Feral Cats: Parasitic Reservoirs in Our Zoos?

Up until the recent past, zoos served limited function, primarily existing for entertainment value. Today’s zoos, however, are serving many roles, chief among them: species conservation of captive animals. The biggest zoo in Brazil, S?o Paulo Zoological Park Foundation, has among its 2000 animals and many species of wild cats. The presence of domestic cats living freely in zoos is common and can be a source of spreading disease. The aim of this study was to verify the variety and prevalence of parasites found in the feces of felids (feral and wild) living in the S?o Paulo Zoo. The results of this parasitological analysis have been obtained from the laboratory of clinical analysis and correspond to the 4-year period beginning January/2009 and ending December/2012. Eight species of parasites were identified in the feces of captive wild cats and three in the feces of feral cats. For those captives, Toxocara cati (7.95%) had the highest prevalence, followed by Toxascaris leonina (7.58%), Isospora sp. (2.03%), Hymenolepis nana (0.92%), Eimeria sp., Giardia sp. and Blastocystis sp. (0.37% each) and Ascaris sp. (0.18%). Among the feral cats, we found Toxocara cati (59.26%), Giardia sp. (22.22%) and Isospora sp. (11.11%). For the captive group, we also distinguished natives from exotic species, finding native species to be more frequently parasitized than the exotic ones. Key to our findings, though, was the fact that a few parasite species were found among all groups of felids, specifically (Toxocara cati, Giardia sp. and Isospora sp). Further research is needed, however, to confirm that transmission of these parasites is occurring between and among these groups.

Entropy optimization in cubic autocatalysis chemical reactive flow of Williamson fluid subjected to viscous dissipation and uniform magnetic field

This research elaborates magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) impact on non-Newtonian (Williamson) fluid flow by stretchable rotating disks.Both disks are rotating with different angular velocities and different stretching rates.Viscous dissipation aspect is considered for energy expression formulation.Entropy generation analysis is described via implementation of thermodynamic second law.Chemical processes (heterogeneous and homogeneous) subjected to entropy generation are introduced first time in literature.Boundary-layer approach is employed for modeling.Apposite variables are introduced for non-dimensionalization of governing systems.Homotopy procedure yields convergence of solutions subjected to computations of highly nonlinear expressions.The significant characteristics of sundry factors against thermal,velocity and solutal fields are described graphically.Besides,tabular results are addressed for engineering quantities (skin-friction coefficient,Nusselt number).The outcomes certify an increment in temperature distribution for Weissenberg (We) and Eckert (Ec) numbers.

Using detection dogs and genetic analyses of scat to expand knowledge and assist felid conservation in Misiones, Argentina

Many carnivores require large ranges to meet their ecological and energetic needs;however,anthropogen­ic changes threaten species and their habitats.Camera traps have been used to effectively collect data on car­nivores in a variety of habitat types;however,a single survey effort is typically limited to species that have similar body size,habitat use and movement patterns,and individual identification of animals is not always pos­sible.We evaluated whether scat detection dogs could effectively survey for 4 wide-ranging felids that vary in these characteristics:jaguars(Panthera onca),pumas(Puma concolor),ocelots(Leopardus pardalis)and oncil­las(Leopardus tigrinus).From June to October 2009 and May to August 2011,a detection dog-handler team de­tected 588 scats,from which 176 unique genotypes were detected.We assigned sex to 84.7%of the genotyped scats and identified 55 individuals multiple times.The effectiveness of these noninvasive techniques(detection dogs and genetic analyses of scat)not only opens the door for additional studies in areas that were previous­ly difficult or impossible with standard survey techniques,but also provides conservationists with a set of tools that overcome some of the limitations associated with the use of camera traps alone.

Noninvasive genetics provides insights into the population size and genetic diversity of an Amur tiger population in China

Understanding population size and genetic diversity is critical for effective conservation of endangered species.The Amur tiger(Panthera tigris altaica)is the largest felid and a flagship species for wildlife conservation.Due to habitat loss and human activities,available habitat and population size are continuously shrinking.However,little is known about the true population size and genetic diversity of wild tiger populations in China.In this study,we collected 55 fecal samples and 1 hair sample to investigate the population size and genetic diversity of wild Amur tigers in Hunchun National Nature Reserve,Jilin Province,China.From the samples,we determined that 23 fecal samples and 1 hair sample were from 7 Amur tigers:2 males,4 females and 1 individual of unknown sex.Interestingly,2 fecal samples that were presumed to be from tigers were from Amur leopards,highlighting the significant advantages of noninvasive genetics over traditional methods in studying rare and elusive animals.Analyses from this sample suggested that the genetic diversity of wild Amur tigers is much lower than that of Bengal tigers,consistent with previous findings.Furthermore,the genetic diversity of this Hunchun population in China was lower than that of the adjoining subpopulation in southwest Primorye Russia,likely due to sampling bias.Considering the small population size and relatively low genetic diversity,it is urgent to protect this endangered local subpopulation in China.