductive MXene layers with the help of chemical bonding.Besides,the sandwiched interwoven CoCH wires also prevent the stacking of MXene layers,further conducive to the electrochemical performance of the composite.As a result,the as-prepared CoCH@MXene anode demonstrates a high reversible capacity(903.1 mAh g^(-1)at 100 mA g^(-1))and excellent cycling stability(maintains 733.6 mAh g^(-1)at1000 mA g^(-1)after 500 cycles)for lithium ion batteries.This work highlights a novel concept of layerby-layer chemical interaction motivated architecture design for futuristic high performance electrode materials in energy storage systems.

The effect of hydrothermal pretreatment on the structure and fast pyrolysis behaviors of Sheng Li lignite

The structure and composition of coal determine its fast pyrolysis characteristics,and the study of the relationship between them can play an important role in the efficient and clean utilization of coal.So,in this work,hydrothermal pretreatment was used to artificially change the structure and composition of Sheng Li(SL)lignite,which was used to investigate the influence of structural changes on pyrolysis.The physicochemical structure and composition of samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction,specific surface area and porosity analyzer,solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,and elemental analyzer.Pyrolysis experiments were carried out in a powderparticle fluidized bed reactor,and the distribution and composition of the pyrolysis products were analyzed.The gasification activity of char was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis with a CO_(2) atmosphere.The results show that hydrothermal pretreatment(HTP)can destroy the cross-linking structure of SL lignite,and affect its aromaticity,pore structure,functional group,and carbon structure to change the distribution and composition of pyrolysis products of SL lignite,especially the composition of tar.Finally,the structure–activity relationship between the structure,composition,and pyrolysis characteristics of coal was comprehensively studied.

Unconventional Hamilton-type variational principles for nonlinear elastodynamics of orthogonal cable-net structures

According to the basic idea of classical yin-yang complementarity and modem dual-complementarity, in a simple and unified new way proposed by Luo, the unconventional Hamilton-type variational principles for geometrically nonlinear elastodynamics of orthogonal cable-net structures are established systematically, which can fully characterize the initial-boundary-value problem of this kind of dynamics. An ifnportant integral relation is made, which can be considered as the generalized principle of virtual work for geometrically nonlinear dynamics of orthogonal cable-net structures in mechanics. Based on such relationship, it is possible not only to obtain the principle of virtual work for geometrically nonlinear dynamics of orthogonal cable-net structures, but also to derive systematically the complementary functionals for five-field, four-field, three-field and two-field unconventional Hamilton-type variational principles, and the functional for the unconventional Hamilton-type variational principle in phase space and the potential energy functional for one-field unconventional Hamilton-type variational principle for geometrically nonlinear elastodynamics of orthogonal cable-net structures by the generalized Legendre transformation given in this paper, Furthermore, the intrinsic relationship among various principles can be explained clearly with this approach.

A Low-Memory-Requiring and Fast Approach to Cluster Large-Scale Decoy Protein Structures

This work demonstrates the so-called PCAC (Protein principal Component Analysis Clustering) method, which clusters large-scale decoy protein structures in protein structure prediction based on principal component analysis (PCA), is an ultra-fast and low-memory-requiring clustering method. It can be two orders of magnitude faster than the commonlyused pairwise rmsd-clustering (pRMSD) when enormous of decoys are involved. Instead of N(N – 1)/2 least-square fitting of rmsd calculations and N2 memory units to store the pairwise rmsd values in pRMSD, PCAC only requires N rmsd calculations and N × P memory storage, where N is the number of structures to be clustered and P is the number of preserved eigenvectors. Furthermore, PCAC based on the covariance Cartesian matrix generates essentially the identical result as that from the reference rmsd-clustering (rRMSD). From a test of 41 protein decoy sets, when the eigenvectors that contribute a total of 90% eigenvalues are preserved, PCAC method reproduces the results of near-native selections from rRMSD.

