A review of salivary composition changes induced by fasting and its impact on health

Human saliva is an indispensable fluid that maintains a healthy oral cavity which otherwise can lead to oral diseases(dental caries and periodontitis).In addition,salivary metabolites and microbiome profile provide early detection of systemic diseases such as cancer and obesity.Salivary diagnostic has gained popularity due to its non-invasive sampling technique.Fasting(abstinence from food or drink or both)research for weight loss and improve health is common,but studies using fasting saliva are scarce.Some metabolites in fasting saliva have been reported with interesting results,which can be enhanced by considering different confounding factors.For example,fasting saliva contains higher salivary nitrite,which is related to nitric oxide(NO).NO is a vasodilator supporting the healthy function of endothelial cells and its deficiency is connected to many diseases.The timely supply of NO through exogenous and endogenous means is highlighted and the potential advantage of fasting salivary composition changes in relation to COVID-19 infection is speculated.This review aims to provide a general discussion on the salivary composition,properties,and functions of the whole saliva,including the health benefits of fasting.

Fasting and Cancer: Practice and Patients’ Quality of Life during Ramadan

Introduction: Ramadan is the ninth lunar month of the Muslim calendar, and fasting during Ramadan is one of the five pillars of Islam. Muslim cancer patients and health professionals are faced with a dilemma between the necessity of fasting and its possible adverse effects during Ramadan on the health status of cancer patients. We believe that addressing the issue of fasting in cancer patients is of global interest. Objectives: Prevalence of fasting in cancer patients during Ramadan;Predictive factors of Ramadan fasting in cancer patients;The effect of fasting during Ramadan on the quality of life of cancer patients. Materials and Methods: A structured questionnaire was used to interview adult cancer patients who received chemotherapy IV—or oral treatment at the medical oncology department at the Hassan II University Hospital in Fez during the month of Ramadan 1443 Hijri (April to May 2022). The quality of cancer patients’ lives during their fasting practice in Ramadan was evaluated via the QLQ-C30 questionnaires. Results: 48% of patients did not fast during Ramadan, 22% and 30% were partial and complete fasters respectively. Patients, with OMS 0 to 1, who receive outpatient treatment, non-metastatic patients and patients on oral treatment were more frequent in the completely fasted group. All these factors showed statistically significant values (p < 0.05). 44% of patients sought advice from the treating oncologist if they could fast, while only 15% of patients during Ramadan asked an imam if they could be excused from fasting. A comparison of the QLQ-C30 data showed a significant improvement in emotional functioning with fasting, however, patients had clinically more but not significantly fatigue after fasting. Conclusion: Female gender, good WHO, non-metastatic disease, and oral or outpatient treatment were more likely to be fasting. This study argues that fasting did not influence the quality of life, and appears to significantly improve emotional functioning in cancer patients during Ramadan.

Mechanistic insights into fasting-induced autophagy in the aging heart

Autophagy is a prosurvival mechanism for the clearance of accumulated abnormal proteins,damaged organelles,and excessive lipids within mammalian cells.A growing body of data indicates that autophagy is reduced in aging cells.This reduction leads to various diseases,such as myocardial hypertrophy,infarction,and atherosclerosis.Recent studies in animal models of an aging heart showed that fasting-induced autophagy improved cardiac function and longevity.This improvement is related to autophagic clearance of damaged cellular components via either bulk or selective autophagy(such as mitophagy).In this editorial,we summarize the mechanisms of autophagy in normal and aging hearts.In addition,the protective effect of fasting-induced autophagy in cardiac aging has been highlighted.

Intermittent fasting boosts antitumor immunity by restricting CD11b^(+)Ly6C^(low)Ly6G^(low) cell viability through glucose metabolism in murine breast tumor model

Intermittent fasting can benefit breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy or immunotherapy.However,it is still uncertain how to select immunotherapy drugs to combine with intermittent fasting.Herein we observed that two cycles of fasting treatment significantly inhibited breast tumor growth and lung tissue metastasis,as well as prolonged overall survival in mice bearing 4T1 and 4T07 breast cancer.During this process,both the immunosuppressive monocytic-(M-)and granulocytic-(G-)myeloid-derived suppressor cell(MDSC)decreased,accompanied by an increase in interleukin(IL)7R^(+)and granzyme B^(+)T cells in the tumor microenvironment.Interestingly,we observed that Ly6G^(low)G-MDSC sharply decreased after fasting treatment,and the cell surface markers and protein mass spectrometry data showed potential therapeutic targets.Mechanistic investigation revealed that glucose metabolism restriction suppressed the splenic granulocytemonocyte progenitor and the generation of colony-stimulating factors and IL-6,which both contributed to the accumulation of G-MDSC.On the other hand,glucose metabolism restriction can directly induce the apoptosis of Ly6G^(low)G-MDSC,but not Ly6G^(high)subsets.In summary,these results suggest that glucose metabolism restriction induced by fasting treatment attenuates the immune-suppressive milieu and enhances the activation of CD3^(+)T cells,providing potential solutions for enhancing immune-based cancer interventions.

