Toward a sustainable future:Examining the interconnectedness among Foreign Direct Investment(FDI),urbanization,trade openness,economic growth,and energy usage in Australia

The energy demand in Australia is increasing with the industrialization and rapid economic growth.This study analyzed the relationships among the economic growth,Foreign Direct Investment(FDI),trade openness,urbanization,and energy usage in Australia based on the data from World Development Indicators(WDI)from 1972 to 2021.The results indicates that there is a cointegration among economic growth,FDI,trade openness,urbanization,and energy usage,which was traced through the autoregressivedistributed lag(ARDL).The Zivot-Andrews unit root test reveals that energy usage,economic growth,FDI,urbanization,and trade openness show significant structural breaks in 1993,1996,1982,2008,and 1994,respectively.The ARDL model shows that economic growth has a positive and significant effect on energy usage in the long-run(0.814)and short-run(0.809).Moreover,the results also show that FDI(0.028)and trade openness(0.043)have positive impacts on energy usage in the long-run.However,urbanization shows a negative and significant influence on energy usage in the long-run(–0.965).Then,the research demonstrates a unidirectional causation between energy usage and trade openness,with energy usage significantly causing trade openness.The current study endorses energy consumption policies and investment strategies for a paradigm shifting from a reliance on fossil fuels as the primary energy source to renewable energy sources.These findings have profound implications for sustainable energy usage.

The Effects of Industrial Park Development on Manufacturing Firms’Performance in Ethiopia

This study examines the effects of industrial parks on export earnings,employment creation,and FDI attraction in Ethiopia.Despite varying degrees of successes and failures,several countries have utilized industrial park and other forms of special economic zones as a policy instrument for fostering economic transformation.China is at the forefront of using special economic zones as a policy tool for economic transformation.Ethiopia is one of the African countries that has adopted industrial park development as a policy tool to enhance its economic transformation.However,the issue is not well researched and this study aims to contribute to fill the research gap.The analysis of the hypotheses test reveals that industrial parks in Ethiopia have statistically significant effects on export earnings,employment creation,and FDI attraction with significant levels of p≤0.001.Low labor productivity,domestic raw material supply constraints,weak forward and backward linkage,transport cost and logistic constraints,and government institutions’capacity constraints are identified as the major constraints that affect the effectiveness of industrial parks and manufacturing firms.On the other hand,the availability of a trainable labor force,raw material potential,preferential policies and incentives,the economic growth of the country,and the labor wage rise in China and other emerging countries are identified as the main five potentials and opportunities for sustained and dynamic industrial parks development.Based on the findings,three policy implications are suggested.First,formulating and implementing manufacturing labor force development and utilization policies and strategies are vital.Second,the forward-backward linkage along the value chain needs to be enhanced through proper policies.Finally,institutional capacity building through learning by doing and public-private partnership has to be strengthened.

Explaining the lack of FDI in western China:an industrial perspective

It is difficult to attract FDI into western China.This situation might not be explained by traditional geographical factors,because the gap of inward FDI between the western and the eastern regions of China has increased.This paper attempts to explain the situation from an industrial perspective by exploring the industrial differences in the two regions and analyzing their effects in terms of industrial development level,industrial structure and industrial linking capability.The results reveal that industrial factors are important barriers to the inflow of FDI to western China.