Fast SSED-MoM /FEM Analysis for Electromagnetic Scattering of Large-Scale Periodic Dielectric Structures

A hybrid method combining simplified sub-entire domain basis function method of moment with finite element method( SSED-MoM /FEM) is accelerated for electromagnetic( EM) scattering analysis of large-scale periodic structures.The unknowns are reduced sharply with non-uniform mesh in FEM. The computational complexity of the hybrid method is dramatically declined by applying conjugate gradient-fast Fourier transform( CG-FFT) to the integral equations of both electric field and magnetic field. The efficiency is further improved by using OpenMP technique. Numerical results demonstrate that the SSED-MoM /FEM method can be accelerated for more than three thousand times with large-scale periodic structures.

Extraction of mode shapes of beam-like structures from the dynamic response of a moving mass

This paper proposes an approach to extract the mode shapes of beam-like structures from the dynamic response of a moving mass. When a mass passes through a beam containing several artificially installed humps, its vertical acceleration can be recorded. After applying fast Fourier transformation to the dynamic response, one can extract the mode shapes of the beam. The surface roughness was neglected compared to the humps and its adverse effect on the extraction was reduced. The passing mass performs as both “exciter” and “massage receiver”;therefore, this method requires only one single accelerometer, making it more convenient and time saving in practice. Moreover, to estimate the possible error in extracting mode shapes, a wavenumber domain filtering technique is used to reconstruct the general profiles of mode shapes. Experimental validation of this approach in laboratory scale was conducted. The experimental results show that the proposed method performs well in extracting lower order mode shapes. It should also be noted that the passing mass can not have a very high velocity (e.g. 80 mm/s), otherwise the mass may jump and separate from the beam, and the proposed method may fail to identify mode shapes.

MATRIX ALGEBRA ALGORITHM OF STRUCTURE RANDOM RESPONSE NUMERICAL CHARACTERISTICS

A new algorithm of structure random response numerical characteristics, namedas matrix algebra algorithm of structure analysis is presented. Using the algorithm, structurerandom response numerical characteristics can easily be got by directly solving linear matrixequations rather than structure motion differential equations. Moreover, in order to solve thecorresponding linear matrix equations, the numerical integration fast algorithm is presented. Thenaccording to the results, dynamic design and life-span estimation can be done. Besides, the newalgorithm can solve non-proportion damp structure response.

ANALYSIS OF OPEN MICROSTRIP STRUCTURES BY USING DIAKOPTIC METHOD OF LINES COMBINED WITH PERIODIC BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

This paper presents the analysis of open microstrip structures by using diakoptic method of lines (ML) combined with periodic boundary conditions (PBC). The parameters of microstrip patch are obtained from patch current excited by plane wave. Impedance matrix elements are computed by using fast Fourier transform(FFT), and reduced equation is solved by using diakoptic technique. Consequently, the computing time is reduced significantly. The convergence property of simulating open structure by using PBC and the comparison of the computer time between using PBC and usual absorbing boundary condition (ABC) show the validity of the method proposed in this paper. Finally, the resonant frequency of a microstrip patch is computed. The numerical results obtained are in good agreement with those published.

THE EFFECTS OF PLASMA-INDUCED GRAFT COPOLYMERIZATION WITH ACRYLIC ACID ON THE STRUCTURE AND DYEING PROPERTIES OF MULBERRY SILK

The effects of plasma-induced graft copolymerization with acrylic acid (AAc) on the structure and dyeing properties of mulberry silk are investigated. Through the transmission infrared spectroscopy(IR) , attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy(ATR-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) studies, changes of the surface structure and composition are observed. The results show that plasma-induced graft copolymerization has a different meehanism from that of chemical graft copolymerization. The plasma graft copolymerization brings AAc branch polymers into the surface of silk through the initiation of some kinds of oxygen and nitrogen groups created by plasma. That is just the reason that the dyeing ability and color fastness of plasma-grafted silk for cationic dyestuff increase and its mechanical properties have not been changed significantly.