基于FBG连杆变形感知及三维重构方法研究

连杆作为柴油发动机的关键零部件,其变形直接影响动力装备的性能和寿命。因此,检测连杆变形对保证动力装备的使用寿命具有重要作用。文中提出基于光纤光栅(fiber Bragg grating,FBG)船用柴油机连杆的变形检测技术,根据有限元分析连杆变形特点,设计FBG栅点的传感网络,建立连杆受力变形下的三维重构模型,并开发基于FBG连杆变形检测的软硬件系统,实现连杆变形的可视化监测。实验结果表明采用基于FBG的感知和重构技术检测连杆的变形是可行的,为连杆性能的精确检测以及船舶动力装备其他关键件的变形检测提供了新思路。

基于灰度均值的自适应FAST角点检测优化算法

光照不均、突变引起的灰度变化会影响图像特征检测效果。为此,设计一种基于灰度均值的自适应FAST-9-12角点检测算法。首先,利用特征点的延展性设计一种小面积双重检测模板,减少像素点与中心点的比较次数,提高区域正检率和检测速度;其次,依据图像局部灰度均值,在每个像素点检测模板内自适应调整阈值,避免灰度变化影响检测效果;最后,根据柔性非极大值抑制的思想设计角点半径抑制原则,筛选鲁棒性更强的角点。在Inria遥感影像数据集上的实验结果表明,FAST-9-12角点检测速度比FAST-12-16,FAST-9-16两种模板提高22%左右,因自适应阈值的提取方式不易受光照影响,检测准确率分别提高4.16和3.11个百分点,实现了图像特征快速和精准检测。

基于正弦式波纹膜片的压差式FBG静力水准仪

为解决建筑物不均匀沉降长期、可靠监测的问题,基于连通器原理,推导了膜片半径r、刚度K、光纤自由段长度l、波长变化量Δλ_(B)等参数和沉降量的线性关系式。以此设计了带有正弦式波纹膜片的压差式光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)静力水准仪,并通过标定试验验证压差式FBG静力水准仪的传感性能。结果表明:此静力水准仪灵敏度不小于13.2 pm/mm,综合误差不大于3.26%,相关性系数均在0.99以上。该型静力水准仪传感性能满足工程结构沉降测量的要求,丰富了FBG静力水准仪的研究,具有理论和现实意义。

护理干预在肛瘘合并糖尿病患者中对FBG、2hPG及满意度的影响分析

本次研究的目的是探究肛瘘合并糖尿病患者采用护理干预后对FBG、2h PG及满意度的影响。本研究的研究对象,选自来我院就诊并且确诊为肛瘘合并糖尿病的患者,选取其中的50例进行分组,共分为两组,每组25例。其中25例编入对照组,给予常规护理模式;另外25例编入观察组,给予优质护理模式。然后在此基础上展开了此次研究,通过对比分析不同护理模式干预前、干预后两组患者血糖水平、并发症发生情况、术后疼痛情况及护理满意度,得出采用优质护理模式的观察组与采用常规护理模式的对照组,相比具有显著优势,优质护理模式应该在临床推广使用。

基于FAST和Sobol指数法的雷达系统效能敏感性分析

为了以较小的代价快速提升对空探测雷达系统的综合效能,首先搭建了对空探测雷达系统综合效能的评估指标体系,在此基础上完成了综合效能评估模型的建立。选择两种基于方差原理的全局敏感性分析方法,即傅里叶幅度敏感性测试(Fourier amplitudes sensitivity test,FAST)和Sobol指数法,分别从频域和时域对建立的评估模型进行敏感性分析。在基于FAST进行敏感性分析时,提出了21维输入指标所对应的特征频率集的选取方法;在基于Sobol指数法进行敏感性分析时,考虑了二阶及高阶敏感性指数的影响。对比FAST和Sobol指数法的分析结果,两种方法获得的敏感性分析结果具有较好的一致性。其中,功率和频率为对空探测雷达系统的主要影响指标,为雷达系统的研发和升级提供了可靠性依据。