A STUDY ON THE MECHANISM AND CHARACTEROF THE INDUSTRIALAND SPATIAL TRANSFERENCE OF FDI IN CHINA

In the last two decades, China has become one of the areas that have the greatest potential in industrial production, thus it has ranked second only to USA in the flow of international capital. By the end of 1998, the real value of FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) in China has utilized has added up to $268.1 billion. The big flow of FDI has not only promoted the development of social economy, but also worsened the existing regional difference by choosing spatial location. Under this circumstance, China’s economy faces new restrictions and opportunities while adjusting its regional structure and industrial structure. So it is more and more important for us how to seize the opportunity, to seek the regularity of FDI in choosing location from the aspect of space, to set up relevant strategy to direct FDI at inland regions (areas deficient of capital), and to make appropriate policies, esp. the industrial and regional policies so as for FDI to exert positive influence and avoid negative influence on China and its regional economy and society. Based on the latest domestic and overseas materials and data of the FDI in China, combining with the investigation of the enterprises, this paper has systematically revealed the progress of development of the FDI in China and the developing conditions of the main enterprises directly invested by foreign capital since the reform and opening-up in China. The characters of FDI such as spatial concentration, transference as time goes on, change of the technical content and up-gradation of industrial structure and their forming mechanism have been studied. Then the basic conclusions have been made as follows. Firstly, FDI has been highly concentrated in space. But as time goes by, it has been transferring from coastal regions to inland ones, from big cities to their surrounding districts, and the degree of concentration is decreasing. Secondly, the technical content of the invested projects has gradually increased and the up-gradation of the industrial structure is obvious. Thirdly, the regional choice of the FDI in China is mainly affected by labor and other productive factors. The relative change of the cost of productive factors in different regions since the reform and opening-up is one of the main factors that have caused the spatial transference of the FDI in China. Fourthly, as people’s income increases and the accumulation of the capacity of the technique and labor advances, FDI whose aim is to get more market has increased and tended to transfer from coastal regions to inland ones. Fifthly, the changes of the industrial structure of the main areas and countries who have directly invested in China and the changes of inter-regional industries and regional policies in China are also the important factors that affect the industries directly invested by foreign capital and their spatial transference.

Discussing on The Need of Examining the Effect of FDI on Western China

Western China,where the over-all economic performance is the most lagged-behind in the country,exhibits significant differences in status of FDI(Foreign Direct Investment)and factors attracting FDI compared with its Eastern counterparty.The positive effects of FDI on economy has been proven in the East during decades of rapid development,while the interaction of FDI with local economy in the West has not been sufficiently studied.

A Study on the Determinants of Location Choice in Inward Foreign Direct Investment （FDI）： Focusing on the Incheon Free Economic Zone

Inward foreign direct investment （FDI） is expected to grow further by virtue of economic globalization. A thorough understanding of the locational determinants of inward FDI will be conducive to enhanced efficiency in attracting direct and SOC-related investments from foreign entities. This study analyzes 51 cases of inward direct foreign investment made in the Incheon free economic zone （IFEZ） from 2002 to 2009 to determine the factors influencing FDI volume, the relevance of locations and the correlation between investment size and location. First, the relationship between the loeational determinants of FDI and the total investment size （total expected project cost） is analyzed. Second, the relationship between the locational determinants of FDI and the FDI is analyzed. Third, the relationship between the locational determinants of FDI and the location choice is analyzed. The results indicate the determinants that influence locations and investment size of FDI entities; whether these factors exercise influence in the zone; and the factors that have relatively significant effects. Ultimately, based on the analytical findings, a few implications for policy and practice are derived.

The Status, Problems and Countermeasures of the Auto Industry on Utilizing FDI in China

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the status of the automobile industry on utilizing FDI in China. So firstly this paper has introduced the scale of auto industry absorbing FDI, and the stock ownership structure of the joint ventures. Then on this basis, the paper has analyzed the positive and negative influence that FDI brings to the auto industry. Finally some countermeasures have been put forward.

FDI＇s Sustainability and the Sustainable Development of the Yangtze River Delta

The fast development of the Yangtze River Delta of China is closely related to the dense inflows of FDI. The clustering of the foreign capital in this region has brought new projects, technology and business skills, which have given a strong impetus to the fast development of the regional economy and the upgrading of the economic structure. But the sustainability of FDI and its long-term influence have drawn a lot of attention. It is also a problem whether the slow-down of the FDI inflows or its flight will bring negative effect on the sustainable economic development of the Yangtze River Delta. In this paper, we will prove that the inflows of FDI are stable to some degree. It is unlikely that there will be a drastic large-scale FDI flight, so the so-called ＂migratory bird economy＂ will not occur. But the sustainable economic development in the Yangtze River Delta will depend on the continuity of the policies to attract FDI. What should be done includes the policy to promote the accumulation and circulation of the international capital to promote the sustainable development of the regional economy and market.