A SEMI-ANALYTICAL AND SEMI-NUMERICAL METHOD FOR SOLVING 2-D SOUND-STRUCTURE INTERACTION PROBLEMS

Based on the transfer matrix method and the virtual source simulation technique, this paper proposes a novel semi-analytical and semi-numerical method for solving 2-D sound- structure interaction problems under a harmonic excitation.Within any integration segment, as long as its length is small enough,along the circumferential curvilinear coordinate,the non- homogeneous matrix differential equation of an elastic ring of complex geometrical shape can be rewritten in terms of the homogeneous one by the method of extended homogeneous capacity proposed in this paper.For the exterior fluid domain,the multi-circular virtual source simulation technique is adopted.The source density distributed on each virtual circular curve may be ex- panded as the Fourier's series.Combining with the inverse fast Fourier transformation,a higher accuracy and efficiency method for solving 2-D exterior Helmholtz's problems is presented in this paper.In the aspect of solution to the coupling equations,the state vectors of elastic ring induced by the given harmonic excitation and generalized forces of coefficients of the Fourier series can be obtained respectively by using a high precision integration scheme combined with the method of extended homogeneous capacity put forward in this paper.According to the superposition princi- ple and compatibility conditions at the interface between the elastic ring and fluid,the algebraic equation of system can be directly constructed by using the least square approximation.Examples of acoustic radiation from two typical fluid-loaded elastic rings under a harmonic concentrated force are presented.Numerical results show that the method proposed is more efficient than the mixed FE-BE method in common use.

A Receiver Structure for Frequency-Flat Time-Varying Rayleigh Channels and Performance Analysis

This paper proposes a wavelet based receiver structure for frequency-flat time-varying Rayleigh channels, consisting of a receiver front-end followed by a Maximum A-Posteriori (MAP) detector. Discretization of the received continuous time signal using filter banks is an essential stage in the front-end part, where the Fast Haar Transform (FHT) is used to reduce complexity. Analysis of our receiver over slow-fading channels shows that it is optimal for certain modulation schemes. By comparison with literature, it is shown that over such channels our receiver can achieve optimal performance for Time-Orthogonal modulation. Computed and Monte-Carlo simulated performance results over fast time-varying Rayleigh fading channels show that with Minimum Shift Keying (MSK), our receiver using four basis functions (filters) lowers the error floor by more than one order of magnitude with respect to other techniques of comparable complexity. Orthogonal Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) can achieve the same performance as Time-Orthogonal modulation for the slow-fading case, but suffers some degradation over fast-fading channels where it exhibits an error floor. Compared to MSK, however, Orthogonal FSK provides better performance.

Towards extreme fast charging of 4.6 V LiCoO_(2) via mitigating high-voltage kinetic hindrance

High-voltage LiCoO_(2)(LCO) is an attractive cathode for ultra-high energy density lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) in the 3 C markets.However,the sluggish lithium-ion diffusion at high voltage significantly hampers its rate capability.Herein,combining experiments with density functional theory(DFT) calculations,we demonstrate that the kinetic limitations can be mitigated by a facial Mg^(2+)+Gd^(3+)co-doping method.The as-prepared LCO shows significantly enhanced Li-ion diffusion mobility at high voltage,making more homogenous Li-ion de/intercalation at a high-rate charge/discharge process.The homogeneity enables the structural stability of LCO at a high-rate current density,inhibiting stress accumulation and irreversible phase transition.When used in combination with a Li metal anode,the doped LCO shows an extreme fast charging(XFC) capability,with a superior high capacity of 193.1 mAh g^(-1)even at the current density of 20 C and high-rate capacity retention of 91.3% after 100 cycles at 5 C.This work provides a new insight to prepare XFC high-voltage LCO cathode materials.

FAST反射面支承结构整体索网方案研究

采用整体索网作为大射电望远镜(FAST)反射面的支承结构,通过对四边形、凯威特型和短程线型三种整体索网方案的研究、对比,认为短程线型网格是一种合理的较优方案;分别对提出的刚性、半刚性和柔性三种子结构方案进行分析研究,论证该刚性方案的可行性,初步论证半刚性方案的可行性,同时对柔性方案提出改进建议。

国家天文台500m口径球面射电望远镜(FAST)钢结构工程施工技术

介绍了国家天文台500m口径球面射电望远镜(FAST)钢结构的结构特点、钢结构安装施工方案、施工的关键技术和设备,特别是对圈梁结构的安装技术作了详细阐述。其倒扣式曲线轨道滑移系统解决了高空无法满铺轨道的技术难题,多功能平板车的运用同时解决了高空运输、高空滑移和高空吊装的难题,获得了良好的经济效益。现场施工结果表明:钢结构的施工方案和各项技术是合理可行的。

FAST背架结构选型及优化

背架结构是巨型射电望远镜(FAST)反射面支承系统中的一个重要组成部分,其性能直接影响整个系统的精度和造价.为了给FAST反射面结构的实际选型提供理论依据,首先针对FAST特殊功能要求,提出了背架结构保形设计方法,然后对所提出的空间网格结构、弦支结构、混合结构等多种背架结构进行了优化,从结构力学性能、加工制作工艺等多方面对其进行比较,结果表明局部双层网格结构具有自重轻、刚度好及加工制作简单的优点.