Lowering fasting blood glucose with non-dialyzable material of cranberry extract is dependent on host genetic background,sex and diet

Background:Type 2 diabetes(T2D)is a polygenic metabolic disease,character-ized by high fasting blood glucose(FBG).The ability of cranberry(CRN)fruit to regulate glycemia in T2D patients is well known.Here,a cohort of 13 lines of the genetically diverse Collaborative Cross(CC)mouse model was assessed for the effect of non-dialyzable material(NDM)of cranberry extract in lowering fasting blood glucose.Methods:Eight-week-old mice were maintained on either a standard chow diet(con-trol group)or a high-fat diet(HFD)for 12 weeks,followed by injections of intraperi-toneal(IP)NDM(50 mg/kg)per mouse,three times a week for the next 6 weeks.Absolute FBG(mg/dl)was measured bi-weekly and percentage changes in FBG(%FBG)between weeks 0 and 12 were calculated.Results:Statistical analysis showed a significant decrease in FBG between weeks 0 and 12 in male and female mice maintained on CHD.However,a non-significant in-crease in FBG values was observed in male and female mice maintained on HFD dur-ing the same period.Following administration of NDM during the following 6 weeks,the results show a variation in significant levels of FBG lowering between lines,male and female mice and under the different diets.Conclusion:The results suggest that the efficacy of NDM treatment in lowering FGB depends on host genetic background(pharmacogenetics),sex of the mouse(phar-macosex),and diet(pharmacodiet).All these results support the need for follow-up research to better understand and implement a personalized medicine approach/uti-lization of NDM for reducing FBG.

CEEMD-FastICA-CWT联合瞬态响应阶次的电驱总成噪声源识别

以某增程式电驱动总成为研究对象,提出基于联合算法的噪声分离识别模型。首先,采用互补集合经验模态分解(complementary ensemble empirical mode decomposition,CEEMD)联合快速独立分量分析(fast independent component analysis,FastICA)方法提取纯电模式稳态工况下单一通道噪声信号特征,利用复Morlet小波变换及FFT对各分量信号时频特性进行识别。其次,采用阶次分析法和声能叠加法对稳态分量信号对应的各瞬态响应阶次能量进行对比分析,并结合皮尔逊积矩相关系数(Pearson product moment correlation coefficient,PPMCC)相似性识别确定不同噪声激励源贡献度。结果表明:减速齿副啮合噪声对该增程式电驱总成纯电模式运行噪声整体贡献度最大。

基于埋入式FBG风力发电机桨叶复合材料监测

随着科技的进步,传统的表贴式光纤光栅已无法满足对风力发电机组监测的需求。因此,本文提出了一种基于埋入式光纤布拉格光栅(Fiber Bragg Grating, FBG)传感网络的风力发电机桨叶碳纤维复合材料损伤监测方法。首先,通过创建碳纤维复合材料试验件的三维模型,并进行有限元仿真,确立了FBG的布点位置。然后,将FBG埋入试验件,并进行力学性能试验,以监测各传感点的应变数值和相关损伤情况。最后,对试验件进行超声波无损探伤验证。实验结果表明,埋入式FBG能够实时动态监测碳纤维复合材料内部的损伤情况,为风力发电机组的结构健康监测积累了经验。

甘精胰岛素与阿卡波糖联合治疗老年糖尿病对其FBG,2 hBG,HbA1c及治疗前后的体质指数分析

目的探究老年糖尿病治疗中采用甘精胰岛素联合阿卡波糖的价值。方法选取上海市嘉定区迎园医院于2022年6月—2023年9月收治的106例糖尿病老年患者作为研究对象,按随机数表法分为对照组(53例,给予阿卡波糖治疗)、观察组(53例,给予甘精胰岛素联合阿卡波糖治疗)。比较两组临床疗效、血糖指标、体质指数(Body Mass Index,BMI)、不良反应发生情况以及胰岛功能。结果观察组治疗总有效率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组空腹血糖(Fasting Blood Glucose,FBG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 Hour Post⁃prandial Blood Glucose,2 hBG)以及糖化血红蛋白(Hemoglobin A1c,HbA1c)均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05);观察组体质指数高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组不良反应总发生率与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组胰岛素抵抗指数(Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resis⁃tance,HOMA-IR)低于对照组,胰岛β细胞功能指数(Homeostasis Model Assessment-β,HOMA-β)高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论在老年糖尿病治疗中选择甘精胰岛素与阿卡波糖联合方案可降低血糖水平,改善体质指数及胰岛素功能,确保治疗有效性。