The Regional and Industrial Effects of FDI on Chinese Manufacturing Sector

This paper investigates the regional and industrial effects of FDI on Chinese manufacturing sector since China entered WTO. We find that FDI plays a different role in the development of different areas and industries through a comparison with state-controlled industrial enterprises in China. More establishments of smaller foreign funded enterprises and less foreign capital with a high level of management should promote the competition to stimulate manufacturing growth in eastern area, while fewer establishments of foreign funded enterprises with a large capital should make a great stimulus to the western manufacturing development. Both foreign capital and the establishment of foreign industrial enterprises have a great effect on the whole manufacturing sector by industry.

双向FDI对企业绿色转型的影响:促进或抑制

利用2012~2021年A股上市企业数据,从绿色生产和绿色治理两方面综合量化企业绿色转型,实证检验了双向FDI对企业绿色转型的影响及作用机制。研究发现:双向FDI抑制企业绿色转型,并呈现出“OFDI推动,IFDI阻滞”的竞争对抗表征;双向FDI的抑制作用在东部地区、小规模企业中显著存在;双向FDI对重污染企业绿色治理、绿色生产的抑制程度呈现异质性;管理者短视和资源挤占是双向FDI抑制企业绿色转型的中介路径。该结论深化了有关双向FDI与企业绿色转型间复杂关系的认识和理解,为协调“引进来”与“走出去”有序发展、推动经济高质量发展提供了经验数据与政策启示。

双向FDI协同、空间溢出与环境污染

选取2006—2021年我国30个省级行政单位的面板数据,利用耦合系统模型测度各省份IFDI和OFDI的协同互动发展指数,并引入空间计量模型探讨双向FDI协同发展对环境污染的影响。回归结果显示:双向FDI协同发展对环境污染具有显著的负向直接效应和负向空间溢出效应,双向FDI协同不仅有利于降低本省的环境污染水平,也有助于抑制邻近省份的环境污染。中介传导机制检验发现双向FDI协同发展通过规模效应、结构效应和技术效应对区域环境污染产生抑制作用。时空异质性分析发现,党的十八大以来中国双向FDI协同发展的环境减排效应显著增强,且西部地区的污染减排效应显著高于东部地区和中部地区。

双向FDI协调发展对中国区域经济韧性的影响研究

构建高水平开放型经济新优势,推动双向FDI高效互动与协调发展,是提升中国区域经济韧性的重要路径。基于2003-2021年中国30个省市区面板数据,运用固定效应、中介效应和空间杜宾模型实证分析双向FDI协调发展对中国区域经济韧性的影响及作用机理。结果表明:双向FDI协调发展显著促进了区域经济韧性提升,该结论在一系列稳健性检验后依然成立;区域经济韧性存在空间依赖性,双向FDI协调发展对邻近地区经济韧性具有显著的正面溢出效应;机制检验表明,双向FDI协调发展通过提升资源配置效率和技术创新水平间接促进区域经济韧性提升;拓展性分析发现,双向FDI协调发展对区域经济韧性的提升效应由东部地区向西部地区依次减弱,考虑税赋冲击、金融危机以及人口结构冲击后双向FDI协调发展对区域经济韧性仍具有显著的促进效应。文章澄清了双向FDI协调发展对区域经济韧性的影响机理,对如何通过双向FDI政策赋能区域经济韧性提升提供了更为宽广的思路。

FDI对我国经济增长的影响研究——基于37个城市门槛模型的分析

本文以中国内地37个城市2004—2022年的经济增长为面板数据,从人均GDP、城市基础设施建设和国民素质的角度出发,结合我国目前行业的经济增长模式,探究了FDI(外国直接投资,简称FDI)数量和质量对我国经济增长和产业结构转型的影响。结果表明:(1)人均GDP、城市基础建设和国民素质作为FDI的重要影响因素对经济增长均存在门槛效应;(2)FDI数量与三大产业经济增长负相关,FDI质量与经济增长正相关。因此,要实现FDI从“数量”到“质量”的转变、注重大规模专项FDI的投入、提高外资盈利能力和选择与地方经济发展相适应的FDI,以期促进地方经济增长和产业转型升级。