巨型望远镜(FAST)反射面结构健康监测系统

为了保证结构安全性和实用性,研究并设计了500 m口径球冠状射电望远镜FAST(Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope)反射面结构健康监测系统.针对其结构特点以及反射面特殊的主动变位工作状态,提出系统总体设计方案,研究了传感器与数据采集子系统,对传感器进行选型和测点优化布置,优化配置数据采集硬件系统并运用LabVIEW开发了专用数据采集软件系统;开发了数据管理子系统,采用SQL Server建立中心数据库,采用Delphi设计了数据管理操作界面;以Delphi为核心程序建立系统集成平台;提出了有效、适用的结构安全评定和预警方法.大部分系统功能已在FAST 30 m缩尺模型结构试验中成功应用.

基于初始基准态的FAST反射面索网结构性能优化分析研究

500m口径射电望远镜FAST反射面索网结构,由短程线型面索网和下拉索构成,采用高强度预应力钢绞线束索,主动变位工作是其最大特点。索网优化设计采用容许应力法,基于索网为形控结构,提出标准球面基准态优化分析方法:根据主动变位工作基本要求和主动变位引起的面索应变变化幅值一定,首先确定下拉索初张力值和面索初应力上、下限值,通过找力分析确定面索初张力后,以初应力接近上限为原则确定面索截面规格。分析若干关键因素对索网结构性能的影响,结果表明:为避免工作态出现过低下拉索力,在面索弹性模量和容许应力一定的条件下,只能通过维持面索初应力水平,增大面索截面积来提高下拉索和面索初张力;周圈钢桁架宜采用滑动支座和较低刚度,并可采取周圈钢桁架沿径向预偏安装、边缘下拉索张拉固定后不参与主动变位的措施;钢索安全系数从2.5调低至2.0,可提高容许应力和面索初应力上限、减少材料和改善内力状况。另外,通过对比碳纤维索和钢索的力学特性,高强、低弹模、轻质量、抗疲劳的碳纤维索适合FAST索网结构。

FAST圈梁支承结构性能理论与实验研究

圈梁结构是500 m口径球面射电望远镜(FAST)反射面的主支承结构。承载反射面单元的柔性索网通过150个牵索耳板与圈梁结构相连。建设和观测过程中,基于结构可靠性考虑以及反射面精度要求,主支承结构的刚度必须得到保证。研究发现,如此巨大尺度的结构,温度荷载对圈梁结构的刚度起控制作用。通过科学合理地温度应力释放、结构刚度调整,以及采用预留变形空间的方法,利用有限元模拟并进行实验验证,研究基准面时圈梁刚性变形,为观测时变位抛物面提供输入调整依据。

基于DIC技术和贝叶斯FFT方法结合的结构位移监测和模态参数识别

文章基于计算机视觉技术拍摄的一系列结构振动图像,运用数字图像相关(DIC)技术获取监测节点的亚像素振动位移数据,在此基础上,采用快速贝叶斯FFT方法对被测试结构的动力模态参数进行辨识。为了验证计算机视觉结构振动测试和快速贝叶斯FFT方法相结合在结构模态参数识别中的有效性和准确性,以某实验室5.6 m跨钢桁架模型的振动视频为算例,针对结构有无构件损伤等6种不同工况条件下的振动视频数据,进行振动位移的提取,进而分析桁架不同位置处监测节点识别位移与实际位移之间产生的误差大小及其原因,并借助快速贝叶斯FFT方法,对从不同部位采集的振动视频数据进行结构动力模态参数识别结果的精确度和不确定性对比分析。实验结果表明,文章将DIC位移测量技术和贝叶斯FFT方法相结合,能够有效实现对结构动力模态参数的精准识别。