Preoperative Fasting of More Than 14 Hours Increases the Risk of Time-to-Death after Cardiothoracic Surgery in Children:A Retrospective Cohort Study

Background:Prolonged preoperative fasting can cause hypoglycemia,hyperglycemia,and intravascular volume depletion in children.We aimed to examine whether prolonged preoperative fasting is associated with in-hospital mortality and other morbidities in pediatric cardiothoracic surgery.Methods:This retrospective cohort study included children aged 0–3 years who underwent cardiac surgery between July 2014 and October 2020.The patient demographic data,surgery-related and anesthesia-related factors,and postoperative outcomes,including hypoglycemia,hyperglycemia,sepsis,length of intensive care unit stay,and in-hospital mortality,were recorded.The main exposure and outcome variables were prolonged fasting and time-to-death after surgery,respectively.The associations between prolonged fasting and perioperative death were analyzed using multivariate Cox regression analysis.Results:In total,402 patients were recruited.The incidence of perioperative mortality was 21%(85/402).The proportion of perioperative deaths was significantly higher in the prolonged fasting group than that in the normal fasting group.The proportion of postoperative bacteremia and hypoglycemia was significantly higher in the very prolonged fasting group than that in the prolonged fasting group.After adjusting for preoperative conditions and anesthesia-and surgery-related factors,preoperative prolonged fasting>14.4 h was significantly associated with time-to-death(HR[95%CI]:2.2[1.2,3.9],p=0.036).The 30-day survival rates of fasting time>14.4 h,9.25–14.4 h,and<9.25 h were 0.67(0.55,0.81),0.79(0.72,0.87),and 0.85(0.79,0.91),respectively.Conclusions:Preoperative fasting of more than 14.4 h was associated with a two-fold increase in the hazard rate of time-to-death in children who underwent cardiac surgery.

Fasting produces antidepressant-like effects via activating mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling pathway in ovariectomized mice

Recent studies have shown that a 9-hour fast in mice reduces the amount of time spent immobile in the forced swimming test.Howeve r,whether 9-hour fasting has therapeutic effects in female mice with depressive symptoms has not been established.Therefore,in this study,we simulated perimenopausal depression via an ovariectomy in mice,and subjected them to a single 9-hour fasting 7 days later.We found that the ovariectomy increased the time spent immobile in the forced swimming test,inhibited expression of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling pathway in the hippocampus and prefro ntal cortex,and decreased the density of dendritic spines in the hippocampus.The 9-hour acute fasting alleviated the above-mentioned phenomena.Furthermore,all of the antidepressant-like effects of 9-hour fasting were reve rsed by an inhibitor of the mammalian to rget of rapamycin complex 1.Electrophysiology data showed a remarkable increase in long-term potentiation in the hippocampal CA1 of the ovariectomized mice subjected to fasting compared with the findings in the ovariectomized mice not subjected to fasting.These findings show that the antidepressant-like effects of 9-hour fasting may be related to the activation of the mammalian target of the rapamycin complex 1 signaling pathway and synaptic plasticity in the mammalian hippocampus.Thus,fasting may be a potential treatment for depression.

考虑混凝土弹塑性的植入式GFRP封装FBG传感器应变传递分析

工程化FBG传感器的封装层引入的应变传递损耗使其具有应变传递误差,需进行应变传递分析。已有研究多聚焦于基体处于线弹性时的应变传递分析,而混凝土结构发生弹塑性变形后的应变传递规律尚未明晰。以植入式GFRP封装FBG传感器为对象,在应变传递分析中引入混凝土的非线弹性本构关系,建立了基体与FBG的应变传递关系,通过有限元模拟验证了该理论推导的有效性。基于理论分析探讨了混凝土弹塑性演化、混凝土标号、传感器半径与标距等因素对应变传递效率的影响,并分析了传感器的尺寸设计。研究表明:平均应变传递率在混凝土弹性阶段变化较小,而到塑性阶段则显著降低,混凝土标号、半径与标距都会对应变传递效率产生较大影响。本研究可广泛用于植入式FBG传感器的应变传递误差修正及设计。