中国双向FDI协调发展与碳排放:空间溢出效应

双向FDI协调发展是推进高水平对外开放的重要抓手,也是推动碳减排进而如期实现“双碳”目标的战略抉择。然而,现有文献鲜有从空间溢出效应视角系统探究双向FDI协调发展对碳排放的影响机制。为此,基于相关理论分析,利用2003—2019年中国省域面板数据,借助耦合协调度模型,测算中国双向FDI协调发展水平,并构建空间杜宾模型考察中国双向FDI协调发展对碳排放影响的空间溢出效应。研究发现:(1)中国省域双向FDI协调发展与碳排放都具有显著的空间正相关性;(2)中国双向FDI协调发展对碳排放具有显著的抑制效应。据此,提出相应的政策建议。

新发展格局下扩大城市消费需求能否促进FDI流入?——基于长三角地区的实证研究

文章基于2011—2020年长三角地区41个城市面板数据,运用双向固定模型实证分析消费需求提升对FDI流入的影响及作用机制。研究发现:消费需求提升对FDI流入具有显著的正效应,但该正效应在经济发展水平较高城市、长三角城市群城市、生产型城市以及高水平消费需求城市中更为显著,且消费需求提升有助于促进更高质量的FDI流入;产业结构升级和信贷规模扩大在消费需求提升与FDI流入之间存在部分中介效应;消费需求与FDI具有显著的空间集聚特征,消费需求提升能够促进本市及相邻城市FDI流入。本研究对加快构建新发展格局、推进高水平对外开放具有重要的现实意义。

长三角城市群FDI、技术创新与先进制造业集群发展

FDI和技术创新是长三角城市群先进制造业集群发展的重要影响因素。文章基于2010—2021年长三角城市群26个城市面板数据,分析FDI对先进制造业集群发展的直接作用机制以及技术创新在FDI与先进制造业集群发展之间的中介作用机制,并运用面板回归模型和中介效应模型检验理论假设。研究结果表明:长三角城市群FDI对先进制造业集群发展具有显著的正向作用,其作用机制主要表现为促进集群网络化、产业链优化和劳动力流动;技术创新在FDI与先进制造业集群发展之间具有显著的中介作用。根据研究结论提出长三角城市群促进FDI高质量发展、提高先进制造业集群的科技创新能力、加强FDI与技术创新的协同效应等政策建议。

论中国双向FDI的环境效应——《中国双向FDI的环境效应研究》书评

改革开放以来,中国的FDI和OFDI都发展迅速,不仅解决了中国大量的劳动力就业问题,还带动了中国技术水平和管理经验的提升。与此同时,双向FDI也对中国的环境造成了重要的影响。本文把环境经济学理论、凯恩斯的总需求理论和结构经济学理论与投资发展周期理论合在一起,拓展了投资发展周期理论。著作首先指出了中国双向FDI的发展现状,指出存在的问题。其次,实证分析了双向FDI对环境的影响。最后,在理论分析和实证研究基础上给出了建设性的建议。

数字金融对双向FDI发展的影响机制研究

数字金融作为金融创新与科技创新相互融合的新型金融服务模式,为构建新发展格局注入了新的动力。文章基于我国2011-2020年30个省(区、市)的面板数据,实证检验数字金融对双向FDI发展的影响。研究发现,数字金融不仅显著促进了双向FDI发展,还通过提升区域资本要素集聚进而促进双向FDI的发展。此外,产业结构升级、经济开放水平均对数字金融影响双向FDI起着正向调节作用。数字金融三个维度对双向FDI的促进效果存在异质性,其中,数字金融覆盖广度对IFDI和OFDI的促进作用最大,数字金融对东部地区的IFDI和OFDI促进作用更强,对高创新环境地区IFDI的作用更强,对低创新环境地区OFDI的作用更强。

数字经济发展、FDI与碳排放强度

促进经济低碳转型和构建双循环发展格局是我国当前面临的重大焦点问题.作为助推经济发展的重要引擎,数字经济能否促进低碳发展?基于2011—2020年中国30个省份面板数据从投入、产出角度测度数字经济发展水平,运用Tobit模型和门槛模型实证研究数字经济发展对碳排放强度的影响及FDI对上述关系的调节作用.研究表明:数字经济发展对碳排放强度有显著抑制作用,且FDI增强了数字经济发展的降碳效应;数字经济发展与FDI对碳排放强度均存在单一门槛效应.本文为理解数字经济的碳排放影响提供了新的分析视角,也为促进经济社会发展全面绿色转型、构建双循环新发展格局提供了政策启示.