混合光谱曲线的Fast ICA盲源解混及影响因子研究

混合物高光谱分析是矿物无损检测的关键技术。文中将混合物350~2500 nm区间光谱反射率变化看作时域变化的一维序列信号,将混合物光谱分离转变为时域信号的盲源分离问题。为了分析混合光谱解混速度和准确度的影响因子,采用Fast ICA数学模型对混合物实测高光谱反射曲线进行了盲源解混试验,从解混过程的白化方式、初始权阵,源光谱高斯性3个方面分析了光谱解混的结果,为混合物光谱检测的后期分析提供了研究基础。选取化学纯氧化铜和氧化亚铜混合物、碱式碳酸铜和氢氧化铜混合物为试验对象,采用解混性能指数PI、光谱均方根误差和光谱角距离作为评价指标,开展了源光谱高斯性与g函数、ZCA和PCA白化方式、及单位权、随机权、指定权3种初始权对解混光谱结果影响的对比实验。实验结果表明:Fast ICA算法在未知混合矿物高光谱先验信息的基础上,能够有效分离出混合物组分源光谱,样本分离精度PI值均小于0.18,光谱盲源解混的效果显著。解混后光谱曲线与源光谱曲线在特征趋势上保持一致,具有相同的吸收位置和特征峰,但是存在一定尺度的差异。另外,源光谱的高斯性与解混g函数的选取会直接影响解混结果,亚高斯区间曲线分离精度优于超高斯部分。依据高斯性进行分段解混结果的吸收特征会更加突出,与源光谱反射率数值差异也随之增大;光谱预处理的白化方式会对解混结果精度产生微小影响,经过ZCA白化后解混结果的分离精度、光谱的准确度均略高于PCA白化;在Fast ICA模型3种初始权解混结果对比发现,以初次迭代结果计算的指定权进行迭代解混时,其分离精度、解混准确度及解混时间均为最佳,解混过程更易收敛。结果表明,根据全波段高斯性来选取g函数解混效果最优,分离指数PI小于0.14,光谱角距离在0.1左右,ZCA白化比PCA白化对解混光谱的影响更小,ZCA白化后的两组混合物解混的分离指数在0.1左右,而PCA白化的分离指数PI均高于0.13,当指定权作初始权时有助于提高牛顿迭代中收敛速度,使解混光谱更接近组分已知光谱,指定权的解混时间低于0.2 s,其他两种定权方式均在0.3 s以上。

基于FBG的农业大棚土壤温度测量与研究

研究农业大棚土壤温度,对农业生产具有重要意义。针对传统热电偶等传感器测量土壤温度场存在效率低、误差大等问题,该文采用一种基于光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)的温度传感器来监测农业大棚内的土壤温度变化。该方法将封装了FBG串的不锈钢管垂直埋入被测土壤中,采用可调谐激光器法和寻峰算法解调FBG串各传感器波长,在大棚环境下进行了土壤多层温度场测量实验。实验结果表明,土壤内部温度呈余弦函数模型周期性变化。随着土壤深度增加,温度变化逐渐减小,在一定的湿度范围内,土壤湿度越大,浅层土壤温度越低。土壤湿度对深层土壤温度影响较小,太阳辐射对浅层土壤温度影响较大。

基于悬挂式FBG的螺栓连接微小扭矩检测

将光纤布拉格光栅通过尾纤悬挂在带螺栓连接的结构件表面,使用结构动态检测法测试螺栓连接结构的扭矩。测试中,在待测结构件上产生周期性的振动,在振动的作用下尾纤中产生周期性应变,它作为波源在刻有布拉格光纤光栅的光纤中形成应力波,布拉格光纤光栅感知应力波形成测试信号。在识别过程中,首先使用经验模态分解方法对测试信号进行分解以去除不平稳分量及噪声,然后提取信号的有量纲和无量纲特征值,最后将这些特征值输入基于支持向量机的识别系统。结果表明,该方法识别正确率达97.2%,扭矩识别能力在N·cm量级。本研究开拓了一种新的螺栓连接状态的检测方法,尤其适用于小质量结构中微小扭矩的检测。

基于Kano-FAST-E的鞋面压合机优化设计

目的降低鞋面压合机设备作业过程中的失误率、优化人机交互体验。方法基于Kano模型调研分析作业人员与企业经理对当前设备的使用感受及需求;利用FAST理论重新定义设备的功能区域并指导设计展开;基于人机工程学理论(E),对设计方案的功能布局和结构尺寸进行优化,提升人机操作效率;利用眼动试验对改进前后的功能布局进行对比分析验证,并借助李克特量表对设计方案进行用户满意度评价。结果完成鞋面压合机的优化设计实践,提升了设备的人机性能和用户满意度,有效提高了作业人员认读效率、减少视觉疲劳和错误操作。结论改进后的鞋面压合机赋予了工人更加安全、高效且人性化的操作模式,验证了Kano-FAST-E的设计策略对该设备的人机优化设计具有指导意义,也为同类设备的开发实践提供参考。